ERPC Wiki - User contributions [en]

Tour de Valland

2020-02-20T10:36:27Z

Hadash: /* Stage wins per rider */

The '''Tour de Valland''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in [[Valland]], while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1511. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily Vallish field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year.

The Tour de Valland, along the Ceribian Tour, make up cycling's prestigious, three-week-long Grand Tours; the Tour de Valland is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three by fans and riders alike. Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of Zechyr. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the mountain chains of the Vallish nation, and the finish on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren. The modern editions of the Tour de Valland consist of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

==History==

===Origins===

===The first Tour de Valland===

===1511–1539===

===1939–1960===

===1961–1970===

===1971–present===

==Classifications==
The oldest and main competition in the Tour de Valland is known as the 'general classification', for which the red jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de Valland is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's red jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "red maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the red jersey was Paul Floriot. Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Jacques Gondry has worn the yellow jersey for 41 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de Valland. Jacques Gaudin remains as the only rider to win the Tour de Valland four times (1513, 1515, 1516 and 1520).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1511
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 10'04"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1512
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1513
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe du Nord
|align=center| + 8'21"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1514
|Roger Laval
|Valland
|Nantes Sportif Club
|align=center| + 2'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1515
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe Du Nord
|align=center| + 14'01"
|align=center| 5
|-
|align=center|1516
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 29'04"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1517
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1518
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 4'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1519
|Georges Treilhard
|Valland
|Bureau National
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1520
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 8'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1521
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 3'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1522
|Randolph de Meisen
|Adwest
|Royal Adwestene
|align=center| + 1'09"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1523
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 4'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1524
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1525
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 8'42"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1526
|Basileo Tramuntana
|Castleon
|Remedios Marítimo
|align=center| + 2'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1527
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 11'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1528
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 7'12"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1529
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Le Matin-Gaumont
|align=center| + 24'24"
|align=center| 7
|-
|align=center|1530
|Franz Kelsen
|Ostland
|Mann Industries
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1531
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|National Adwestene
|align=center| + 2'50"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1532
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 8'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1533
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'21"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1534
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1535
|Alfred Simonet
|Valland
|Gaumont Cycling
|align=center| + 1'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1536
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 18'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1537
|Kurt von Althoff
|Nerysia
|Waiblinger Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1538
|Wolfgang Seipel
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1539
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 4'06"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1540
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Chartois Group
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1541
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1542
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1543
|Walter Bauer
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1544
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1545
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 4'40"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1546
|Wladislaw Adamowsky
|Biyra
|Doppel Metall AG
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1547
|Max Gaumont
|Valland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1548
|Jacques Delpy
|Valland
|Belle Èpoque
|align=center| + 1'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1549
|Matthias Koch
|Ostland
|Rause-Heine Cycling
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1550
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 4'55"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1551
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 3'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1552
|Alfred Hamon
|Eskkya
|AVG-Rause Cycling
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1553
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Belle Époque
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1554
|François Champlain
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|Telasi Bank Team
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1556
|Ludwig Magnus
|Ostland
|Verbund & Steiner
|align=center| + 0'39"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1557
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 2'32"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1558
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 5'41"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1559
|Leon Rohmer
|Kyrland
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1560
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1561
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Glockscheider Cycling
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1562
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 1'37"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1563
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 3'28"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1564
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 2'49"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet Team
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1566
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet-Haumot Cycling
|align=center| + 2'52"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1567
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|Astra Cycling
|align=center| + 1'08"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1568
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Stampharma Cycling
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1569
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 5'31"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1570
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 2'10"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|align=center| + 1'33"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1572
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 2'23"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1573
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|align=center| + 0'34"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1574
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 1'26"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1576
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|Koske Team
|align=center| + 3'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1577
|Pavel Bezbiksis
|Videjszeme
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1578
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1579
|Kieran McLucais
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 4'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1580
|Johan Van Engelen
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 5'05"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1582
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 5'35"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1584
|Kelly Rónán McCullain
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 0'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1586
|Slavoj Savincek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1587
|Mutara Gasana
|Khokharsa
|Dreher-Keszariakom
|align=center| + 1'49"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|NDM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'29"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 3'34"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1590
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 3'46"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1591
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1592
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1594
|Almas Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1595
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'13"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1596
|Zeljko Bratansek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1597
|Jaap Frisch
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|align=center| + 3'19"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1599
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 2'41"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1600
|Ulrick Vandenhof
|Soyabar
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 3'56"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1601
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'41"
|align=center| 0
|}

As of 1602, 23 cyclists have won the Tour de Valland more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the Tour de Valland general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|5
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|4
| 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineaux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1527, 1528, 1529
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gondry
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1553, 1557, 1558
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|3
| 1568, 1569, 1570
|-
!scope=row| Stavros Michelakakis
!scope=row| Mestra
| align=center|3
| 1576, 1578, 1581
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|4
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593
|-
!scope=row| Jean Galliard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1511, 1512
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1517, 1518
|-
!scope=row| Valentin Eriksen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1521, 1523
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1524, 1525
|-
!scope=row| Werner Ratzenberger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1532, 1533
|-
!scope=row| Mathieu Rozenthal
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1534, 1536
|-
!scope=row| Guillaume Bouchez
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1539, 1542
|-
!scope=row| Sebastian Makatsch
!scope=row| Kyrland
| align=center|2
| 1540, 1545
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1541, 1544
|-
!scope=row| Hans-Georg Simmel
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1550, 1551
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|2
| 1561, 1564
|-
!scope=row| Holger Andersen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1562, 1563
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1565, 1566
|-
!scope=row| Philos Thanos
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|2
| 1572, 1574
|-
!scope=row| Elton Isaksson
!scope=row| Nyland
| align=center|2
| 1582, 1583
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Valland
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|-
!scope=row|Ostland
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Gehenna
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|2
|align=center|7
|-
!scope=row|Oslanburg
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|-
!scope=row|Nerysia
|align=center|2
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Kyrland
| align=center|2
| align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Mestra
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Strathae
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Kyrzbekistan
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Batavia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Mordvania
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Ceribia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Vienland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Pythos
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Nyland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Castleon
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Biyra
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Khokharsa
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Lomarre
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Dyrheim
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Soyabar
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de Valland. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1529 and was first won by Alstarian Werner Ratzenberger. Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1530. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the ''meilleur grimpeur'' which was awarded by the organising newspaper ''Le Pays'' to a cyclist who completed each race.

The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1551, when the organizers decided to award a distinctive blue jersey to the leader. The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to hors catégorie, the hardest. During his career Ceribian climber Malkhaz Alasania won the mountains classification a record five times.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
|-
|1529
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1530
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1531
|Helmut Hörbinger
|Ostland
|-
|1532
|Vincenzo Padania
|Lomarre
|-
|1533
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|-
|1534
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1535
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1536
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1537
|Aristion Carras
|Pythos
|-
|1538
|Jean de Pizan
|Valland
|-
|1539
|Stsiapan Radionov
|Nentsia
|-
|1540
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1541
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1542
|Pierre Bonaparte
|Valland
|-
|1543
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1544
|Jean Romand
|Valland
|-
|1545
|Fabrice Montillet
|Valland
|-
|1546
|Zandor Makasz
|Keszaria
|-
|1547
|Daniel Blanco
|Castleon
|-
|1548
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1549
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1550
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1551
|Vettias Ioannu
|Pythos
|-
|1552
|Vettias Ioannu
|Ceribia
|-
|1553
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1554
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1556
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1557
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1558
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1559
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|-
|1560
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1561
|Honoré Gaumont
|Valland
|-
|1562
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1563
|Pierre Bettencourt
|Valland
|-
|1564
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1566
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|-
|1567
|Gustavo Sepúlveda
|Castleon
|-
|1568
|Friedrich Göck
|Vienland
|-
|1569
|Dodo Gabashvili
|Ceribia
|-
|1570
|Eucarpus Demopoulos
|Pythos
|-
|1571
|Jean-Pierre Métezeau
|Valland
|-
|1572
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1573
|Zaribsyan Soltangalyak
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1574
|Béla Szlávics
|Keszaria
|-
|1575
|Dô Công Quang
|Hôinôm
|-
|1576
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1578
|Lasse Mogensen
|Nyland
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|-
|1580
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|-
|1582
|Vance Jones
|Florinthus
|-
|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|-
|1584
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1586
|Amaury Servan
|Eskkya
|-
|1587
|Ryouichi Takenaka
|Kazemura
|-
|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|-
|1590
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|-
|1591
|Wulf Käufer
|Nerysia
|-
|1592
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|-
|1594
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|}

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1570 and was first won by Thomas Hardy. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From 1966 on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record six times by Florinthian Richard Malone. The most recent winner, Sven-Ole Wieth, won it in 1594.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
|-

|-
|1570
|Maurice Constant
|Valland
|Grand Vèlo
|-
|1571
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1572
|Alphonse Lavanchy
|Valland
|Groupe NDeC
|-
|1573
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|-
|1574
|Demétrio Mateus
|Drahen
|Imperial Aerospace
|-
|1575
|Zan Stepisnik
|Mordvania
|Volodya
|-
|1576
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1577
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1578
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1579
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Printemps
|-
|1580
|Immanuel Botha
|Batavia
|Lentar-Swift
|-
|1581
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1582
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1583
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1584
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1585
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1586
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Vançotte
|-
|1587
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1588
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Lentar-RIFF
|-
|1589
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Great Life
|-
|1590
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1591
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1592
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1593
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell
|-
|1594
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|}

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26. Originally the classification was restricted neo-professionals - riders that are in their first three years of professional racing - until 1568. In 1969, the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In 1570, the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today.

This classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1564, with Fabio Gaetano being the first to win the classification after placing eighth overall. The Tour de Vallad awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification. Three riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year: Kyrzbekistani climber Gjöke Kelmend (1571), Vallish all-rounder Robert Artaud (1575), and Ceribian climber Pharnavaz Undiladze (1598). Only three riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Mordvanian Joze Prezeren (1580 and 1582), Vallish Benoît Montfleury (1585 and 1587), and Ceribian Pharnavaz Undiladze (1596 and 1598).

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
!GC Position
|-
|1564
|Fabio Gaetano
|Lomarre
|Biomega Cycling
|47th
|-
|1565
|Claude Perrault
|Valland
|Fromage Team
|33th
|-
|1566
|Pierre Hollande
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|51th
|-
|1567
|Evard Archambault
|Valland
|Printemps
|21th
|-
|1568
|John Smitheen
|Florinthus
|Astra Cycling
|67th
|-
|1569
|Kieran McLucais
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|88th
|-
|1570
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|11th
|-
|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|'''1st'''
|-
|1572
|Marc Menethil
|Adwest
|Vertigo Cycling
|18th
|-
|1573
|Zurab Avakidze
|Ceribia
|Chikhura-KDK
|4th
|-
|1574
|Jonathan Keyen
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|2nd
|-
|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|'''1st'''
|-
|1576
|Oda Nakuru
|Kazemura
|Kazemura Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|3rd
|-
|1578
|Swarna Vemulakonda
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|8th
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|Le Cycle Super
|3th
|-
|1580
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|29th
|-
|1581
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|Scholden-Gulcron
|26th
|-
|1582
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|2nd
|-
|1583
|Rajko Kryzanek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|5th
|-
|1584
|Hippolyte La Chapelle
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|4th
|-
|1585
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|6th
|-
|1586
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|2nd
|-
|1587
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1588
|Inderjeet Sessions
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|5th
|-
|1589
|Hubert Salika
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|8th
|-
|1590
|Zachariah Nordfeldt
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|2nd
|-
|1591
|Germain Guimard
|Valland
|Scholden-Gulcron
|6th
|-
|1592
|Tuathal Seòras
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|6th
|-
|1593
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1594
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon
|*
|-
|1595
|Max Rémy
|Mandavine Union
|Abbott Cycling
|4th
|-
|1596
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|2nd
|-
|1597
|Enver Dushku
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|6th
|-
|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|'''1st'''
|-
|1599
|Damir Zagipur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|3rd
|-
|1600
|Irakli Maisuradze
|Ceribia
|Magram
|13th
|-
|1601
|Péťa Vacek
|Saratov
|Soyuz-Kuprin
|6th
|}

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 1574 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1570, the leading team would wear red caps. As of 1580, the riders of the leading team wear golden helmets. During the era of national teams, Valland and Nerysia won 4 times each. From 1549 up to 1962, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps.

==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1579 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres, the ''départ fictif'', are a rolling start without racing. The real start, the ''départ réel'' is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. Since 1570, when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group. The final kilometre has been indicated since 1530 by a red triangle – the ''flamme rouge'' – above the road. The first photo-finish was in 1544.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 8, 5 and 2 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers, though this was not done from 1566 to 1570. Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Bradley Wiggins Tour 2012 EZF.jpg|thumb|right| Goldecia Max Jordan riding the individual time trial of the 1580 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first time trial was between La Truffeaut and Nantes in 1528. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. The first prologue was in 1550. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. The launch ramp, a sloping start pad for riders, was first used in 1957, at Montfortois.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland Valland, although since the 1550s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Kyrland, Eskkya and Laurentian Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage. Since 1960 the finish has been on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside Valland

* '''1581 Tour de Valland''': Chatois, Kyrland

===Post-Tour criteriums===
After the Tour de Valland there are criteriums in Kyrland and southern Eskkya. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their ''heroes'', from the Tour de Valland, race. The budget of a criterium is over $100,000, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big name riders earn between $20,000-50,000 per race in start money.

==Doping==

==Records and statistics==

===Stage wins per rider===

32 riders have won 10 or more stages. Riders who are still active are indicated in bold.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Stage wins per rider
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total indivitual stages
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years (Season first stage win - season last stage win)
|-
!scope=row| Richard Malone
!scope=row| Florinthus
| align=center|41
| 1572-1590
|-
!scope=row| Friederik de Jong
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|31
| 1587-1598
|-
!scope=row| Sven-Ole Wieth
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|30
| 1580-1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1512-1522
|-
!scope=row| '''Antoine Duchesnay'''
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1595-1604
|-
!scope=row| Matthias Carsen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|20
| 1530-1544
|-
!scope=row| Julien Herbstritt
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|19
| 1555-1566
|-
!scope=row| Georges Treilhard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1518-1526
|-
!scope=row| Oswald Martin Winscar
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|18
| 1551-1561
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|18
| 1560-1569
|-
!scope=row| Philippe Peaugeot
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1571-1578
|-
!scope=row| Randolph de Meisen
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|17
| 1519-1525
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|16
| 1526-1531
|-
!scope=row| Herodianos Athanasiou
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|15
| 1532-1542
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|15
| 1563-1569
|-
!scope=row| Slavoj Slak
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|14
| 1550-1561
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|14
| 1561-1570
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|13
| 1541-1553
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|12
| 1517-1529
|-
!scope=row| Stiapan Radionov
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|12
| 1536-1546
|-
!scope=row| Jens Tiedermann
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|12
| 1543-1550
|-
!scope=row| '''Miroslav Gradishar'''
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|12
| 1594-1604
|-
!scope=row| Helmut Hörbinger
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|11
| 1528-1533
|-
!scope=row| Iphikrates Kanas
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|11
| 1549-1555
|-
!scope=row| Thomas Bürger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|11
| 1566-1569
|-
!scope=row| Vicent Izard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1513-1521
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1522-1532
|-
!scope=row| Yuri Pashkievich
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|10
| 1544-1550
|-
!scope=row| Malkhaz Alasania
!scope=row| Ceribia
| align=center|10
| 1549-1558
|-
!scope=row| Pieter Steyn
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|10
| 1571-1579
|-
!scope=row| Robert Réjane
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1579-1590
|-
!scope=row| Christophe Villiers
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1596-1604
|-
|}

===Record winners===

[[Category:Tour de Valland]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Valland]]

Tour de Valland

2020-02-20T10:35:40Z

Hadash: /* Stage wins per rider */

The '''Tour de Valland''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in [[Valland]], while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1511. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily Vallish field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year.

The Tour de Valland, along the Ceribian Tour, make up cycling's prestigious, three-week-long Grand Tours; the Tour de Valland is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three by fans and riders alike. Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of Zechyr. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the mountain chains of the Vallish nation, and the finish on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren. The modern editions of the Tour de Valland consist of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

==History==

===Origins===

===The first Tour de Valland===

===1511–1539===

===1939–1960===

===1961–1970===

===1971–present===

==Classifications==
The oldest and main competition in the Tour de Valland is known as the 'general classification', for which the red jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de Valland is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's red jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "red maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the red jersey was Paul Floriot. Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Jacques Gondry has worn the yellow jersey for 41 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de Valland. Jacques Gaudin remains as the only rider to win the Tour de Valland four times (1513, 1515, 1516 and 1520).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1511
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 10'04"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1512
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1513
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe du Nord
|align=center| + 8'21"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1514
|Roger Laval
|Valland
|Nantes Sportif Club
|align=center| + 2'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1515
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe Du Nord
|align=center| + 14'01"
|align=center| 5
|-
|align=center|1516
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 29'04"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1517
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1518
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 4'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1519
|Georges Treilhard
|Valland
|Bureau National
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1520
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 8'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1521
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 3'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1522
|Randolph de Meisen
|Adwest
|Royal Adwestene
|align=center| + 1'09"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1523
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 4'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1524
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1525
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 8'42"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1526
|Basileo Tramuntana
|Castleon
|Remedios Marítimo
|align=center| + 2'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1527
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 11'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1528
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 7'12"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1529
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Le Matin-Gaumont
|align=center| + 24'24"
|align=center| 7
|-
|align=center|1530
|Franz Kelsen
|Ostland
|Mann Industries
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1531
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|National Adwestene
|align=center| + 2'50"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1532
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 8'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1533
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'21"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1534
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1535
|Alfred Simonet
|Valland
|Gaumont Cycling
|align=center| + 1'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1536
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 18'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1537
|Kurt von Althoff
|Nerysia
|Waiblinger Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1538
|Wolfgang Seipel
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1539
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 4'06"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1540
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Chartois Group
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1541
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1542
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1543
|Walter Bauer
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1544
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1545
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 4'40"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1546
|Wladislaw Adamowsky
|Biyra
|Doppel Metall AG
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1547
|Max Gaumont
|Valland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1548
|Jacques Delpy
|Valland
|Belle Èpoque
|align=center| + 1'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1549
|Matthias Koch
|Ostland
|Rause-Heine Cycling
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1550
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 4'55"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1551
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 3'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1552
|Alfred Hamon
|Eskkya
|AVG-Rause Cycling
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1553
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Belle Époque
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1554
|François Champlain
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|Telasi Bank Team
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1556
|Ludwig Magnus
|Ostland
|Verbund & Steiner
|align=center| + 0'39"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1557
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 2'32"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1558
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 5'41"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1559
|Leon Rohmer
|Kyrland
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1560
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1561
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Glockscheider Cycling
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1562
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 1'37"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1563
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 3'28"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1564
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 2'49"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet Team
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1566
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet-Haumot Cycling
|align=center| + 2'52"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1567
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|Astra Cycling
|align=center| + 1'08"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1568
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Stampharma Cycling
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1569
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 5'31"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1570
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 2'10"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|align=center| + 1'33"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1572
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 2'23"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1573
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|align=center| + 0'34"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1574
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 1'26"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1576
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|Koske Team
|align=center| + 3'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1577
|Pavel Bezbiksis
|Videjszeme
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1578
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1579
|Kieran McLucais
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 4'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1580
|Johan Van Engelen
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 5'05"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1582
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 5'35"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1584
|Kelly Rónán McCullain
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 0'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1586
|Slavoj Savincek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1587
|Mutara Gasana
|Khokharsa
|Dreher-Keszariakom
|align=center| + 1'49"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|NDM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'29"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 3'34"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1590
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 3'46"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1591
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1592
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1594
|Almas Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1595
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'13"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1596
|Zeljko Bratansek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1597
|Jaap Frisch
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|align=center| + 3'19"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1599
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 2'41"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1600
|Ulrick Vandenhof
|Soyabar
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 3'56"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1601
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'41"
|align=center| 0
|}

As of 1602, 23 cyclists have won the Tour de Valland more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the Tour de Valland general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|5
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|4
| 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineaux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1527, 1528, 1529
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gondry
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1553, 1557, 1558
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|3
| 1568, 1569, 1570
|-
!scope=row| Stavros Michelakakis
!scope=row| Mestra
| align=center|3
| 1576, 1578, 1581
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|4
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593
|-
!scope=row| Jean Galliard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1511, 1512
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1517, 1518
|-
!scope=row| Valentin Eriksen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1521, 1523
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1524, 1525
|-
!scope=row| Werner Ratzenberger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1532, 1533
|-
!scope=row| Mathieu Rozenthal
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1534, 1536
|-
!scope=row| Guillaume Bouchez
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1539, 1542
|-
!scope=row| Sebastian Makatsch
!scope=row| Kyrland
| align=center|2
| 1540, 1545
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1541, 1544
|-
!scope=row| Hans-Georg Simmel
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1550, 1551
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|2
| 1561, 1564
|-
!scope=row| Holger Andersen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1562, 1563
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1565, 1566
|-
!scope=row| Philos Thanos
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|2
| 1572, 1574
|-
!scope=row| Elton Isaksson
!scope=row| Nyland
| align=center|2
| 1582, 1583
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Valland
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|-
!scope=row|Ostland
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Gehenna
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|2
|align=center|7
|-
!scope=row|Oslanburg
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|-
!scope=row|Nerysia
|align=center|2
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Kyrland
| align=center|2
| align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Mestra
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Strathae
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Kyrzbekistan
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Batavia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Mordvania
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Ceribia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Vienland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Pythos
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Nyland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Castleon
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Biyra
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Khokharsa
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Lomarre
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Dyrheim
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Soyabar
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de Valland. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1529 and was first won by Alstarian Werner Ratzenberger. Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1530. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the ''meilleur grimpeur'' which was awarded by the organising newspaper ''Le Pays'' to a cyclist who completed each race.

The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1551, when the organizers decided to award a distinctive blue jersey to the leader. The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to hors catégorie, the hardest. During his career Ceribian climber Malkhaz Alasania won the mountains classification a record five times.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
|-
|1529
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1530
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1531
|Helmut Hörbinger
|Ostland
|-
|1532
|Vincenzo Padania
|Lomarre
|-
|1533
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|-
|1534
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1535
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1536
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1537
|Aristion Carras
|Pythos
|-
|1538
|Jean de Pizan
|Valland
|-
|1539
|Stsiapan Radionov
|Nentsia
|-
|1540
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1541
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1542
|Pierre Bonaparte
|Valland
|-
|1543
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1544
|Jean Romand
|Valland
|-
|1545
|Fabrice Montillet
|Valland
|-
|1546
|Zandor Makasz
|Keszaria
|-
|1547
|Daniel Blanco
|Castleon
|-
|1548
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1549
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1550
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1551
|Vettias Ioannu
|Pythos
|-
|1552
|Vettias Ioannu
|Ceribia
|-
|1553
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1554
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1556
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1557
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1558
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1559
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|-
|1560
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1561
|Honoré Gaumont
|Valland
|-
|1562
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1563
|Pierre Bettencourt
|Valland
|-
|1564
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1566
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|-
|1567
|Gustavo Sepúlveda
|Castleon
|-
|1568
|Friedrich Göck
|Vienland
|-
|1569
|Dodo Gabashvili
|Ceribia
|-
|1570
|Eucarpus Demopoulos
|Pythos
|-
|1571
|Jean-Pierre Métezeau
|Valland
|-
|1572
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1573
|Zaribsyan Soltangalyak
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1574
|Béla Szlávics
|Keszaria
|-
|1575
|Dô Công Quang
|Hôinôm
|-
|1576
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1578
|Lasse Mogensen
|Nyland
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|-
|1580
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|-
|1582
|Vance Jones
|Florinthus
|-
|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|-
|1584
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1586
|Amaury Servan
|Eskkya
|-
|1587
|Ryouichi Takenaka
|Kazemura
|-
|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|-
|1590
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|-
|1591
|Wulf Käufer
|Nerysia
|-
|1592
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|-
|1594
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|}

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1570 and was first won by Thomas Hardy. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From 1966 on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record six times by Florinthian Richard Malone. The most recent winner, Sven-Ole Wieth, won it in 1594.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
|-

|-
|1570
|Maurice Constant
|Valland
|Grand Vèlo
|-
|1571
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1572
|Alphonse Lavanchy
|Valland
|Groupe NDeC
|-
|1573
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|-
|1574
|Demétrio Mateus
|Drahen
|Imperial Aerospace
|-
|1575
|Zan Stepisnik
|Mordvania
|Volodya
|-
|1576
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1577
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1578
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1579
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Printemps
|-
|1580
|Immanuel Botha
|Batavia
|Lentar-Swift
|-
|1581
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1582
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1583
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1584
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1585
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1586
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Vançotte
|-
|1587
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1588
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Lentar-RIFF
|-
|1589
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Great Life
|-
|1590
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1591
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1592
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1593
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell
|-
|1594
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|}

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26. Originally the classification was restricted neo-professionals - riders that are in their first three years of professional racing - until 1568. In 1969, the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In 1570, the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today.

This classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1564, with Fabio Gaetano being the first to win the classification after placing eighth overall. The Tour de Vallad awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification. Three riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year: Kyrzbekistani climber Gjöke Kelmend (1571), Vallish all-rounder Robert Artaud (1575), and Ceribian climber Pharnavaz Undiladze (1598). Only three riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Mordvanian Joze Prezeren (1580 and 1582), Vallish Benoît Montfleury (1585 and 1587), and Ceribian Pharnavaz Undiladze (1596 and 1598).

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
!GC Position
|-
|1564
|Fabio Gaetano
|Lomarre
|Biomega Cycling
|47th
|-
|1565
|Claude Perrault
|Valland
|Fromage Team
|33th
|-
|1566
|Pierre Hollande
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|51th
|-
|1567
|Evard Archambault
|Valland
|Printemps
|21th
|-
|1568
|John Smitheen
|Florinthus
|Astra Cycling
|67th
|-
|1569
|Kieran McLucais
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|88th
|-
|1570
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|11th
|-
|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|'''1st'''
|-
|1572
|Marc Menethil
|Adwest
|Vertigo Cycling
|18th
|-
|1573
|Zurab Avakidze
|Ceribia
|Chikhura-KDK
|4th
|-
|1574
|Jonathan Keyen
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|2nd
|-
|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|'''1st'''
|-
|1576
|Oda Nakuru
|Kazemura
|Kazemura Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|3rd
|-
|1578
|Swarna Vemulakonda
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|8th
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|Le Cycle Super
|3th
|-
|1580
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|29th
|-
|1581
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|Scholden-Gulcron
|26th
|-
|1582
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|2nd
|-
|1583
|Rajko Kryzanek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|5th
|-
|1584
|Hippolyte La Chapelle
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|4th
|-
|1585
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|6th
|-
|1586
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|2nd
|-
|1587
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1588
|Inderjeet Sessions
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|5th
|-
|1589
|Hubert Salika
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|8th
|-
|1590
|Zachariah Nordfeldt
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|2nd
|-
|1591
|Germain Guimard
|Valland
|Scholden-Gulcron
|6th
|-
|1592
|Tuathal Seòras
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|6th
|-
|1593
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1594
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon
|*
|-
|1595
|Max Rémy
|Mandavine Union
|Abbott Cycling
|4th
|-
|1596
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|2nd
|-
|1597
|Enver Dushku
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|6th
|-
|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|'''1st'''
|-
|1599
|Damir Zagipur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|3rd
|-
|1600
|Irakli Maisuradze
|Ceribia
|Magram
|13th
|-
|1601
|Péťa Vacek
|Saratov
|Soyuz-Kuprin
|6th
|}

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 1574 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1570, the leading team would wear red caps. As of 1580, the riders of the leading team wear golden helmets. During the era of national teams, Valland and Nerysia won 4 times each. From 1549 up to 1962, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps.

==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1579 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres, the ''départ fictif'', are a rolling start without racing. The real start, the ''départ réel'' is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. Since 1570, when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group. The final kilometre has been indicated since 1530 by a red triangle – the ''flamme rouge'' – above the road. The first photo-finish was in 1544.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 8, 5 and 2 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers, though this was not done from 1566 to 1570. Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Bradley Wiggins Tour 2012 EZF.jpg|thumb|right| Goldecia Max Jordan riding the individual time trial of the 1580 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first time trial was between La Truffeaut and Nantes in 1528. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. The first prologue was in 1550. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. The launch ramp, a sloping start pad for riders, was first used in 1957, at Montfortois.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland Valland, although since the 1550s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Kyrland, Eskkya and Laurentian Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage. Since 1960 the finish has been on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside Valland

* '''1581 Tour de Valland''': Chatois, Kyrland

===Post-Tour criteriums===
After the Tour de Valland there are criteriums in Kyrland and southern Eskkya. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their ''heroes'', from the Tour de Valland, race. The budget of a criterium is over $100,000, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big name riders earn between $20,000-50,000 per race in start money.

==Doping==

==Records and statistics==

===Stage wins per rider===

30 riders have won 10 or more stages. Riders who are still active are indicated in bold.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Stage wins per rider
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total indivitual stages
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years (Season first stage win - season last stage win)
|-
!scope=row| Richard Malone
!scope=row| Florinthus
| align=center|41
| 1572-1590
|-
!scope=row| Friederik de Jong
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|31
| 1587-1598
|-
!scope=row| Sven-Ole Wieth
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|30
| 1580-1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1512-1522
|-
!scope=row| '''Antoine Duchesnay'''
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1595-1604
|-
!scope=row| Matthias Carsen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|20
| 1530-1544
|-
!scope=row| Julien Herbstritt
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|19
| 1555-1566
|-
!scope=row| Georges Treilhard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1518-1526
|-
!scope=row| Oswald Martin Winscar
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|18
| 1551-1561
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|18
| 1560-1569
|-
!scope=row| Philippe Peaugeot
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1571-1578
|-
!scope=row| Randolph de Meisen
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|17
| 1519-1525
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|16
| 1526-1531
|-
!scope=row| Herodianos Athanasiou
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|15
| 1532-1542
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|15
| 1563-1569
|-
!scope=row| Slavoj Slak
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|14
| 1550-1561
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|14
| 1561-1570
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|13
| 1541-1553
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|12
| 1517-1529
|-
!scope=row| Stiapan Radionov
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|12
| 1536-1546
|-
!scope=row| Jens Tiedermann
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|12
| 1543-1550
|-
!scope=row| '''Miroslav Gradishar'''
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|12
| 1594-1604
|-
!scope=row| Helmut Hörbinger
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|11
| 1528-1533
|-
!scope=row| Iphikrates Kanas
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|11
| 1549-1555
|-
!scope=row| Thomas Bürger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|11
| 1566-1569
|-
!scope=row| Vicent Izard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1513-1521
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1522-1532
|-
!scope=row| Yuri Pashkievich
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|10
| 1544-1550
|-
!scope=row| Malkhaz Alasania
!scope=row| Ceribia
| align=center|10
| 1549-1558
|-
!scope=row| Pieter Steyn
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|10
| 1571-1579
|-
!scope=row| Robert Réjane
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1579-1590
|-
!scope=row| Christophe Villiers
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1596-1604
|-
|}

===Record winners===

[[Category:Tour de Valland]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Valland]]

Tour de Valland

2020-02-20T10:33:11Z

Hadash: /* Stage wins per rider */

The '''Tour de Valland''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in [[Valland]], while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1511. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily Vallish field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year.

The Tour de Valland, along the Ceribian Tour, make up cycling's prestigious, three-week-long Grand Tours; the Tour de Valland is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three by fans and riders alike. Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of Zechyr. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the mountain chains of the Vallish nation, and the finish on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren. The modern editions of the Tour de Valland consist of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

==History==

===Origins===

===The first Tour de Valland===

===1511–1539===

===1939–1960===

===1961–1970===

===1971–present===

==Classifications==
The oldest and main competition in the Tour de Valland is known as the 'general classification', for which the red jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de Valland is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's red jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "red maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the red jersey was Paul Floriot. Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Jacques Gondry has worn the yellow jersey for 41 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de Valland. Jacques Gaudin remains as the only rider to win the Tour de Valland four times (1513, 1515, 1516 and 1520).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1511
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 10'04"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1512
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1513
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe du Nord
|align=center| + 8'21"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1514
|Roger Laval
|Valland
|Nantes Sportif Club
|align=center| + 2'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1515
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe Du Nord
|align=center| + 14'01"
|align=center| 5
|-
|align=center|1516
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 29'04"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1517
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1518
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 4'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1519
|Georges Treilhard
|Valland
|Bureau National
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1520
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 8'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1521
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 3'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1522
|Randolph de Meisen
|Adwest
|Royal Adwestene
|align=center| + 1'09"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1523
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 4'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1524
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1525
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 8'42"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1526
|Basileo Tramuntana
|Castleon
|Remedios Marítimo
|align=center| + 2'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1527
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 11'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1528
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 7'12"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1529
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Le Matin-Gaumont
|align=center| + 24'24"
|align=center| 7
|-
|align=center|1530
|Franz Kelsen
|Ostland
|Mann Industries
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1531
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|National Adwestene
|align=center| + 2'50"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1532
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 8'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1533
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'21"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1534
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1535
|Alfred Simonet
|Valland
|Gaumont Cycling
|align=center| + 1'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1536
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 18'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1537
|Kurt von Althoff
|Nerysia
|Waiblinger Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1538
|Wolfgang Seipel
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1539
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 4'06"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1540
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Chartois Group
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1541
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1542
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1543
|Walter Bauer
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1544
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1545
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 4'40"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1546
|Wladislaw Adamowsky
|Biyra
|Doppel Metall AG
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1547
|Max Gaumont
|Valland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1548
|Jacques Delpy
|Valland
|Belle Èpoque
|align=center| + 1'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1549
|Matthias Koch
|Ostland
|Rause-Heine Cycling
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1550
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 4'55"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1551
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 3'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1552
|Alfred Hamon
|Eskkya
|AVG-Rause Cycling
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1553
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Belle Époque
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1554
|François Champlain
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|Telasi Bank Team
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1556
|Ludwig Magnus
|Ostland
|Verbund & Steiner
|align=center| + 0'39"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1557
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 2'32"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1558
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 5'41"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1559
|Leon Rohmer
|Kyrland
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1560
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1561
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Glockscheider Cycling
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1562
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 1'37"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1563
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 3'28"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1564
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 2'49"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet Team
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1566
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet-Haumot Cycling
|align=center| + 2'52"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1567
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|Astra Cycling
|align=center| + 1'08"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1568
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Stampharma Cycling
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1569
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 5'31"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1570
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 2'10"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|align=center| + 1'33"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1572
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 2'23"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1573
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|align=center| + 0'34"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1574
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 1'26"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1576
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|Koske Team
|align=center| + 3'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1577
|Pavel Bezbiksis
|Videjszeme
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1578
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1579
|Kieran McLucais
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 4'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1580
|Johan Van Engelen
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 5'05"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1582
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 5'35"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1584
|Kelly Rónán McCullain
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 0'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1586
|Slavoj Savincek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1587
|Mutara Gasana
|Khokharsa
|Dreher-Keszariakom
|align=center| + 1'49"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|NDM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'29"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 3'34"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1590
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 3'46"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1591
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1592
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1594
|Almas Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1595
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'13"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1596
|Zeljko Bratansek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1597
|Jaap Frisch
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|align=center| + 3'19"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1599
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 2'41"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1600
|Ulrick Vandenhof
|Soyabar
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 3'56"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1601
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'41"
|align=center| 0
|}

As of 1602, 23 cyclists have won the Tour de Valland more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the Tour de Valland general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|5
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|4
| 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineaux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1527, 1528, 1529
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gondry
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1553, 1557, 1558
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|3
| 1568, 1569, 1570
|-
!scope=row| Stavros Michelakakis
!scope=row| Mestra
| align=center|3
| 1576, 1578, 1581
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|4
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593
|-
!scope=row| Jean Galliard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1511, 1512
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1517, 1518
|-
!scope=row| Valentin Eriksen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1521, 1523
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1524, 1525
|-
!scope=row| Werner Ratzenberger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1532, 1533
|-
!scope=row| Mathieu Rozenthal
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1534, 1536
|-
!scope=row| Guillaume Bouchez
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1539, 1542
|-
!scope=row| Sebastian Makatsch
!scope=row| Kyrland
| align=center|2
| 1540, 1545
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1541, 1544
|-
!scope=row| Hans-Georg Simmel
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1550, 1551
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|2
| 1561, 1564
|-
!scope=row| Holger Andersen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1562, 1563
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1565, 1566
|-
!scope=row| Philos Thanos
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|2
| 1572, 1574
|-
!scope=row| Elton Isaksson
!scope=row| Nyland
| align=center|2
| 1582, 1583
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Valland
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|-
!scope=row|Ostland
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Gehenna
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|2
|align=center|7
|-
!scope=row|Oslanburg
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|-
!scope=row|Nerysia
|align=center|2
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Kyrland
| align=center|2
| align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Mestra
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Strathae
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Kyrzbekistan
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Batavia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Mordvania
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Ceribia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Vienland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Pythos
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Nyland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Castleon
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Biyra
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Khokharsa
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Lomarre
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Dyrheim
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Soyabar
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de Valland. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1529 and was first won by Alstarian Werner Ratzenberger. Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1530. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the ''meilleur grimpeur'' which was awarded by the organising newspaper ''Le Pays'' to a cyclist who completed each race.

The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1551, when the organizers decided to award a distinctive blue jersey to the leader. The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to hors catégorie, the hardest. During his career Ceribian climber Malkhaz Alasania won the mountains classification a record five times.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
|-
|1529
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1530
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1531
|Helmut Hörbinger
|Ostland
|-
|1532
|Vincenzo Padania
|Lomarre
|-
|1533
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|-
|1534
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1535
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1536
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1537
|Aristion Carras
|Pythos
|-
|1538
|Jean de Pizan
|Valland
|-
|1539
|Stsiapan Radionov
|Nentsia
|-
|1540
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1541
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1542
|Pierre Bonaparte
|Valland
|-
|1543
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1544
|Jean Romand
|Valland
|-
|1545
|Fabrice Montillet
|Valland
|-
|1546
|Zandor Makasz
|Keszaria
|-
|1547
|Daniel Blanco
|Castleon
|-
|1548
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1549
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1550
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1551
|Vettias Ioannu
|Pythos
|-
|1552
|Vettias Ioannu
|Ceribia
|-
|1553
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1554
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1556
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1557
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1558
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1559
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|-
|1560
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1561
|Honoré Gaumont
|Valland
|-
|1562
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1563
|Pierre Bettencourt
|Valland
|-
|1564
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1566
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|-
|1567
|Gustavo Sepúlveda
|Castleon
|-
|1568
|Friedrich Göck
|Vienland
|-
|1569
|Dodo Gabashvili
|Ceribia
|-
|1570
|Eucarpus Demopoulos
|Pythos
|-
|1571
|Jean-Pierre Métezeau
|Valland
|-
|1572
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1573
|Zaribsyan Soltangalyak
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1574
|Béla Szlávics
|Keszaria
|-
|1575
|Dô Công Quang
|Hôinôm
|-
|1576
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1578
|Lasse Mogensen
|Nyland
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|-
|1580
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|-
|1582
|Vance Jones
|Florinthus
|-
|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|-
|1584
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1586
|Amaury Servan
|Eskkya
|-
|1587
|Ryouichi Takenaka
|Kazemura
|-
|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|-
|1590
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|-
|1591
|Wulf Käufer
|Nerysia
|-
|1592
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|-
|1594
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|}

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1570 and was first won by Thomas Hardy. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From 1966 on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record six times by Florinthian Richard Malone. The most recent winner, Sven-Ole Wieth, won it in 1594.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
|-

|-
|1570
|Maurice Constant
|Valland
|Grand Vèlo
|-
|1571
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1572
|Alphonse Lavanchy
|Valland
|Groupe NDeC
|-
|1573
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|-
|1574
|Demétrio Mateus
|Drahen
|Imperial Aerospace
|-
|1575
|Zan Stepisnik
|Mordvania
|Volodya
|-
|1576
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1577
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1578
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1579
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Printemps
|-
|1580
|Immanuel Botha
|Batavia
|Lentar-Swift
|-
|1581
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1582
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1583
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1584
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1585
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1586
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Vançotte
|-
|1587
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1588
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Lentar-RIFF
|-
|1589
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Great Life
|-
|1590
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1591
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1592
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1593
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell
|-
|1594
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|}

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26. Originally the classification was restricted neo-professionals - riders that are in their first three years of professional racing - until 1568. In 1969, the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In 1570, the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today.

This classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1564, with Fabio Gaetano being the first to win the classification after placing eighth overall. The Tour de Vallad awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification. Three riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year: Kyrzbekistani climber Gjöke Kelmend (1571), Vallish all-rounder Robert Artaud (1575), and Ceribian climber Pharnavaz Undiladze (1598). Only three riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Mordvanian Joze Prezeren (1580 and 1582), Vallish Benoît Montfleury (1585 and 1587), and Ceribian Pharnavaz Undiladze (1596 and 1598).

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
!GC Position
|-
|1564
|Fabio Gaetano
|Lomarre
|Biomega Cycling
|47th
|-
|1565
|Claude Perrault
|Valland
|Fromage Team
|33th
|-
|1566
|Pierre Hollande
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|51th
|-
|1567
|Evard Archambault
|Valland
|Printemps
|21th
|-
|1568
|John Smitheen
|Florinthus
|Astra Cycling
|67th
|-
|1569
|Kieran McLucais
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|88th
|-
|1570
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|11th
|-
|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|'''1st'''
|-
|1572
|Marc Menethil
|Adwest
|Vertigo Cycling
|18th
|-
|1573
|Zurab Avakidze
|Ceribia
|Chikhura-KDK
|4th
|-
|1574
|Jonathan Keyen
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|2nd
|-
|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|'''1st'''
|-
|1576
|Oda Nakuru
|Kazemura
|Kazemura Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|3rd
|-
|1578
|Swarna Vemulakonda
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|8th
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|Le Cycle Super
|3th
|-
|1580
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|29th
|-
|1581
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|Scholden-Gulcron
|26th
|-
|1582
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|2nd
|-
|1583
|Rajko Kryzanek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|5th
|-
|1584
|Hippolyte La Chapelle
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|4th
|-
|1585
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|6th
|-
|1586
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|2nd
|-
|1587
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1588
|Inderjeet Sessions
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|5th
|-
|1589
|Hubert Salika
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|8th
|-
|1590
|Zachariah Nordfeldt
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|2nd
|-
|1591
|Germain Guimard
|Valland
|Scholden-Gulcron
|6th
|-
|1592
|Tuathal Seòras
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|6th
|-
|1593
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1594
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon
|*
|-
|1595
|Max Rémy
|Mandavine Union
|Abbott Cycling
|4th
|-
|1596
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|2nd
|-
|1597
|Enver Dushku
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|6th
|-
|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|'''1st'''
|-
|1599
|Damir Zagipur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|3rd
|-
|1600
|Irakli Maisuradze
|Ceribia
|Magram
|13th
|-
|1601
|Péťa Vacek
|Saratov
|Soyuz-Kuprin
|6th
|}

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 1574 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1570, the leading team would wear red caps. As of 1580, the riders of the leading team wear golden helmets. During the era of national teams, Valland and Nerysia won 4 times each. From 1549 up to 1962, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps.

==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1579 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres, the ''départ fictif'', are a rolling start without racing. The real start, the ''départ réel'' is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. Since 1570, when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group. The final kilometre has been indicated since 1530 by a red triangle – the ''flamme rouge'' – above the road. The first photo-finish was in 1544.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 8, 5 and 2 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers, though this was not done from 1566 to 1570. Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Bradley Wiggins Tour 2012 EZF.jpg|thumb|right| Goldecia Max Jordan riding the individual time trial of the 1580 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first time trial was between La Truffeaut and Nantes in 1528. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. The first prologue was in 1550. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. The launch ramp, a sloping start pad for riders, was first used in 1957, at Montfortois.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland Valland, although since the 1550s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Kyrland, Eskkya and Laurentian Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage. Since 1960 the finish has been on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside Valland

* '''1581 Tour de Valland''': Chatois, Kyrland

===Post-Tour criteriums===
After the Tour de Valland there are criteriums in Kyrland and southern Eskkya. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their ''heroes'', from the Tour de Valland, race. The budget of a criterium is over $100,000, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big name riders earn between $20,000-50,000 per race in start money.

==Doping==

==Records and statistics==

===Stage wins per rider===

30 riders have won 10 or more stages. Riders who are still active are indicated in bold.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Stage wins per rider
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total indivitual stages
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years (Season first stage win - season last stage win)
|-
!scope=row| Richard Malone
!scope=row| Florinthus
| align=center|41
| 1572-1590
|-
!scope=row| Friederik de Jong
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|31
| 1587-1598
|-
!scope=row| Sven-Ole Wieth
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|30
| 1580-1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1512-1522
|-
!scope=row| '''Antoine Duchesnay'''
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1595-1604
|-
!scope=row| Matthias Carsen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|20
| 1530-1544
|-
!scope=row| Julien Herbstritt
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|19
| 1555-1566
|-
!scope=row| Georges Treilhard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1518-1526
|-
!scope=row| Oswald Martin Winscar
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|18
| 1551-1561
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|18
| 1560-1569
|-
!scope=row| Philippe Peaugeot
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1571-1578
|-
!scope=row| Randolph de Meisen
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|17
| 1519-1525
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|16
| 1526-1531
|-
!scope=row| Herodianos Athanasiou
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|15
| 1532-1542
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|15
| 1563-1569
|-
!scope=row| Slavoj Slak
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|14
| 1550-1561
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|14
| 1561-1570
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|13
| 1541-1553
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|12
| 1517-1529
|-
!scope=row| Stiapan Radionov
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|12
| 1536-1546
|-
!scope=row| Jens Tiedermann
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|12
| 1543-1550
|-
!scope=row| '''Miroslav Gradishar'''
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|12
| 1594-1604
|-
!scope=row| Helmut Hörbinger
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|11
| 1528-1533
|-
!scope=row| Iphikrates Kanas
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|11
| 1549-1555
|-
!scope=row| Thomas Bürger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|11
| 1566-1569
|-
!scope=row| Vicent Izard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1513-1521
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1522-1532
|-
!scope=row| Yuri Pashkievich
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|10
| 1544-1550
|-
!scope=row| Malkhaz Alasania
!scope=row| Ceribia
| align=center|10
| 1549-1558
|-
!scope=row| Pieter Steyn
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|10
| 1571-1579
|-
!scope=row| Robert Réjane
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1579-1590
|-
|}

===Record winners===

[[Category:Tour de Valland]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Valland]]

Tour de Valland

2020-01-31T23:03:03Z

Hadash: /* Stage wins per rider */

The '''Tour de Valland''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in [[Valland]], while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1511. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily Vallish field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year.

The Tour de Valland, along the Ceribian Tour, make up cycling's prestigious, three-week-long Grand Tours; the Tour de Valland is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three by fans and riders alike. Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of Zechyr. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the mountain chains of the Vallish nation, and the finish on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren. The modern editions of the Tour de Valland consist of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

==History==

===Origins===

===The first Tour de Valland===

===1511–1539===

===1939–1960===

===1961–1970===

===1971–present===

==Classifications==
The oldest and main competition in the Tour de Valland is known as the 'general classification', for which the red jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de Valland is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's red jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "red maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the red jersey was Paul Floriot. Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Jacques Gondry has worn the yellow jersey for 41 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de Valland. Jacques Gaudin remains as the only rider to win the Tour de Valland four times (1513, 1515, 1516 and 1520).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1511
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 10'04"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1512
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1513
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe du Nord
|align=center| + 8'21"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1514
|Roger Laval
|Valland
|Nantes Sportif Club
|align=center| + 2'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1515
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe Du Nord
|align=center| + 14'01"
|align=center| 5
|-
|align=center|1516
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 29'04"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1517
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1518
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 4'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1519
|Georges Treilhard
|Valland
|Bureau National
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1520
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 8'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1521
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 3'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1522
|Randolph de Meisen
|Adwest
|Royal Adwestene
|align=center| + 1'09"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1523
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 4'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1524
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1525
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 8'42"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1526
|Basileo Tramuntana
|Castleon
|Remedios Marítimo
|align=center| + 2'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1527
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 11'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1528
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 7'12"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1529
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Le Matin-Gaumont
|align=center| + 24'24"
|align=center| 7
|-
|align=center|1530
|Franz Kelsen
|Ostland
|Mann Industries
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1531
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|National Adwestene
|align=center| + 2'50"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1532
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 8'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1533
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'21"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1534
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1535
|Alfred Simonet
|Valland
|Gaumont Cycling
|align=center| + 1'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1536
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 18'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1537
|Kurt von Althoff
|Nerysia
|Waiblinger Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1538
|Wolfgang Seipel
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1539
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 4'06"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1540
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Chartois Group
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1541
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1542
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1543
|Walter Bauer
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1544
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1545
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 4'40"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1546
|Wladislaw Adamowsky
|Biyra
|Doppel Metall AG
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1547
|Max Gaumont
|Valland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1548
|Jacques Delpy
|Valland
|Belle Èpoque
|align=center| + 1'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1549
|Matthias Koch
|Ostland
|Rause-Heine Cycling
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1550
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 4'55"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1551
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 3'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1552
|Alfred Hamon
|Eskkya
|AVG-Rause Cycling
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1553
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Belle Époque
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1554
|François Champlain
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|Telasi Bank Team
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1556
|Ludwig Magnus
|Ostland
|Verbund & Steiner
|align=center| + 0'39"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1557
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 2'32"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1558
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 5'41"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1559
|Leon Rohmer
|Kyrland
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1560
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1561
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Glockscheider Cycling
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1562
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 1'37"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1563
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 3'28"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1564
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 2'49"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet Team
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1566
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet-Haumot Cycling
|align=center| + 2'52"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1567
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|Astra Cycling
|align=center| + 1'08"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1568
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Stampharma Cycling
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1569
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 5'31"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1570
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 2'10"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|align=center| + 1'33"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1572
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 2'23"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1573
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|align=center| + 0'34"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1574
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 1'26"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1576
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|Koske Team
|align=center| + 3'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1577
|Pavel Bezbiksis
|Videjszeme
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1578
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1579
|Kieran McLucais
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 4'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1580
|Johan Van Engelen
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 5'05"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1582
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 5'35"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1584
|Kelly Rónán McCullain
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 0'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1586
|Slavoj Savincek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1587
|Mutara Gasana
|Khokharsa
|Dreher-Keszariakom
|align=center| + 1'49"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|NDM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'29"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 3'34"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1590
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 3'46"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1591
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1592
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1594
|Almas Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1595
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'13"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1596
|Zeljko Bratansek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1597
|Jaap Frisch
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|align=center| + 3'19"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1599
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 2'41"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1600
|Ulrick Vandenhof
|Soyabar
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 3'56"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1601
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'41"
|align=center| 0
|}

As of 1602, 23 cyclists have won the Tour de Valland more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the Tour de Valland general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|5
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|4
| 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineaux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1527, 1528, 1529
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gondry
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1553, 1557, 1558
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|3
| 1568, 1569, 1570
|-
!scope=row| Stavros Michelakakis
!scope=row| Mestra
| align=center|3
| 1576, 1578, 1581
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|4
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593
|-
!scope=row| Jean Galliard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1511, 1512
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1517, 1518
|-
!scope=row| Valentin Eriksen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1521, 1523
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1524, 1525
|-
!scope=row| Werner Ratzenberger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1532, 1533
|-
!scope=row| Mathieu Rozenthal
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1534, 1536
|-
!scope=row| Guillaume Bouchez
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1539, 1542
|-
!scope=row| Sebastian Makatsch
!scope=row| Kyrland
| align=center|2
| 1540, 1545
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1541, 1544
|-
!scope=row| Hans-Georg Simmel
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1550, 1551
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|2
| 1561, 1564
|-
!scope=row| Holger Andersen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1562, 1563
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1565, 1566
|-
!scope=row| Philos Thanos
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|2
| 1572, 1574
|-
!scope=row| Elton Isaksson
!scope=row| Nyland
| align=center|2
| 1582, 1583
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Valland
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|-
!scope=row|Ostland
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Gehenna
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|2
|align=center|7
|-
!scope=row|Oslanburg
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|-
!scope=row|Nerysia
|align=center|2
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Kyrland
| align=center|2
| align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Mestra
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Strathae
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Kyrzbekistan
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Batavia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Mordvania
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Ceribia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Vienland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Pythos
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Nyland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Castleon
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Biyra
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Khokharsa
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Lomarre
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Dyrheim
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Soyabar
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de Valland. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1529 and was first won by Alstarian Werner Ratzenberger. Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1530. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the ''meilleur grimpeur'' which was awarded by the organising newspaper ''Le Pays'' to a cyclist who completed each race.

The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1551, when the organizers decided to award a distinctive blue jersey to the leader. The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to hors catégorie, the hardest. During his career Ceribian climber Malkhaz Alasania won the mountains classification a record five times.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
|-
|1529
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1530
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1531
|Helmut Hörbinger
|Ostland
|-
|1532
|Vincenzo Padania
|Lomarre
|-
|1533
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|-
|1534
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1535
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1536
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1537
|Aristion Carras
|Pythos
|-
|1538
|Jean de Pizan
|Valland
|-
|1539
|Stsiapan Radionov
|Nentsia
|-
|1540
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1541
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1542
|Pierre Bonaparte
|Valland
|-
|1543
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1544
|Jean Romand
|Valland
|-
|1545
|Fabrice Montillet
|Valland
|-
|1546
|Zandor Makasz
|Keszaria
|-
|1547
|Daniel Blanco
|Castleon
|-
|1548
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1549
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1550
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1551
|Vettias Ioannu
|Pythos
|-
|1552
|Vettias Ioannu
|Ceribia
|-
|1553
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1554
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1556
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1557
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1558
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1559
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|-
|1560
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1561
|Honoré Gaumont
|Valland
|-
|1562
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1563
|Pierre Bettencourt
|Valland
|-
|1564
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1566
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|-
|1567
|Gustavo Sepúlveda
|Castleon
|-
|1568
|Friedrich Göck
|Vienland
|-
|1569
|Dodo Gabashvili
|Ceribia
|-
|1570
|Eucarpus Demopoulos
|Pythos
|-
|1571
|Jean-Pierre Métezeau
|Valland
|-
|1572
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1573
|Zaribsyan Soltangalyak
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1574
|Béla Szlávics
|Keszaria
|-
|1575
|Dô Công Quang
|Hôinôm
|-
|1576
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1578
|Lasse Mogensen
|Nyland
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|-
|1580
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|-
|1582
|Vance Jones
|Florinthus
|-
|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|-
|1584
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1586
|Amaury Servan
|Eskkya
|-
|1587
|Ryouichi Takenaka
|Kazemura
|-
|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|-
|1590
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|-
|1591
|Wulf Käufer
|Nerysia
|-
|1592
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|-
|1594
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|}

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1570 and was first won by Thomas Hardy. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From 1966 on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record six times by Florinthian Richard Malone. The most recent winner, Sven-Ole Wieth, won it in 1594.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
|-

|-
|1570
|Maurice Constant
|Valland
|Grand Vèlo
|-
|1571
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1572
|Alphonse Lavanchy
|Valland
|Groupe NDeC
|-
|1573
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|-
|1574
|Demétrio Mateus
|Drahen
|Imperial Aerospace
|-
|1575
|Zan Stepisnik
|Mordvania
|Volodya
|-
|1576
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1577
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1578
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1579
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Printemps
|-
|1580
|Immanuel Botha
|Batavia
|Lentar-Swift
|-
|1581
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1582
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1583
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1584
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1585
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1586
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Vançotte
|-
|1587
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1588
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Lentar-RIFF
|-
|1589
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Great Life
|-
|1590
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1591
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1592
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1593
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell
|-
|1594
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|}

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26. Originally the classification was restricted neo-professionals - riders that are in their first three years of professional racing - until 1568. In 1969, the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In 1570, the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today.

This classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1564, with Fabio Gaetano being the first to win the classification after placing eighth overall. The Tour de Vallad awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification. Three riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year: Kyrzbekistani climber Gjöke Kelmend (1571), Vallish all-rounder Robert Artaud (1575), and Ceribian climber Pharnavaz Undiladze (1598). Only three riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Mordvanian Joze Prezeren (1580 and 1582), Vallish Benoît Montfleury (1585 and 1587), and Ceribian Pharnavaz Undiladze (1596 and 1598).

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
!GC Position
|-
|1564
|Fabio Gaetano
|Lomarre
|Biomega Cycling
|47th
|-
|1565
|Claude Perrault
|Valland
|Fromage Team
|33th
|-
|1566
|Pierre Hollande
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|51th
|-
|1567
|Evard Archambault
|Valland
|Printemps
|21th
|-
|1568
|John Smitheen
|Florinthus
|Astra Cycling
|67th
|-
|1569
|Kieran McLucais
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|88th
|-
|1570
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|11th
|-
|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|'''1st'''
|-
|1572
|Marc Menethil
|Adwest
|Vertigo Cycling
|18th
|-
|1573
|Zurab Avakidze
|Ceribia
|Chikhura-KDK
|4th
|-
|1574
|Jonathan Keyen
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|2nd
|-
|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|'''1st'''
|-
|1576
|Oda Nakuru
|Kazemura
|Kazemura Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|3rd
|-
|1578
|Swarna Vemulakonda
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|8th
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|Le Cycle Super
|3th
|-
|1580
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|29th
|-
|1581
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|Scholden-Gulcron
|26th
|-
|1582
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|2nd
|-
|1583
|Rajko Kryzanek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|5th
|-
|1584
|Hippolyte La Chapelle
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|4th
|-
|1585
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|6th
|-
|1586
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|2nd
|-
|1587
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1588
|Inderjeet Sessions
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|5th
|-
|1589
|Hubert Salika
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|8th
|-
|1590
|Zachariah Nordfeldt
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|2nd
|-
|1591
|Germain Guimard
|Valland
|Scholden-Gulcron
|6th
|-
|1592
|Tuathal Seòras
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|6th
|-
|1593
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1594
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon
|*
|-
|1595
|Max Rémy
|Mandavine Union
|Abbott Cycling
|4th
|-
|1596
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|2nd
|-
|1597
|Enver Dushku
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|6th
|-
|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|'''1st'''
|-
|1599
|Damir Zagipur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|3rd
|-
|1600
|Irakli Maisuradze
|Ceribia
|Magram
|13th
|-
|1601
|Péťa Vacek
|Saratov
|Soyuz-Kuprin
|6th
|}

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 1574 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1570, the leading team would wear red caps. As of 1580, the riders of the leading team wear golden helmets. During the era of national teams, Valland and Nerysia won 4 times each. From 1549 up to 1962, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps.

==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1579 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres, the ''départ fictif'', are a rolling start without racing. The real start, the ''départ réel'' is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. Since 1570, when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group. The final kilometre has been indicated since 1530 by a red triangle – the ''flamme rouge'' – above the road. The first photo-finish was in 1544.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 8, 5 and 2 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers, though this was not done from 1566 to 1570. Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Bradley Wiggins Tour 2012 EZF.jpg|thumb|right| Goldecia Max Jordan riding the individual time trial of the 1580 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first time trial was between La Truffeaut and Nantes in 1528. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. The first prologue was in 1550. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. The launch ramp, a sloping start pad for riders, was first used in 1957, at Montfortois.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland Valland, although since the 1550s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Kyrland, Eskkya and Laurentian Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage. Since 1960 the finish has been on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside Valland

* '''1581 Tour de Valland''': Chatois, Kyrland

===Post-Tour criteriums===
After the Tour de Valland there are criteriums in Kyrland and southern Eskkya. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their ''heroes'', from the Tour de Valland, race. The budget of a criterium is over $100,000, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big name riders earn between $20,000-50,000 per race in start money.

==Doping==

==Records and statistics==

===Stage wins per rider===

30 riders have won 10 or more stages. Riders who are still active are indicated in bold.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Stage wins per rider
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total indivitual stages
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years (Season first stage win - season last stage win)
|-
!scope=row| Richard Malone
!scope=row| Florinthus
| align=center|41
| 1572-1590
|-
!scope=row| Friederik de Jong
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|31
| 1587-1598
|-
!scope=row| Sven-Ole Wieth
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|30
| 1580-1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1512-1522
|-
!scope=row| '''Antoine Duchesnay'''
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|27
| 1595-1603
|-
!scope=row| Matthias Carsen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|20
| 1530-1544
|-
!scope=row| Julien Herbstritt
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|19
| 1555-1566
|-
!scope=row| Georges Treilhard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1518-1526
|-
!scope=row| Oswald Martin Winscar
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|18
| 1551-1561
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|18
| 1560-1569
|-
!scope=row| Philippe Peaugeot
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1571-1578
|-
!scope=row| Randolph de Meisen
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|17
| 1519-1525
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|16
| 1526-1531
|-
!scope=row| Herodianos Athanasiou
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|15
| 1532-1542
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|15
| 1563-1569
|-
!scope=row| Slavoj Slak
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|14
| 1550-1561
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|14
| 1561-1570
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|13
| 1541-1553
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|12
| 1517-1529
|-
!scope=row| Stiapan Radionov
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|12
| 1536-1546
|-
!scope=row| Jens Tiedermann
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|12
| 1543-1550
|-
!scope=row| Helmut Hörbinger
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|11
| 1528-1533
|-
!scope=row| Iphikrates Kanas
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|11
| 1549-1555
|-
!scope=row| Thomas Bürger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|11
| 1566-1569
|-
!scope=row| '''Miroslav Gradishar'''
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|11
| 1594-1603
|-
!scope=row| Vicent Izard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1513-1521
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1522-1532
|-
!scope=row| Yuri Pashkievich
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|10
| 1544-1550
|-
!scope=row| Malkhaz Alasania
!scope=row| Ceribia
| align=center|10
| 1549-1558
|-
!scope=row| Pieter Steyn
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|10
| 1571-1579
|-
!scope=row| Robert Réjane
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1579-1590
|-
|}

===Record winners===

[[Category:Tour de Valland]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Valland]]

SIFA Women's World Rankings

2020-01-23T07:48:43Z

Hadash: /* Team of the Year */

The '''SIFA Women's World Rankings''' for football were introduced in 1580, with the first rankings published in Septem of that year, as a follow-on to the existing Men's SIFA World Rankings. They attempt to compare the strength of internationally active women's national teamss at any given time.

=Use of the rankings=

The rankings are used by SIFA to rank the progression and current ability of the national football teams of its member nations, and claims that they create "a reliable measure for comparing national teams". They are used as part of the calculation, or the entire grounds to seed competitions. In the SIFA Women's World Cup, the rankings are used to seed the groups in the competition, and to determine the seed for the World Cup final draw.

The rankings are also used to determine the winners of the two annual awards national teams receive on the basis of their performance in the rankings.

=Specifics of the ranking system=
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are based on every international match a team ever played, dating back to 1560, the first SIFA-recognized women's international match between Lanlania and Florinthus.
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are only published four times a year. Normally, rankings are released in March, Zechyr, Dein, and Vintyr. In World Cup years, dates may be adjusted to reflect the World Cup results.
*SIFA considers the ratings for teams with fewer than 5 matches provisional and at the end of the list. Also any team that plays no matches for 22 months becomes unranked.

=Ranking procedure=

The main component of the actual result is whether the team wins, loses, or draws, but goal difference is also taken into account.

=Rank leaders=

When the system was introduced, Florinthus debuted as the top-ranked team following their extended period of regularity, despite failing to win any title, in which they qualified to every World Cup and Brigidnan Cup since 1552.

After a poor qualifying campaign, in which Florinthus failed to qualify to the 1584 World Cup, Lanlania became the second team to lead the ranking, keeping it for two years. In 1584, Valland took the lead after their third World Cup final in a row. The top position in the ranking was reclaimed by Lanlania in 1587, after Valland failed to advace beyond the group stage in the 1587 Brigidnan Cup. Lanlania would keep the lead for 11 years, from Dein 1587 to Septem 1596.

After Lanlania failed to qualify to the 1596 World Cup, Gehenna became the fourth team to lead the ranking, which they kept for another three years.

=Team of the Year=
Each year SIFA hands out the "Team of the Year" award, based on their performance in the rankings at the end of the year.

The table below shows the three best teams of each year.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="40"|Year!! style="width:180px;"|First place!! style="width:180px;"|Second place!! style="width:180px;"|Third place
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1580||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1581||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1582||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1583||Lanlania||Florinthus||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1584||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1585||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1586||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1587||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1588||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1589||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1590||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1591||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1592||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1593||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1594||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1595||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1596||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1597||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1598||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1599||Gehenna||Valland||Saratov
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1600||Saratov||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1601||Saratov||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1602||Saratov||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1603||Saratov||Gehenna||Valland
|-
|}

==Performances by countries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="(0"|Team!! style="width:280px;"|First place!! style="width:280px;"|Second place!! style="width:280px;"|Third place
|-
|Lanlania
|11 (1582, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595)
|6 (1584, 1585, 1586, 1596, 1597, 1598)
|0
|-
|Gehenna
|4 (1596, 1597, 1598, 1599)
|10 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1600, 1601, 1603)
|7 (1580, 1581, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1602)
|-
|Valland
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|7 (1580, 1581, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1599, 1602)
|12 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1601, 1603)
|-
|Florinthus
|2 (1580, 1581)
|1 (1583)
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|-
|Saratov
|4 (1600, 1601, 1602, 1603)
|0
|1 (1599)
|-
|}

=Criticism=

Since their introduction in 1580, the SIFA Women's World Rankings have been subject of much debate, particularly regarding the calculation procedure and the resulting disparity between generally perceived quality and world ranking of some teams. The perceived flaws in the SIFA system have led to the creation of a number of alternative rankings from football statisticians.

In the 1590s, teams realized the ranking system could be 'gamed', specifically by avoiding playing non-competitive matches, particularly against weaker opponents. This was because the low weighting of friendlies meant that even victories could reduce a team's average score: in other words, a team could win a match and lose points. Lanlania was accused to have appointed a ranking consultant, playing only three friendly matches in 1594 and 1595 in order to retain the top position of the ranking, despite failing to advance beyond quarterfinals in any tournament since 1583.

The use of regional strength multiplier in the ranking formula was also accused of further reinforcing and perpetuating the bias for and against certain regions, as it favours Brigidnan qualifiers over other federation, which along the large number of Brigidnan teams in the World Cup, have allowed that Brigidnan teams dominated the three top positions in the ranking since 1580.

*[[SIFA]]

[[Category:Football]]

Nyköping Super Cup

2020-01-22T23:07:16Z

Hadash: /* Results */

The '''Nyköping Super Cup''' (Nyköpingeiska supercupen i fotboll) is an international tournament for national teams in women's association football hosted by the Nylander Football Association. Held annually in Nyköping and nearby Nylander towns, it is aimed to be the most prestigious non-official football events.

The Nyköping Super Cup, as an annual event featuring most of the the world's top women's football teams, has no parallel in the men's game, given that there are fewer professional women's leagues and thus fewer scheduling conflicts. It is played in early Vintyr.

The first Nyköping Super Cup was held in late 1600, which attracted some of the top ranked teams, along Nyland, including 1600 World Cup champions Saratov, Goldecia, Valland, or Brigidnan champions Keszaria. Taeunas, defeating Brigidnan champions Keszaria 2-0 in the final, became the first team to win the Nyköping Super Cup.

The organizers aim that the Nyköping Super Cup becomes the top international tournament outside of SIFA or continental tournaments. Nylander media has nicknamed it as the "Mini SIFa Women's World Cup".

=Format=

Since 1600, 12 teams were invited, divided into four groups of three teams. The teams first played round-robin within their pool. Then the placement round proceeded as follows:
*11th place match: 3rd best 4th placed team vs. 4th best 4th placed team
*9th place match: best 4th placed team vs. 2nd best 4th placed team
*7th place match: 3st best 2rd placed team vs. 4th best 3rd placed team
*5th place match: 1st best 2nd placed team vs. 2nd best 2nd placed team
*3rd place match: Semifinalist 1 vs. Semifinalist 2
*Final: Winner Semifinal 1 vs. Winner Semifinal 2

If teams are tied on points, finishing positions will be determined by the following tie-breaking criteria in the following order:
*number of points obtained in the matches among the teams in question
*goal difference in all the group matches
*number of goals scored in all the group matches
*fair-play ranking in all the group matches
*SIFA ranking

=Results=
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width: 100%; text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan=2 width=5%|Year
|width=1% rowspan=28|
!colspan=3|Final
|width=1% rowspan=28|
!colspan=3|Third Place Match
|-
!width=15%|Winners
!width=8%|Score
!width=15%|Runners-up
!width=15%|Third Place
!width=8%|Score
!width=15%|Fourth Place
|-
|1600
|'''Taeunas'''
|'''2–0'''
|Keszaria
|Goldecia
|'''3–2'''
|Saratov
|-
|1601
|'''Valland'''
|'''3–2'''
|Saratov
|Keszaria
|'''3–2'''
|Taeunas
|-
|1602
|'''Valland'''
|'''3–2'''
|Arrenland
|Keszaria
|'''1–1''' (3-2 pen.)
|Saratov
|-
|1603
|'''Saratov'''
|'''2–1'''
|Sequoia
|Jandrea
|'''3–0'''
|Kave
|-
|}

=See also==
*[[SIFA Women's World Cup]]

SIFA Women's World Rankings

2020-01-22T16:13:36Z

Hadash: /* Performances by countries */

The '''SIFA Women's World Rankings''' for football were introduced in 1580, with the first rankings published in Septem of that year, as a follow-on to the existing Men's SIFA World Rankings. They attempt to compare the strength of internationally active women's national teamss at any given time.

=Use of the rankings=

The rankings are used by SIFA to rank the progression and current ability of the national football teams of its member nations, and claims that they create "a reliable measure for comparing national teams". They are used as part of the calculation, or the entire grounds to seed competitions. In the SIFA Women's World Cup, the rankings are used to seed the groups in the competition, and to determine the seed for the World Cup final draw.

The rankings are also used to determine the winners of the two annual awards national teams receive on the basis of their performance in the rankings.

=Specifics of the ranking system=
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are based on every international match a team ever played, dating back to 1560, the first SIFA-recognized women's international match between Lanlania and Florinthus.
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are only published four times a year. Normally, rankings are released in March, Zechyr, Dein, and Vintyr. In World Cup years, dates may be adjusted to reflect the World Cup results.
*SIFA considers the ratings for teams with fewer than 5 matches provisional and at the end of the list. Also any team that plays no matches for 22 months becomes unranked.

=Ranking procedure=

The main component of the actual result is whether the team wins, loses, or draws, but goal difference is also taken into account.

=Rank leaders=

When the system was introduced, Florinthus debuted as the top-ranked team following their extended period of regularity, despite failing to win any title, in which they qualified to every World Cup and Brigidnan Cup since 1552.

After a poor qualifying campaign, in which Florinthus failed to qualify to the 1584 World Cup, Lanlania became the second team to lead the ranking, keeping it for two years. In 1584, Valland took the lead after their third World Cup final in a row. The top position in the ranking was reclaimed by Lanlania in 1587, after Valland failed to advace beyond the group stage in the 1587 Brigidnan Cup. Lanlania would keep the lead for 11 years, from Dein 1587 to Septem 1596.

After Lanlania failed to qualify to the 1596 World Cup, Gehenna became the fourth team to lead the ranking, which they kept for another three years.

=Team of the Year=
Each year SIFA hands out the "Team of the Year" award, based on their performance in the rankings at the end of the year.

The table below shows the three best teams of each year.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="40"|Year!! style="width:180px;"|First place!! style="width:180px;"|Second place!! style="width:180px;"|Third place
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1580||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1581||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1582||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1583||Lanlania||Florinthus||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1584||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1585||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1586||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1587||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1588||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1589||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1590||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1591||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1592||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1593||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1594||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1595||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1596||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1597||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1598||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1599||Gehenna||Valland||Saratov
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1600||Saratov||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1601||Saratov||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1602||Saratov||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1603||Nation||Nation||Nation
|-
|}

==Performances by countries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="(0"|Team!! style="width:280px;"|First place!! style="width:280px;"|Second place!! style="width:280px;"|Third place
|-
|Lanlania
|11 (1582, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595)
|6 (1584, 1585, 1586, 1596, 1597, 1598)
|0
|-
|Gehenna
|4 (1596, 1597, 1598, 1599)
|9 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1600, 1601)
|7 (1580, 1581, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1602)
|-
|Valland
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|7 (1580, 1581, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1599, 1602)
|11 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1601)
|-
|Florinthus
|2 (1580, 1581)
|1 (1583)
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|-
|Saratov
|3 (1600, 1601, 1602)
|0
|1 (1599)
|-
|}

=Criticism=

Since their introduction in 1580, the SIFA Women's World Rankings have been subject of much debate, particularly regarding the calculation procedure and the resulting disparity between generally perceived quality and world ranking of some teams. The perceived flaws in the SIFA system have led to the creation of a number of alternative rankings from football statisticians.

In the 1590s, teams realized the ranking system could be 'gamed', specifically by avoiding playing non-competitive matches, particularly against weaker opponents. This was because the low weighting of friendlies meant that even victories could reduce a team's average score: in other words, a team could win a match and lose points. Lanlania was accused to have appointed a ranking consultant, playing only three friendly matches in 1594 and 1595 in order to retain the top position of the ranking, despite failing to advance beyond quarterfinals in any tournament since 1583.

The use of regional strength multiplier in the ranking formula was also accused of further reinforcing and perpetuating the bias for and against certain regions, as it favours Brigidnan qualifiers over other federation, which along the large number of Brigidnan teams in the World Cup, have allowed that Brigidnan teams dominated the three top positions in the ranking since 1580.

*[[SIFA]]

[[Category:Football]]

SIFA Women's World Rankings

2020-01-22T16:12:12Z

Hadash: /* Team of the Year */

The '''SIFA Women's World Rankings''' for football were introduced in 1580, with the first rankings published in Septem of that year, as a follow-on to the existing Men's SIFA World Rankings. They attempt to compare the strength of internationally active women's national teamss at any given time.

=Use of the rankings=

The rankings are used by SIFA to rank the progression and current ability of the national football teams of its member nations, and claims that they create "a reliable measure for comparing national teams". They are used as part of the calculation, or the entire grounds to seed competitions. In the SIFA Women's World Cup, the rankings are used to seed the groups in the competition, and to determine the seed for the World Cup final draw.

The rankings are also used to determine the winners of the two annual awards national teams receive on the basis of their performance in the rankings.

=Specifics of the ranking system=
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are based on every international match a team ever played, dating back to 1560, the first SIFA-recognized women's international match between Lanlania and Florinthus.
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are only published four times a year. Normally, rankings are released in March, Zechyr, Dein, and Vintyr. In World Cup years, dates may be adjusted to reflect the World Cup results.
*SIFA considers the ratings for teams with fewer than 5 matches provisional and at the end of the list. Also any team that plays no matches for 22 months becomes unranked.

=Ranking procedure=

The main component of the actual result is whether the team wins, loses, or draws, but goal difference is also taken into account.

=Rank leaders=

When the system was introduced, Florinthus debuted as the top-ranked team following their extended period of regularity, despite failing to win any title, in which they qualified to every World Cup and Brigidnan Cup since 1552.

After a poor qualifying campaign, in which Florinthus failed to qualify to the 1584 World Cup, Lanlania became the second team to lead the ranking, keeping it for two years. In 1584, Valland took the lead after their third World Cup final in a row. The top position in the ranking was reclaimed by Lanlania in 1587, after Valland failed to advace beyond the group stage in the 1587 Brigidnan Cup. Lanlania would keep the lead for 11 years, from Dein 1587 to Septem 1596.

After Lanlania failed to qualify to the 1596 World Cup, Gehenna became the fourth team to lead the ranking, which they kept for another three years.

=Team of the Year=
Each year SIFA hands out the "Team of the Year" award, based on their performance in the rankings at the end of the year.

The table below shows the three best teams of each year.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="40"|Year!! style="width:180px;"|First place!! style="width:180px;"|Second place!! style="width:180px;"|Third place
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1580||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1581||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1582||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1583||Lanlania||Florinthus||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1584||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1585||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1586||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1587||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1588||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1589||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1590||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1591||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1592||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1593||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1594||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1595||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1596||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1597||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1598||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1599||Gehenna||Valland||Saratov
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1600||Saratov||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1601||Saratov||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1602||Saratov||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1603||Nation||Nation||Nation
|-
|}

==Performances by countries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="(0"|Team!! style="width:280px;"|First place!! style="width:280px;"|Second place!! style="width:280px;"|Third place
|-
|Lanlania
|11 (1582, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595)
|6 (1584, 1585, 1586, 1596, 1597, 1598)
|0
|-
|Gehenna
|4 (1596, 1597, 1598, 1599)
|8 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1600)
|6 (1580, 1581, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589)
|-
|Valland
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|6 (1580, 1581, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1599)
|11 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1601)
|-
|Florinthus
|2 (1580, 1581)
|1 (1583)
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|-
|Saratov
|1 (1600)
|0
|1 (1599)
|-
|}

=Criticism=

Since their introduction in 1580, the SIFA Women's World Rankings have been subject of much debate, particularly regarding the calculation procedure and the resulting disparity between generally perceived quality and world ranking of some teams. The perceived flaws in the SIFA system have led to the creation of a number of alternative rankings from football statisticians.

In the 1590s, teams realized the ranking system could be 'gamed', specifically by avoiding playing non-competitive matches, particularly against weaker opponents. This was because the low weighting of friendlies meant that even victories could reduce a team's average score: in other words, a team could win a match and lose points. Lanlania was accused to have appointed a ranking consultant, playing only three friendly matches in 1594 and 1595 in order to retain the top position of the ranking, despite failing to advance beyond quarterfinals in any tournament since 1583.

The use of regional strength multiplier in the ranking formula was also accused of further reinforcing and perpetuating the bias for and against certain regions, as it favours Brigidnan qualifiers over other federation, which along the large number of Brigidnan teams in the World Cup, have allowed that Brigidnan teams dominated the three top positions in the ranking since 1580.

*[[SIFA]]

[[Category:Football]]

Timeline of Hoinomese history

2020-01-04T17:14:32Z

Hadash: /* Ancient history history */

This is a '''timeline of [[Hoinom|Hoinomese]] history''', comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Hoinom. To read about the background to these events, see [[Hoinom]].

<div class> '''Centuries''': [[#Pre-modern history|Pre-modern history]]{{·}}[[#15th century|15th]]{{·}}[[#16th century|16th]]{{·}}[[#17th century|17th]] </div>

== Ancient history ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 4,000 years ago || || Dô Vân Chi establishes the Western Kingdom, in today Northern Hoinom.
|-
| 10th century BCE || || Western Kingdom subdues the Northern and Southern Kingdoms, in the peak of the Dô Dinasty.
|-
| 9th century BCE || || Western Kingdom is attacked and invaded by Tieguonse and Singanese armies.
|-
| 8th century BCE || || Truong Dinasty comes to power, establishing the Ancient Hôi Empire, which capital is based in Triêng Dâm.
|-
| 6th century BCE || || Quyên Dinasty starts. The Bahmer Kingdom is invaded by Hoinomese forces by the end of the century.
|-
| 4th century BCE || || Truong Nhung proclaimes himself 'Hôi hoàng dê Nôm' (“Hôi King of Kings”). Emperor Truong Nhung is believed to have ordered the construction of Nam Dinh, today Hôinôm's largest city.
|-
| 1th century BCE || || Bành Dinasty starts.
|-
| 4th century || || Luông Dinasty starts.
|-
| 969 || || Emperor Luông Cào dies, which causes a long struggle for the throne and the eventual end of the Luông Dinasty.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 991 || Spring || Kiêu Hùu Cào, from the southern clan, defeats the other rival warlords, unifying the country after decades of war.
|-
| Elvan || Kiêu Hùu Cào, after defeating Tieugonese forces that had invaded the northern provinces, establishes the Kiêu. He also founded Hôi Lùyên, today Hôinôm's capital.
|-
| 1001 || || Hôi Lùyên is established as imperial capital city.
|-
|}

== 15th century ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 9th century || || The Kingdom does something kingdomy.
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Hoinom]]

[[Category:Hoinom]]
[[Category:History]]

Timeline of Hoinomese history

2020-01-04T15:23:47Z

Hadash: Created page with "This is a '''timeline of Hoinomese history''', comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Hoinom. To read about the background to t..."

This is a '''timeline of [[Hoinom|Hoinomese]] history''', comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Hoinom. To read about the background to these events, see [[Hoinom]].

<div class> '''Centuries''': [[#Pre-modern history|Pre-modern history]]{{·}}[[#15th century|15th]]{{·}}[[#16th century|16th]]{{·}}[[#17th century|17th]] </div>

== Ancient history history ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 4,000 years ago || || Dô Vân Chi establishes the Western Kingdom, in today Northern Hoinom.
|-
| 10th century BCE || || Western Kingdom subdues the Northern and Southern Kingdoms, in the peak of the Dô Dinasty.
|-
| 9th century BCE || || Western Kingdom is attacked and invaded by Tieguonse and Singanese armies.
|-
| 8th century BCE || || Truong Dinasty comes to power, establishing the Ancient Hôi Empire, which capital is based in Triêng Dâm.
|-
| 10th century BCE || || Western Kingdom subdues the Northern and Southern Kingdoms, in the peak of the Dô Dinasty.
|-
| 9th century BCE || || Western Kingdom is attacked and invaded by Tieguonse and Singanese armies.
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[722]] || Summer || ''[[Battle of ...]]'': Forces loyal to do something.
|-
| || Someone was elected something and does something else.
|-
| [[737]] || || Someone died.
|-
|}

== 15th century ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 9th century || || The Kingdom does something kingdomy.
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Hoinom]]

[[Category:Hoinom]]
[[Category:History]]

CONOFA Women's Ostaran Cup

2020-01-02T15:50:34Z

Hadash: /* Results */

The '''CONOFA Women's Ostaran Cup''' (formerly known as the CONOFA Women's Supercup) is a competition in women's football for national teams which belong to the Confederation of Ostaran Football Associations (CONOFA). It is the premier women's football competition in the CONOFA region for national teams.

Seven tournaments have been held, with the current champions being Angiris.

=Overview=

The CONOFA Women's Ostaran Cup replaced in 1574 the Ostaran Ladies Supercup, a football competition which was held between 1564 and 1574. Unlike the CONOFA Women's Ostaran Cup, this competition was held every two years, and had only between three and six teams.

In 1574, the first CONOFA Women's Ostaran Cup was held in Akitsu with eight teams. In 1582, the Women's Ostaran Cup, held in Hôinôm, was increased to 12 teams. In 1594, the Women's Ostaran Cup -held in Kyrzbekistan- was increased to 16 teams.

The only national team to win the CONOFA Women's Ostaran Cup more than once is Angiris, with four titles.

=Results=
{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:100%; text-align:center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
|- bgcolor="#EFC1C4"
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Hosts
! rowspan="2" | Number of teams
! colspan="3" | Final
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
! width="15%" | Winners
! width="10%" | Score
! width="15%" | Runners-up
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#fff0ff"
|1574
|Akitsu
|8
|'''Jandrea'''
|'''1-0'''
|Tiejungo
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#FFD4E4"
|1578
|Angiris
|8
|'''Angiris'''
|'''2-1'''
|Kortoa
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#fff0ff"
|1582
|Hôinôm
|12
|'''Kortoa'''
|'''2-1'''
|Tiejungo
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#FFD4E4"
|1586
|Mestra
|12
|'''Angiris'''
|'''3-1'''
|Tieguo
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#fff0ff"
|1590
|Singan
|12
|'''Mestra'''
|'''3-2'''
|A'Sir
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#FFD4E4"
|1594
|Kyrzbekistan
|16
|'''Angiris'''
|'''1-0'''
|Jandrea
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#fff0ff"
|1598
|Jandrea
|16
|'''Angiris'''
|'''0-0''' (5–4)
|Akitsu
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#FFD4E4"
|1602
|Kortoa
|16
|'''A'Sir'''
|'''2-1'''
|Mestra
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#fff0ff"
|1606
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#FFD4E4"
|1610
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#fff0ff"
|1614
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#FFD4E4"
|1618
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#fff0ff"
|1622
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#FFD4E4"
|1626
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#fff0ff"
|1630
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#FFD4E4"
|1634
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#fff0ff"
|1638
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#FFD4E4"
|1642
|- align="centre" bgcolor="#fff0ff"
|1646
|}
'''Note:''' ''aet'': after extra time

Lagrain Cup

2020-01-02T15:44:59Z

Hadash: /* Results */

The '''Lagrain Cup''' is a biennial international football competition contested by the senior women's national teams of the members of the regional associations of Kvaenna, Skathia, and Avidna.

The first tournament began in 1592, following the 1592 Women's SIFA World Cup. The competition largely replaces the international friendly matches previously played by national teams of those football federations.

The Lagrain Cup is held every two years.

The last champions were Goldecia, who won the 1596-1597 Lagrain Cup by defeating Sequoia 1-0 in the final in Almaniania to win their first title.

==History==

In Septem 1588, Nylander Football Association President Stellan Lassgard confirmed that talks had been held to create an international tournament between national teams from the Skathian and Kvaennan federations, who were concerned that their regional tournaments and world cup qualifiers were not competitive enough, and also aiming to reduce the number of friendly matches established by the SIFA Calendar. Months later, the Avidnan Federation showed interests in joining the talks.

The concept of the Lagrain Cup would see all Skathian, Kvaennan, and Avidnan member associations' national teams divided in a series of groups based upon a ranking formulated using their recent results, where they would be promoted and relegated to other groups according to their results within the group. The proposed tournament would take place on dates on the International match calendar that are currently allocated for international friendlies and would not affect the SIFA World Cup or the Skathian or Kvaennan championships.

On Septem 1590, Skathian Football Association general secretary Martin Olsen stated that one of the benefits of the proposal would be to help less glamorous national associations arrange games, as well as improving the competence of non-Brigidnan national teams.

The first Lagrain Cup started in late 1592, with the Lagrain Final Four being held in Nyland. Hylis, which defeated Bisica in the final, became the first national team to win the Lagrain Cup.

==Format==

The four group winners from League A will qualify for the finals, to be played in...

The national teams of the federations of Skathia, Kvaenna, and Avidna are divided into three divisions (called "Leagues"): 12 teams in League A, 12 teams in League B, and 14 teams in League C. In each league, four groups are formed (three or four teams in each group) and teams play each other both home and away.

In the top league, League A, the winners of the four groups go on to play in the Lagrain Cup Final Four, with two semifinals and one final to decide which teams becomes the Lagrain Cup champion.

Teams can also be promoted and relegated to a higher or lower league. Each group winner (there are four groups in each league) except for League A, who will go on to play in the Lagrain Cup Final Four, is automatically promoted to the next higher league for the next tournament. Each team placing last in its group, except for League C, is automatically relegated to the next lower league.

==Results==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:2%;" | #
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:8%;" | Host
! colspan="3" | Lagrain Cup
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="width:14%; background:gold;" | Champions
! width=9% | Score
! style="width:14%; background:silver;" | Runners-up
! style="width:14%; background:#c96;" | Semifinals
|-
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|1
|1592-1593
|align=left| Nykoping, Nyland
|Hylis
|'''5-2'''
|Bisica
|Millerainia & Goldecia
|-
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|2
|1594-1595
|align=left| Denfeld, Arrenland
|Millerainia
|'''1-0'''
|Sequoia
|Bisica & Taeunas
|-
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|3
|1596-1597
|align=left| Geddal, Almaniania
|Goldecia
|'''1-0'''
|Nyland
|Millerainia & Arrenland
|-
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|4
|1598-1599
|align=left| Vendarmes, Sequoia
|Taeunas
|'''3-2'''
|Sequoia
|Goldecia & Arrenland
|-
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|5
|1600-1601
|align=left| Goudadam, Goldecia
|Sequoia
|'''2-0'''
|Arrenland
|Nyland & Goldecia
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|5
|1602-1603
|align=left| Marinette Falls, Millerainia
|Sequoia
|'''1-0'''
|Khokharsa
|Goldecia & Arrenland
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|5
|1604-1605
|align=left| New Fenridge, Nyland
|Nation
|'''0-0'''
|Nation
|Nation(2)
|}

[[Category:Sports]]

Mordvania

2019-10-28T10:56:21Z

Hadash: /* History */

{{Infobox country
|micronation = 
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Mordvania
|native_name = Republika Mordvanija
|common_name = Mordvania
|status = 
|image_flag =
|alt_flag =
|flag_border = 
|flag_footnote = 
|image_flag2 = 
|alt_flag2 = 
|flag2_border = 
|image_coat = 
|alt_coat = 
|symbol_type = 
|symbol_footnote = 
|national_motto =
|englishmotto =
|national_anthem =
|royal_anthem =
|other_symbol_type = 
|other_symbol =
|image_map = 
|loctext = 
|alt_map = 
|map_caption = 
|image_map2 = 
|alt_map2 = 
|map_caption2 = 
|capital = Slovograd
|latd= | latm= | latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= 
|largest_city =
|largest_settlement_type = 
|largest_settlement = 
|official_languages = Mordvanian
|national_languages = 
|regional_languages = Bunesgan, Ashkuban, Kaljuran
|languages_type = 
|languages = 
|languages_sub = 
|languages2_type = 
|languages2 = 
|languages2_sub = 
|ethnic_groups = Mordvanian, Bunesgan, Ashkuban, Kaljuran
|ethnic_groups_year =
|nationalities =
|religion =
|demonym = Mordvanian
|government_type = Semi-presidential democratic republic
|leader_title1 = President of the Republic
|leader_name1 = [[Zvezdana Serebryak]]
|leader_title2 = President of the Republican Council
|leader_name2 = Bogdan Privsek

|leader_title14 = 
|leader_name14 =
|legislature = National Council
|upper_house = Chamber of Deputies
|lower_house = Assembly of Representatives
|sovereignty_type = History
|sovereignty_note =
|established_event1 = Kingdom of Osrednia
|established_date1 = 127-902
|established_event2 = Kingdom of Bunesga
|established_date2 = 334-1314
|established_event3 = Grand-Duchy of Nördenland
|established_date3 = 632-851
|established_event4 = Principality of Fürstenstadt
|established_date4 = 851-1279
|established_event5 = Kingdom of Mordvania
|established_date5 = 902-1365
|established_event6 = Kingdom of Abdania
|established_date6 = 1279-1369
|established_event7 = Kingdom of Abdania and Mordvania
|established_date7 = 1369-1566
|established_event8 = '''Republic of Mordvania'''
|established_date8 = 1566-Today
|established_event9 = 
|established_date9 =
|area_rank =
|area_magnitude =
|area =
|area_km2 =
|area_sq_mi = 
|area_footnote = 
|percent_water =
|area_label =Total
|area_label2 = 
|area_data2 = 
|population_estimate =
|population_estimate_rank =
|population_estimate_year =
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_density_rank =
|nummembers = 
|GDP_PPP =
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_year = 1578
|GDP_PPP_per_capita =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal =
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_year =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|Gini =
|Gini_ref = 
|Gini_rank =
|Gini_year =
|HDI_year =
|HDI =
|HDI_change = 
|HDI_rank =
|HDI_ref = 
|currency =
|currency_code =
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = 
|time_zone_DST = 
|utc_offset_DST = 
|DST_note = 
|antipodes = 
|date_format =
|drives_on =
|cctld =
|iso3166code =
|calling_code =
|patron_saint = 
|image_map3 = 
|alt_map3 = 
|footnote_a = 
|footnote_b = 

|footnote_h = 
|footnotes = 
}}

'''Mordvania''' (Mordvanian: Mordvanija), officially the '''Republic of Mordvania''' (Republika Mordvanija), is a country in Eastern Brigidna, bordered by Saratov to the north, and Ceribia and Videjszeme to the south. The total area of Mordvania is 410,264.71 square kilometres, making it the 32th largest country in the world and the 5th largest in Brigidna. With a population of over 69 million people, Mordvania is the 29th most populous country in the world and the 8th most poulous country in Brigidna, as well as the 3rd most populous nation with a Vostic ethnic majority. The Republic of Mordvania is an unitary state divided into 33 administrative departments.

==History==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; width=100%; line-height:19px;"
|-
! width=1%|No.
! width=25%|President (Birth–Death)
! width=5%|Portrait
! width=8%|Elected
! colspan="2" width=25%|Term of office
! width=20%|Political party
|- style="background:#cccccc"
! colspan=7 | Chairman of the Council Defense (1544-1578)
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:#0BDA51; color:white;" | 1
| '''[[Bozidor Strnad]]'''<ref>Bozidar Strnad was appointed Chairman of the Council of Defense, the ''de facto'' head of state, during the republican revolution of 1544. After the abolition of the monarchy, he was reelected in 1546, 1550, and 1557. In 1571, he was elected for another seven-year term.</ref> (1509-1588)
| [[File:Josip_Broz_Tito_Bihać_1942.jpg|80px]]
| Alvan, 1545
| 1544 1571
| 1564 1578
| bgcolor=#FFFFFF| Armed Forces / Independent
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:#4A452A; color:white;" | 2
| '''Milan Kravanja''' (1872–1918)
|
| Alvan, 1564
| 1564
| 1571
| bgcolor=#800000| Republican Social Radical Party

|- style="background:#cccccc"
! colspan=7 | Presidents of the Republic (1578-present)
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:pink; color:white;" | 1
| '''[[Bozidar Strnad]]''' (1509-1588)
| [[File:Josip_Broz_Tito_Bihać_1942.jpg|80px]]
| 1578
| 1578
| 1584
| bgcolor=#FFFFFF| Independent
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:pink; color:white;" | 2
| '''[[Zvezdana Serebryak]]''' (1533)
| [[File:Гришаева Нонна.jpg|80px]]
| Marth, 1584
| 1584
| 1590
| bgcolor=#FF0000| Left Party
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:pink; color:white;" | 3
| '''Aljaz Martelj''' (1529)
| [[File:Miro_Cerar_2018.jpg|80px]]
| Marth, 1590
| 1590
| 1596
| bgcolor=#0000FF| Mordvanian Republican Party
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:#4A452A; color:white;" | 4
| Agnieszka Szczepanska (1555)
| [[File:Magdalena_Ogórek_(2018).jpg|80px]]
| Marth, 1596
| 1596
| 1602
| bgcolor=#00FFFF| Centre Democratic Party
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:#4A452A; color:white;" | 5
| Zdravka Magajna (1543)
| [[File:Věra_Jourová.jpg|80px]]
| Marth, 1602
| 1602
| 1608
| bgcolor=#00FFFF| Centre Democratic Party
|}

===Kingdom of Mordvania===

The Kingdom of Mordvania was established in the 9th centuries, consolidating in the following two centuries. After the Battle of Dzvalktia (957), in which the Mordvanian army defeated a coalition of Bunesgan forces assited by Videjszeme, the Kingdom of Mordvania expanded to the west, annexing the Kingdom of Bunesgan a decade later.

However, in the 12th century, the kingdom faced a two-decades long political crisis. Bogdan IV, the last monarch of the House of Urbanek, died without a successor in 1149, unleashing a civil war. In 1152, Atharik von Greuthen, a Geinic noble, was crowned, starting the Greuthen-Hansen Dinasty, which lasted until 1544.

At the beginning of the 13th century, a coalition of Mordvanian, Biyran, and Geinic forces defeated the Saratovian army, which resulted in the annexation of the Grand-Duchy of Pomerevne by the Kingdom of Mordvania, and the recovery lands lost a century before. The following century was characterized by religious, ethnic, and social tensions, but it was relatively peaceful compared to previous centuries.

Under the reign of Atharik I the Great (1343-1374), the state was further centralized, the power of the Mordvanian nobility was considerably reduced, and military and political alliances forged with western and central Brigidnan states. His succesors, his sons Ekkehard I and Konrad II, loosened relations with the Sentric Church and allowed religious toleration, and continued a policy of containment regarding Saratov and Severyane.

However, in the late 14th century and 15th century, after liberal and constitutional reforms failed, there was increasing economic and political stagnation, and the monarchy became increasingly questioned by several social groups and political movements.

===Republican revolution===

In the early 1540s, the Kingdom of Mordvania was hit by an economic crisis. This worsened in early 1543, when bad weather led to bad harvest and a collapse of the agriculture exports. The government attempted to stabilize the currency but this failed, and the economic entered in depression. The government rejected demands of reform, and attempted to crush any protest by the use of the force. King Kyvenbrecht I was becoming more and more unpopular.

Protests turned increasingly violent, and there were riots in several cities, including Seznica, Brezedina, Visnja, and others. King Kyvenbrecht appointed General Burkhard Voltz as Prime Minister. Voltz proclaimed the state of emergency and the armed forces were mobilized. In Prindz, the Royal Legion opened fire against protstors, and more than 50 people were killed on Marth 1544. Thousands were arrested, tried in military courts, and sent to prison. Rumours of torture and summary executions spread, but it did not stop the protests. Soon, they spread to the main cities of the country, including Sladhaven.

On Zechyr 16, a sailors' revolt started in Amberg, one of the main ports of the Royal Navy. Some crews refused to obey orders from officials, and sailors on board three ships from the Second Navy Squadron commited outright mutiny and sabotage. They demanded the resignation of Voltz's government and political reform. Soon, the movement spread through most of the Navy. Prime Minister Voltz denounced an "anti-monarchist coup d'etat" that "will be punished without mercy". But the Naval Command was powerless, as the revolt spread in other ports and urban centers of the coast, and local committees formed by sailors and workers were created, joining the movement and asking more political demands, which included the end of the martial and law and constitutional reforms. In the following days, the country witnessed the largest demonstrations in the nation's history in the main cities and towns of the Kingdom.

Prime Minister Voltz resigned, and Count Faramund Guldenlew was appointed Prime Minister. Although he didn't accept the demands of the sailors, the martial law was withdraw. This did not end the protests, rather the contrary, and finally Prime Minister Guldenlew promised elections for a Royal Parliament. However, the system proposed -through the three-class system established between 1488 and 1509, and with limited suffrage for married women over 33 years old- did not satisfy the demands of the opposition.

On Septem 24, a large demonstration in Mestarka, the Kingdom's capital city, ended in front of the Parliament building. The demonstration was lead by a member of the Radical Union, which demanded the resignation of the government and real democratic elections. The Armed Forces were mobilized and they were given the order to restore the order at any cost. However, Lieutenant-Colonel Bozidar Strnad, who had been sent to restore the order, refused to obey. Instead, he read a declaration, supported by other 14 officers of the Armed Forces, which was addressed to both the monarch and the army, and included several demands, which included the resignation of the current government, the dissolution of the royal parliament, the release of all political prisoners, and the creation of a military-led Provisional government until new elections to a Constituent Assembly were called. As soon as the declaration was made, several garrisons and officers expressed their support to the declaration. Only a few military garrison openly condemned the resolution and announced their loyalty to the monarch, with rest remaining either silent or neutral. Prime Minister Guldenlew announced his resignation, and King Kyvenbrecht I left the capital city the next day.

On Septem 28, Kyvenbrecht arrived to Ukmerberg where he was received by a group of loyal military officers. Meanwhile, in the city of Mazenskai, there were calls for Bunesgan independence. The monarch denounced the recent events as a coup d'etat, and promised to defend the nation's territorial integrity. The next week, a seven-member military council was announced in charge of both the Armed Forces and the state, while elections for a Constituent Assembly were announced.

On early Nueva, elections were held in the territory controlled by the revolutionary forces. The turnout was considerably low, as monarchist and conservatives forces decided to boycott the election. The republican and liberal parties obtained a large majority.

On Nueva 11th, Lieutenant-Colonel Bozidar Strnad, as a representative of the Council of Defense, met with representatives of all the remaining political forces, and gave an speech to the Constituent Assembly which was openly anti-monarchist. A resolution denouncing the monarch as "guilty of high treason" and abolishing the monarchy was passed by a simple majority of the members of the Constituent Assembly. As a result, King Kyvenbrecht I was stripped of all his titles and powers, and the Council of Defense became the collective head of state of the republic, with both legislative and executive powers. A second decree declared the suspension of the Constituent Assembly until order was restored, and the formation of a transitional government -known as the Republican Council- with representation of as many political parties as possible. The Republican Council was aimed to deal with the economic and domestic policy, although all the military and law enforcement powers were transferred to the Council of Defense. A third resolution, known as the "People's Act" was passed, calling for a new national election as soon as possible in vague terms.

On Nueva 20th, the Council of Defense announced that the capital city of the Kingdom was transferred from Mestarka to Sladhaven, which was later renamed as Slovograd.

A four-month civil war followed, until monarchist forces under the leadership of Baron Erdhoch were defeated by the Republican Army in Ryban on Elva 4. Two months later, separatist forces -which failed to get any foreign support- would be defeated in Mazenskai.

On 10 Alvan 1545, local elections were called, in which the republican parties obtained a landslide in the main cities.

===Republic of Mordvania===

The country was still under an economic depression, and political differences increasingly arose inside the Republican Council. Liberal and moderate ministers announced their resignation, as they were opposed to the start of the trial of King Kivenbrecht before the end of the constitutional process. The new Mordvanian government was almost a fully Republican-led government. The government passed a more interventionist economic porgram, with the nationalization of the main economic sectors, an agrarian reform, and an ambitious program of economic reconstruction. A Constitutional Committee had been appointed to draft a new constitution, but it was highly divided and discussions advanced very slowly.

On 21 Alvan 1567, Chairman Bozidar Strnad announced a legislative proposal which consisted in extending the existence of the Council of Defense, with renewed powers. The proposal was justified, he argued, in the lack of improvement in the negotiations between the democratic forces. Some political parties opposed such proposal, but the Council of Defense forced the call of a referendum about it. Bozidar Strnad declared that if the proposal was rejected, he would step down as both Chairman and member of the Council of Defense -although the dissolution of the Council of Defense was not guaranteed. On Marth 22, the referendum was organized, and the proposal was approved by 76.8% of the citizens, not entirely surprising as Strnad had become one of the most popular Mordvanian officials during the revolution.

Some members of the Constitutional Committee decided to resigned afterwards, but negotiations continued nevertheless. On Marth 27, King Kyvenbrecht I was tried for high treason and sentenced to death. He would be executed on Fein 8th. A day later, the Council of Defense declared the abolition of the death penalty in the Republic of Mordvania. On 19 Fein 1545, a referendum approved the final draft of the constitution, heavily inspired by Mordvanian republicanism, and establishing an unitary republic, which included and consolidated the existence of the Council of Defense, although with limited powers, was passed by 88.2% of the vote. On Zechyr 12, the Chairman of the Council of Defense announced national legislative elections.

'''First Bogdan Privsek's administration'''

The 1567 legislative election gave a majority to moderate republican parties. Then Minister of Foreigh Affairs and leader of the center-right Mordvanian Republican Party Bogdan Privsek became President of the Republican Council replacing Vanik. The Mordvanian Republican Party formed a coalition government with Vanik's National Republican Party. The Council of Defense retain much influence over Privek's government, specially on national security and defense. A military officer, Srecko Pidansek, became Minister of Defense, while the first chairman of the Republican Guard -the military police which responded to the Council of Defense rather than to the Republican Council- Milan Kravanja was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Kravanja, unlike Pidansek -who was considered non-partisan- was a well-known sympathizer of left-republican parties such as the Republican Social Radical Party.

The government focused mostly to improve and stabilize the economic situation, although tensions increased with the Kaljuran military dictatorship which, although had remained neutral during the civil war, now seemed to feel threatened by Mordvania's republican government. In 1567, Milan Kravanja resigned as Minister of Foreign Affairs, being replaced by Aljaz Martelj from the Mordvanian Republican Party, as he aimed to contest for the leadership of the Republican Social Radical Party.

The 1570 legislative election resulted in a collapse of the National Republican Democratic Party, but the Mordvanian Republican Party strengthened its position as the most voted political party, defeated the Republican Social Alliance -a left-wing electoral coalition- in more than twelve points. Privsek continued as President of the Republican Council, although under a minority government, for the next three years.

Privsek's government was relatively successful, with constant economic growth already on 1571 and establishing a limited welfare state. However, some minister found involved in mismanagement and corruption cases, which weakened the popularity of the government.

'''The Republican-Socialist coalition'''

Unexpectedly, the far-left United Progressive Socialist Party, led by [[Zvezdana Serebryak]], defeated the Mordvanian Republican Party in the 1573 legislative elections. A United Progressive Socialist Party-Republican Social Radical Party coalition government was established, with Milan Kravanja as President of the Republican Council, and Serebryak as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

'''Kaljuran civil war'''

'''Second Bogdan Privsek's administration'''

'''1582 constitutional reform'''

'''1584 presidential election'''

==Geography==

Mordvania's territory extends across several geographical regions, between latitudes 44º and 52º N, and longitudes 67º and 78º E. In the north-east is the Viska Bay, which extend from Wojek to Dodzyn. In the south-east is the Biyran Sea. This coast, the second largest of the country, is marked by several spits, coastal lakes (former bays that have been cut off from the sea), and dunes. On the north-west, there is the colder Laural Sea coast. Mordvania has three large islands: Nardensk and Severna in the Laural Sea, and the island of Utrbdak, which harbours a military base and a notorious prison, in the Biyran Sea.

The west and parts of the central regions of the country lie within the North Brigidnan Plain. Rising above these lowlands is a geographical region comprising several hilly districts of moraines and moraine-dammed lakee. This southern lakes, along the regions of Seznica, Prindz, and Paviemes, covers much of south-western Mordvania. East of the Northern Brigidnan Plain are the north-eastern region of Hbribovnat, which are marked by broad ice-age river valleys. Farther east is a mountainous region, between Opoblina and Brezedina, known as the Pristenled Mountains. In the south-east, there are the Visnjek, Svetloba, and Zelena valleys, a highly fertile region which is crossed by the Dolga river, one of the longest of Brigidna. The Dolga river ends in the Vodena estuary, on the Biyran Sea.

===Geology===

The moraine landscape of central Mordvania contains soils made up mostly of sand and loam, while the ice age river valleys of the east often contain loess. The north-east region consist of limestone, while the Pristen region and most of the south-east are made up mainly of granite and basalts. The Pristenmord Chain has one of the oldest rock formation on the continent of Brigidna.

Mordvania has 67 mountains over 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) in elevation, all in the Pristen region. The Mordvanian Pristen, which consist of the Pristenled Mountains and Western Pristen, is the highest mountain group of Mordvania. In the Pristenled Mountains lies Mordvania's highest point, the north-eastern summit of Vzhod, 2,4999 metres (8,199 ft) in elevation. At its foot lies the mountain lakes of Moder and Nebo.

The second highest mountain group is the Jugan Mountains in the south-west, the highest point of which are Mati Kamen, at 1,725 metres (5,659 ft.), Akmuas at 1,603 metres (5,259 ft) and Trdan at 1,425 metres (4,675 ft). The Jugan Mountains are well-known for its interesting rock formations and the Svetland National Park, the largest of the country.

The lowest point in Mordvania, at 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) below sea level, is at the Prozoren Plain, near Slawowo on the Dolgan Delta.

Nearby Snogen region in the southwestern Mordvania is an area of sparsely vegetated sand known as the Gnilna Desert. It covers an area of 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi). It is not a natural desert but results from human activity from the Middle Ages onward.

The Laural Sea activity in Lepovika National Park, in the north-west between the Sever and Visak rivers, created sand dunes which in the course of time separated the bay from the sea creating two lakes. As waves and wind carry sand inland the dunes slowly move, at a rate of 3 to 10 metres (9.8 to 32.8 ft) meters per year. Some dunes reach the height of up to 30 metres (98 ft). The highest peak of the park is Peščen (155 metres or 377 feet above sea level).

===Waters===

The Dolga river is one of the longest of the country. The Dolga river has been used since early times for navigation. The longest rivers on Mordvanian territory are the Visak and Sever rivers, on the north-west region, which flow into the Laural Sea.

In the valley of Moder river in southwestern Mordvania there is an unique natural karst spring of water containing calcium salts, that is an object of protection in the Serebrna Zemlija Natural Park. The origin of the name of the area, known as Modern Vzmet, that means Blue Springs, comes from the fact that red waves are absorbed by water and only blue and green are reflected from the bottom of the spring, giving that atypical colour.

Eastern Mordvania contains more than 2,000 lakes, being one the regions with the highest numbers of lakes in Brigidna. The largest lakes, covering more than 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi), are Lake Polkja, Lake Slovo, and Lake Luknja. Lakes have always played an important role in Mordvanian history and continue to be of great importance to today's modern Mordvanian society. The ancestors of today's Mordvanians, the Mordvanes, built their first fortresses on islands nearby the Zadna river, in north-east Mordvania. The legendary Prince Bogdanek ruled from Nebesa tower erected on the Lake Crna. The first historically documented ruler of the Kingdom of Osrednia, King Srecko I, had his palace on an island in the Visak river as well. Nowadays the Mordvanian lakes provide a location for the pursuit of water sports such as yachting and wind-surfing.

About two-thirds of Mordvania's coastline extends along the Biyran Sea, while the other half extends along the eastern coastline of the Biyran Sea. For the most part, the Biyra Sea has a smooth coastline, which has been shaped by the continental movement of sand by currents and winds. On the Biyran coast, continual erosion and deposition has formed cliffs and spits, many of which have migrated landwards to clsoe off former lagoons, such as Novak Lake in Redko National Park.

===Land use===

Mordvania is the second most forested country in Northern Brigidna. Forests cover about 29.8% of Mordvania's land. Its overall percentage has slightly and constantly increased since the 1570s. Forests of Mordvania are managed by the republican program of reforestation (Prorepog), aiming at an increase of forest-cover to 32% in 1600. The richness of Mordvanian forest (according to 1580 government statistics) is more than twice as high as Marzannan average. The largest forest complex in Mordvania is Upper Moder Wilderness.

More than 1% of Mordvania's territory is proctected within 24 Mordvanian national parks. In addition, wetlands along lakes and rivers in southern and central Mordvania are legally protected, as are coastal areas in the north-west. There are over 130 areas designated as landscape parks, along with numerous nature reserves and other protected areas.

Since the agrarian reforms of 1545-1548 and the economic reforms in the early 1570s, Mordvanian agriculture has performed extremely well and the country has over five million private farms. It is the leading producer in Brigidna of potatoes and rye, Siora's second largest producer of wheat, and one of the more important producers of barley, oats, sugar beets, flax, dill, and fruits. Mordvania is also fourth largest supplier of beef and goat cheese in the region.

===Biodiversity===

Many animals that have died out in other parts of Brigidna still survive in Mordvania, such as the Brigidnan bison in the ancient woodland of the Preckala Forest, in southern Mordvania. Other such species include the brown bear in the Western Pristen, the gray wolf in the Jogan Mountains and the crimson lynx in various forests, the wild beaver in the Severdno and Visnja regions, and the northern moose in the northeastern forests.

In the forests, one also encounters game animals, such as red deer, black deer and wild boars, In southern Mordvania there are a number of ancient woodlands, like Preckala forest, that have never been cleared or have been disturbed much by people. There are also large forested areas in the southwestern and central mountainous regions.

Mordvania is also an important breeding ground for a variety of Brigidnan migratory birds, which often cross Marzanna toward West and South Brigidna. Out of all the migratory birds who come to West Brigidna for the summer, one quarter of the Brigidnan population of grey storks live in Mordvania, particularly in the lake districts and the wetlands along the Dolga river, which are part of nature reserves or national parks.

===Climate===

The climate is mostly temperate throughout the country. The climate is oceanic in the north and west and becomes gradually warmer and continental towards the south and west. Summers are generally warm, with average temperatures between 18°C and 30°C depending on a region. Winters are rather cold, with average temperatures around 3°C in the northwest and −10°C in the northeast. Precipitation falls throughout the year, although, especially in the east; winter is drier than summer.

The warmest region in Mordvania are Bunesgan Plain located in south-western Mordvania where temperatures in the summer average between 24 and 32°C but can go as high as 35 to 38°C on some days in the warmest month of Zechyr and Septem. The warmest cities in Mordvania are Snogen, which is situated in south-west Mordvania, and Paviemes, which is located in southern Mordvania. The average temperatures in Paviemes are 20°C in the summer and 0°C in the winter, but Snogen has the longest summer in all of Mordvania, which lasts for 120 days, from mid-Fein to early-Nueva.

The coldest region of Mordvania is in the northeast in the Wojek voyvodeship on the Viska Bay. The climate is affected by cold fronts which come from Karjelinn and Marzanna. The average temperature in the winter in Wojek ranges from −10 to −42°C. The biggest impact of the oceanic climate is observed in the Laural Sea seashore area from Amsberg to Wojek

==Administrative Divisions==
===Voyvodeships===

==Governance and Politics==

The Republic of Mordvania was established in 1544, during the Republican revolution of 1544-1545. The constitution of the Republic of Mordvania was approved by referendum on 19 Fein 1545. The constitution established an unitary republic and the first democratic government in Mordvanian history, granted the Armed Forces with an important but limited influence, and it was heavily influenced by [[Mordvanian republicanism]]. The Mordvanian constitution would be considerably amended in the 1582 constitutional reform, which reduced and removed the influence of the Armed Forces in the political process, strengthen the power of the national parliament, and effectively establishing a semi-presidential system.

===Political System===

The Republic of Mordvania is an unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Mordvanian constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document. In the Mordvanian republican system, citizens are usually subject to two levels of government: national and local. The local government's duties are commonly split between departments and voyvodeships. The constitution establishes that the Assembly of Representatives (Lower House of the parliament) must be elected under a proportional system, while local's government executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by districts, and there is no proportional representation at the local level, with the exception of department's councils.

The national government is composed of three branches:
*Legislative: The bicameral parliament, made up of the Assembly of Representaties (Lower House) and the Chamber of Deputies (Upper House), makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties and the annual budget, and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.
*Executive: The President is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law (subjet to parliamentary override), and nominate and appoints the President of the Republican Council (with the approval of the Assembly of Representatives) the national cabinet, and other officers, who administer and enforce national laws and policies.
*Judicial: The Constitutional Court, whose judges are appointed by the President with parliamentary approval, and the national and local courts, interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.

The Assembly of Representatives has 599 voting members, elected by national proportional representation for a three-year term.

The Chamber of Deputies has 444 members. Unlike the Assembly of Representatives, the members of the Chamber of Deputies are not elected by suffrage, by they are allocated by lot for a one-year term. This process, known as sortition, selects the deputies of the Upper House of the parliament from a larger pool of local representatives. The logic behind this sortition process originates from the idea that sortition strengthens political participation and local governance. The competences of the Chamber of Deputies, however, are limited to approve the national budget, to review and propose laws to the Assembly of Representatives, and to pass or block constitutional amends. The Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies is directly appointed by the President, but the Chairman only votes when it is necessary to break a tie. As consequence of the sortition process, the composition of the Chamber of Deputies changes every year.

The executive branch itself has two leaders: the President of the Republic, currently [[Zvezdana Serebryak]], who is head of state and is elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a 6-year term, and the Republican Council, led by the president-appointed President of the Republican Council (head of the government). The President of the Republic can not be reelected.

The local governments have an important number of competences on taxation, education, healthcare, and welfare. The members of the voyvodeship (local government) are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by districts, while the voyvode (head of the local government) is directly elected in a two-round system, similarly as the president is elected. Departments (regional government) elect their own lawmakers as well, although they have very limited competences and powers compared to the voyvodeships. The head of a department, known as governor, is directly appointed by the President, but they have a rather symbolical role.

The Constitutional Court, led by the President of the Constitutional Court, has nine members, who serve until retirement at 70-year old.

===Judicial System===

The judiciary of Mordvania is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the Republic of Mordvania. The judiciary of Mordvania is considered independent from the executive, as the constitution establishes a clear separation of powers.

The Mordvanian legal system is a civil law mostly based on a comprehensive compendium of legal codes. In criminal and administrative law, Mordvania uses an inquisitorial system where the judges are actively involved in investigating the facts of the case, as compared to an adversarial system where the role of the judge is primarily that of an impartial referee between the prosecutor or plaintiff and the defendant. Rather than allowing cross-examination between the defense and prosecutors, the judges conduct the majority of the trial. During a trial, the parties are expected to give all their evidence to the judges, who will then call forward and question the witnesses, after which the defense counsel and prosecutor may question the witnesses.

In Mordvania, judges follow a distinct career path. At the end of their legal education at university, all law students must pass a state examination before they can continue on to an apprenticeship that provides them with broad training in the legal profession over two years. They then must pass a second state examination that qualifies them to practice law. At that point, the individual can choose either to be a lawyer or to enter the judiciary. Judicial candidates start working at courts immediately. However, they are subjected to a probationary period of up to five years before being appointed as judges for life.

The judicial system is established and governed by article 27 of the Mordvanian constitution, that states that "the judicial power shall be vested in the judges; it shall be exercised by the Constitutional Court, by the National Courts of Justice, and the regional and local courts". Unlike other countries, Mordvania's judiciary is not subordinated to the legislature, the constitution directly invests supreme judicial power in the Constitutional Court as well as other national, regional, and local courts, decisional law has greater importance, though not to the extent of common law systems.

There are five basic types of courts, plus the Constitutional Court and the National Courts of Justice:
*Ordinary courts, dealing with criminal and most civil cases
*Administrative law courts
*Tax law courts
*Labour law courts
*Social law courts

In Mordvania, there is no de jure single supreme court. Instead, cases are handled by numerous national courts, depending on their nature. When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the National Court of Justice is at the top of the hieararchy of courts. The other branches of the Mordvanian judiciary system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a national high court; these are the National Social Court for matters of social security, the National Labour Court for employment and labour, the National Finance Court for taxation and financial issues, and the National Administrative Court for administrative law. The so-called Joint Senate of the National Courts of Justice -formed by the National Court of Justice and the other National Courts- is not a surpreme court in itself, but an ad-hoc body that is convened in only when one high court intends to diverge from another high court's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court. As the courts have well-defined areas of responsibility, situations like these are rather rare and so, the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently, and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory.

The main difference between the Constitutional Court and the National Courts of Justice is that the Constitutional Court may only be called if a constitutional matter within a case is in question (e.g., a possible violation of human rights in a criminal trial), while the National Courts of Justice may be called in any case. Only the Constitutional Court can declare an Act of Parliament invalid.

The Constitutional Court is the supreme constitutional court of the Republic of Mordvania, estabished by the constitution. Since 1567, the Constitutional Court has been located in the city of Brezedina -intentionally distanced from the other national institutions in Slavograd and other cities.

The main task of the Constitutional Court is judicial review, and it may declare legislation unconstitutional, thus rendering them ineffective. The main task of the court is judicial review, and it may declare legislation unconstitutional, thus rendering them ineffective. In this respect, it is similar to other supreme courts with judicial review powers, yet the court possesses a number of additional powers, and is regarded as among the most interventionist and powerful national courts in the region. Unlike other supreme courts, the constitutional court is not an integral stage of the judicial or appeals process (aside from cases concerning constitutional or public international law), and does not serve as a regular appellate court from lower courts or the National Courts of Justice.

The Constitutional Court's jurisdiction is focused on constitutional issues and the compliance of all governmental institutions with the constitution. Constitutional amendments or changes passed by the Parliament are subject to its judicial review, since they have to be compatible with the most basic principles of the Constitution defined by the constitution preamble's and first ten articles. For example, in 1582 the Constitutional Court declared that a constitutional amend aimed to introduce a mixed electoral system in which half of the Assembly of Representatives' seats were to be elected by first-past-the-post system was unconstitutional.

The Constitutional Court is able to actively administer the law and ensure that political and bureaucratic decisions comply with the rights of the individual enshrined in the constitution. Specifically, it can vet the democratic and constitutional legitimacy of bills proposed by federal or state government, scrutinise decisions (such as those relating to taxation) by the administration, arbitrate disputes over the implementation of law between local governments and the national government, and (most controversially) ban non-democratic political parties. The Constitutional Court's practice of enormous constitutional control frequency on the one hand, and the continuity in judicial restraint and political revision on the other hand, have created a unique defender of the Constitution and given it a significant role in Mordvania's modern democracy.

The Constitutional Court's are nominated by the President of the Republic, and elected by the Assembly of Representatives and the Chamber of Deputies. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Mordvania. The selection of a judge requires a two-thirds vote. The judges are elected until retirement, as the Mordvanian constitution established they must retire upon reaching the age of 70. Most judges previously served as an academic jurist at a university, as a public servant or as a lawyer. After ending their term, most judges withdraw themselves from public life.

Ordinary courts are the most numerous by far. Currently there are 799 ordinary courts (644 local, 114 regional, 40 appellate, one national), 101 labour courts (85 local, 15 appellate, one national), 55 administrative courts (33 local, 21 regional, one national), 11 tax courts (10 local, one national), and 74 social courts (59 local, 14 regional, one national).

===Foreign Relations===
===Armed Forces===

==Economy==

Mordvania's economy is considered to be one of the Brigidnan economies with the fasted growing in the last two decades. Since the fall of the Abdanian monarchy, Mordvania has pursued a policy of mixed economy, with important state investment, a strong domestic market, a flexible currency, and not being dependent on a sigle export sector. Except in the years 1575-1578, the country has experienced constant economic growth. The country's most successful exports include machinery, cars, weaponry, pharma products, furniture, food products, clothing, shoes and cosmetics. Mordvania's largest trading partners are Biyra and Florinthus.

The first but specially the second Bogdan Privsek's administrations have pursued a policy of market liberatization and labour market reform, only partially reduced during the left-wing coalition governments of 1573-1579. Restructuring and privatisation of "sensitive sectors" such as coal, steel, rail transport and energy has been continuing since 1580. The biggest privatizations have been the sale of the national telecoms firm Mordtelekom to Kacije Corporation in 1582, and an issue of 35% of the shares in Morvania's largest bank, Mordbank, on the Mordvanian stockmarket in 1583.

Mordvania is recognized as having an economy with development potential, overtaking Biyra and Kazemura in the early-1580s to become Brigidna's ninth largest economy, and 20th worldwide. The Mordvanian banking sector is the largest in North Brigidnan region, with 41.2 branches per 100,000 adults. The banks are the largest and most developed sector of the country's financial markets. They are regulated by the Mordvanian Financial Authority. Mordvania's bankingsector approxiamately 6 national banks, a network of nearly 900 cooperative banks and 10 branches of foreign-owned banks. In addition, foreign investors have controlling stakes in nearly 20 commercial banks, which make up 40% of the banking capital. Since the early-1580s, Mordvanian banks have heavily expanded in East Kaljurand, adquiring many Kaljuran banks and companies.

Mordvania has a large number of private farms in its agricultural sector, with the potential to become a leading producer of food in the Brigidnan market. The biggest money-makers abroad include smoked and fresh fish, fine chocolate, and dairy products, meats and specialty breads, with the exchange rate conducive to export growth. Structural reforms in health care, education, the pension system, and state administration have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Mestarka leads North Brigidna in foreign investment. GDP growth had been strong and steady from 1572 with only a short slowdown from 1575 to 1578.

Average salaries in the enterprise sector in Vintyr 1583 were 4,000 kovens ($1,801) and growing sharply. Salaries vary between the regions: the median wage in the capital city Slovograd was 4,637 kovens, while in Brezedina it was 3,971 kovens, and up to 4,801 kovens in Mestarka. There is a wide distribution of salaries among the various voyvodeships of Mordvania. They range from 2,891 kovens in Paviemes to 4,697 in the Mestarka voyvodeship.

During and after the 1566-1567 civil war, Mordvanian experienced a mass emigration of over 4 million abroad, most of them ethnic Abdanians and Bunesgans. The out migration, while it sank the country on economic depression until 1572, has increased the average wages for the workers who remained in Mordvania, in particular for those with intermediate and high level skills.

Products and goods manufactured in Mordvania include: electronics, buses and trams, helicopters and planes, trains, ships, military weaponry and equipment, medicines, food, clothes, glass, pottery , chemical products and others. Mordvania is also one of the world's biggest producers of copper, silver and coal, as well as potatoes, wheat, rye, rape seed, cabbage, dill, apples, strawberries and ribes.

===Corporations===

Mestarka Stock Exchange is one of North Brigidna largest exchanges by market capitalization. Mordvania is recognized as a regional economic leader within North Brigidna, with nearly 48 percent of the 500 biggest companies in the region (by revenues) as well as a high globalisation rate. The country's largest firm comprise the MORD30 index, which is traded on the Mestarka Stock Exchange.

Well known Mordvanian brands include, among others...

The list includes the largest companies by turnover in 1584 (excluding banks and insurance companies):

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%; margin:auto; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="text-align:center;"| Rank 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| Corporation|| style="text-align:center;"| Sector|| style="text-align:center;"| Headquarters|| style="text-align:center;"| Revenue (thousand kovens)|| style="text-align:center;"| Profit (thousand kovens)|| style="text-align:center;"| Employees
|-
| 1. || style="text-align:left;"| Name|| style="text-align:left;"| oil and gas|| style="text-align:left;"| Mestarka || 79 037 121|| 2 396 447|| 4,445
|-
|}

===Tourism===

Mordvania experienced an increase in the number of tourists after organizing the football Brigidnan Cup in 1569. Tourism contributes significantly to Mordvania's overall economy and makes up to a relatively large proportion of the country's service market.

Tourist attractions in Mordvania vary, from the mountains in the south and central Mrodvania to the beaches in the north and east, with a trail of nearly every architectural style, which combined West Brigidnan with Marzannan influences. The most visited city is Mestarka, which was the formed capital of the Kingdom of Abdania and Mordvania (officially named as Fürstendstadt until 1566). Mestarka once held royal coronations of every Abdanian monarch since the 12th century. Among other notable sites in the country is the capital city of the republic, Slovograd; the cities of Slawowo and Brezedina, and the southeastern town of Visnja, one of the oldest cities in Mordvania. The twons of Slawowo, Seznica, Prindz, and Mazenskai were extensively reconstructed after wartime destruction during the 1566-1567 civil war. Other cities attracting tourists include Opoblina, Wojek, Amsberg, Chlyb, Snogen, Dodzyn, and Paviemes.

Mordvania is the 14th most visited country in the world by foreign tourists, as ranked by Sioran Tourism Organization (STO). Biyra, Saratov, and Florinthus were the top three countries of origin for visitors in 1582. Moreover, according to the Republican Statistical Office, tourism in Mordvania increases at an annual rate of 11%.

Mordvania's main tourist offerings include outdoor activities such as skiing, sailing, mountain hiking and climbing, as well as agrotourism, sightseeing historical monuments. Tourist destinations include the Laural Sea coast in the north and Biyran Sea coast in the east; the 1 Lake District and 2 Forest in the east; on the south 3, the 4 Mountains and the 5 Mountains, where 6, the highest peak of Mordvania, and the famous 7 mountain trail are located. The 8 and 9 Mountains lie in the extreme south-east. There are over 220 castles in the country, many in the 10 Voivodeship and along the popular 11.

===Energy===

The electricity generation sector in Mordvania is largely fossil-fuel–based. The three largest Mordvanian coal mining firms extract around 300 million tonnes of coal annually. All three of these companies are key constituents of the Mestarka Stock Exchange's lead economic indexes.

Renewable forms of energy account for a smaller but increasing proportion of Mordvania's full energy generation capacity. However, the Republican Council has set targets for the development of renewable energy sources in Mordvania which should see the portion of power produced by renewable resources climb to 15% by 1590 and 40% by 1600. This is to be achieved mainly through the construction of wind farms and a number of hydroelectric stations.

Mordvania has around 200,000,000,000 m3 of proven natural gas reserves and around 200,000,000 barrels of proven oil reserves. These reserves are exploited by energy supply companies such as MKG. However, the small amounts of fossil fuels naturally occurring in Mordvania is insufficient to satisfy the full energy consumption needs of the population. Therefore, the country is a net importer of oil and natural gas.

===Transport===

Transport in Mordvania is provided by means of rail, road, marine shipping and air travel. Since the early-1570s, Mordvania has invested large amounts of public funds into modernization projects of its transport networks. The country now has a developing highways network composed of motorways. At the end of 1583, Mordvania had 9701,2 km of highways. In addition to these newly built roads, many local and regional roads are being fixed as part of a national programme to rebuild all roads in Mordvania.

In 1582, the nation had 20,000 miles of railway track. Trains can operate up to 160 kilometres per hour on 10% of the track. Most trains operate between 80 and 125 kms per hour. Part of the system operates at 40 km/hour. Mordvanian authorities maintain a program of improving operating speeds across the entire Mordvanian rail network. Additionally, in Dein 1582, Mordvania began to implement high–speed rail routes connecting major Mordvanian cities. The Mordvanian government has revealed that it intends to connect all major cities to a future high-speed rail network by 1586.

The air and maritime transport markets in Mordvania are largely well developed. Mordvania has a number of international airports, the largest of which is Slovograd Republican Airport, the primary global hub for Mordvanian Airlines.

Seaports exist all along Mordvania's coast, with most freight operations using Mestarka, Amsberg, Wojek as well as Dodzyn and Ryban as their base. Passenger ferries link Mordvania with the northern archipelago and Biyra all year around; these services are provided from Ryban, Wojek, and Dodzyn.

===Science and technology===

Mordvania's tertiary education institutions; traditional universities, as well as technical, medical, and economic institutions, employ around 120,000 researchers and members of staff. There are around 700 research and development institutes, with about 25,000 researchers. In total, there are around 200,000 scientists in Mordvania today.

Over 100 research and development centers and 10,000 researchers make Mordvania the biggest research and development hub in North Brigidna. Many multinational companies have set up research and development centers in Mordvania. Companies chose Mordvania because of the availability of highly qualified labour force, presence of universities, support of authorities, and the largest market in North Brigidna. According to a 1582 report 88% of Mordvania's current investors are content with their choice and willing to reinvest.

===Communications===

The share of the telecom sector in the GDP was 5% (1582), compared to 2% in 1560. The coverage increased from 78 users per 1,000 inhabitants in 1565 to 400 in 1580. The value of the telecommunication grew by 30% in 1578. The coverage mobile cellular was over 1000 users per 1000 people (1584). Telephones—mobile cellular: 68 million (1580), telephones—main lines in use: 30 million (1579).

The public postal service in Mordvania is operated by Mordpostni (the Mordvania Post). It was created on 4 Vintyr 1570, and it is state-owned. Until 1569, communication was provided mainly through the military authorities. At present, the service is a modern state-owned company that provides a number of standard and express delivery as well as home-delivery services. With an estimated number of around 170,000 employees (1580), Mordpostni also has a personal tracking system for parcels. In 1584 the company adopted a strategy that assumes increasing revenues to 10 billion kovens by 1588; the aim is to double revenues from courier and parcel services and a five-fold growth in logistics services.

==Demographics==

===Language===

According to the Mordvanian constitution, the state language of the Republic of Mordvania is Mordvanian language. Bunesgan, Ashkuban, Kaljuran, and Abdanian are recognized as regional languages. According to the 1575 census, 68% percent of the population declared Mordvanian as their native language, while 13% and 11% declared Ashkuban and Bunesgan, respectively. Abdanian was de facto official language of the Kingdom of Abdania and Mordvania -although Mordvanian was recognized as official language in the Kingdom of Mordvania, which roughly comprised one third of the Abdanian monarchy. Effective in Vintyr 1569, a new law on regional languages entitles any local language spoken by at least a 20 percent minority be declared official within that area, and accepted in administrative office work and documents, and be offered as elective course in schools.

Mordvanian is widely spoken in all the country, even if a large minority has not Mordvanian as native language. Only in the Western regions Mordvanian language is second on number of native speakers, being Bunesgan the most spoken language in many western towns. Ashkuban language, although it has more native speakers than Bunesgan, is more evenly distributed, going from 14% in Central Mordvania to 6% in the western regions.

In the western regions, Mordvanian and Bunesgan are both equally used in cities, in some cases Mordvanian being more common in some cities, while Bunesgan is the dominant language in rural communities. Abdanian language, once the dominant language in government, administration, and education system, is clearly on decline nationwide, specially as consequence of Abdanian immigration toward West Brigidna. However, this trend has decreased in recent years, with a few thousand of Abdanian-speaking migrants returning to the Republic of Mordvania.

Kaljuran is mostly spoken in regions along the Kaljuran border. However, the civil war in that country increased the number of Kaljuran speakers up to 6% of the population in 1579, as the Republic of Mordvania received about 1-2 million of Kaljuran refugees. Some of them came back to East Kaljurand. Before the Kaljuran civil war, the number of Kaljuran native speakers in Central Mordvania was as low as 0.2%, and only about 3-4% in the northern and eastern regions.

The languages of Mordvania, according to the 1582 census, are as follow:
* Mordvanian: 66,011,000
* Ashkuban: 8,144,500
* Bunesgan: 7,429,500
* Kaljuran: 4,984,600
* Abdanian: 1,902,000
* Nentsian: 144,000
* Others: 798,000

===Religion===

A 1584 survey conducted by the Strazek Center found that 60% of Mordvanians declared themselves believers in any religion, while 8% were uncertain whether they believe or not, 4% were uninterested in beliefs, 3% were unbelievers, 23% were atheists, and a further 2% found it difficult to answer the question. The level of religiosity in Mordvania is greatest in Western Mordvania (92%), and lowest in Southeastern Mordvania (48%) and Central Mordvania (59%).

Of those who declared themselves believers, most of them belong to any of the branches of Messanism: 59% Abdanian Reformed Church, 18% Sentric Church, 8% the Messanic Church of Abdania, 14% Dainism, 2% Muliners. The largest non-Messanic religion in Mordvania is [[Akhadism]] with only 1% of those who declare themselves believers. Most of Akhadic believers in Mordvania are ethnic Lipka-Nentsians.

===Education===

Education in Mordvania consists of daycare programmes (for babies and toddlers) and a one-year "pre-school" (or kindergarten for six-year-olds); a nine-year compulsory basic comprehensive school (starting at age seven and ending at the age of sixteen); post-compulsory secondary general academic and vocational education; higher education (University and Colleges); and adult (lifelong, continuing) education. The Mordvanian model for achieving equality and excellence in education has been based on constructing a pubicly funded comprehensive school system without selecting, tracking, or streaming students during their common basic education. Part of the strategy has been to spread the school network so that pupils have a school near their homes whenever possible or, if it is not feasible, to provide free transportation to more widely dispersed schools.

After their nine-year basic education in a comprehensive school, students at the age of 16 may choose to continue their secondary education in either an academic school or a trade school, both of which usually take three years and give a qualification to continue to tertiary education. There are 51 universities and 79 polytechnic colleges in the country.

Daycare centers and schools up to the university level are almost exclusively funded and administered by the voyvodeships (local government) of the Republic of Mordvania. There are few private schools. The founding of a new private comprehensive schools requires the approval of the General Committee of the Social and Economic Council. When founded, private schools are given a state grant comparable to that given to a municipal school of the same size. However, even in private schools, the use of tuition fees is strictly prohibited, and selective is prohibited as well: private schools must admit all its pupils on the same basis as the corresponding municipal school, and no discrimination for faith, gender, nationality, or race is allowed by Mordvanian law. Gender segregation is prohibited as well, therefore mixed education is compulsory. In addition, private schools are required to give their students all the education and social benefits that are offered to the students of municipal schools. Because of this, existing private schools are mostly faith-based, such as the schools owned by the Abdanian Church.

So far, there are no tuition fees on universities and terciary level of education. However, in 1584 there were plans at national level to introduce tuition fees to students from foreign countries. The students' organizations opposed such plans. In universities, membership in the students' union is compulsory. Students' union in high school are similarly recognized in the legislation, but membership is voluntary and does not include union health care (which is organized and partly financed by the students' unions). Mordvanian students are entitled to a student benefit welfare, which may be revoked if there is a persistent lack of progress in the studies.

Religious instruction is not given by public and state schools. In a 1575 ruling, the Mordvanian government banned all "conspicuous religious symbols" from schools and other public institutions with the intent of preventing proselytisation and to foster a sense of tolerance among ethnic groups. Some religious groups showed their opposition, but the law passed mostly unopposed in the Mordvanian parliament.

===Health===

The Republic of Mordvania has a nationwide publicly funded healthcare system, stablished in 1574, together with smaller private sector and voluntary provision. The total expenditure on healthcare as a proportion of GDP in 1586 was 9.9%. The percentage of healthcare provided directly by the state is higher than most Brigidnan countries, which have often an insurance-based healthcare with the state providing for those who cannot afford insurance, instead of the single-payer system established in Mordvania.

==Culture==
===Literature===
===Visual Arts===
===Music===
===Cuisine===
===Sports===

Twenty-Day War

2019-10-27T14:40:21Z

Hadash: Created page with " {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Twenty-Day War | partof = | campaign = | image = | caption = | causes = Selahattin Orhan Tawfiq's attempt to seize power in the G..."

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Twenty-Day War
| partof =
| campaign =
| image =
| caption =
| causes = Selahattin Orhan Tawfiq's attempt to seize power in the Ga'bathi Akhadic Republic
| date = Ochtyr 10 - Nueva 4, 1601
| place = [[Zargistan]]
| result = Kyrzbekistan-Ga'bathi Armed forces victory
| territory = Kyrzbekistan captures and occupies the Southern Strip from Ga'bath.
| combatant1 = Kyrzbekistani Armed Forces / Ga'bathi Armed Forces
| combatant2 = Republican Guard + pro-Tawfiq's rebels
| commander1 = Yunus Bozarslan General Ahmet Sadik General Ahmet Sadik General Nysha Zophakuz
| commander2 = Major-General Mehmed Demirçi Commander Ali Abdulrashid
| strength1 = 50,000 Ga'bathi troops 20,000 Kyrzbekistani troops 
'''Total troops''': 70,000
| strength2 = Republican Guard: 15,000 5,000 Ga'bathi rebel troops 10,000 pro-Tawfiq's militias
'''Total troops''': 25,000
| casualties1 = Ga'bathi Armed Forces: 901 Kyrzbekistani forces: 250-400 killed
| casualties2 = 5,000-10,000 killed or missing
| casualties3 = 500 Ga'bathi civilians killed; 2 A'Sirian officials killed (allegedly)
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''Twenty-Day War''' (also known as the 1601 Ga'bathi-Kyrzbekistani War or the 1601 Ga'bathi Crisis) was fought between Ochtyr and Nueva 1601 by Kyrzbekistan and Ga'bathi Armed Forces against Ga'bathi rebel forces. The conflict, which lasted from Ochtyr 10 to Nueva 4, resulted in the defeat of Selahattin Orhan Tawfiq's forces, and resulted in Kyrzbekistani occupation of Zargistan.

Mordvanian Premier League

2019-10-24T13:09:23Z

Hadash: /* Results */

The '''Mordvanian Premier League''' (''Mordvanscina Premierno liga''), sometimes referred to as Mordvanian Premiership, is professional football league in [[Mordvania]] and the football league iwth the highest average stadium attendance in Marzanna. At the top of the Mordvanian football league system, the Mordvanian Premier League is Mordvania's primary football competition. The Mordvanian Premier League comprises 18 teams and operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Mordvania's First Division. Seasons run from Nueva to Fein. All of Mordvanian Premier League clubs qualify for the [[Republican Cup (Mordvania)|Mordvanian Republican Cup]], joining in the Round 32. The Mordvanian Premier League is considered one of the best football leagues in Brigidna, along the leagues of Florinthus, Oslanburg, and Valland. The Mordvanian Premier League is broadcast on television in over 100 countries.

30 clubs have completed in the Mordvanian Premier League since its founding in 1567. NK Slovograd has won the Mordvanian Premier League the most, winning the title 13 times. Other five clubs have won the Mordvanian Premier League, with ND Seznica and NK Brezedina winning the title 6 times, Slovograd 1566 5 times, and LKS Slawowo and FK Mazenskai 3 times.

The Mordvanian Premier League was founded in 1567.

==History==
===Mordvanian Championship===

Prior to the formation of the Mordvanian League in 1544, Mordvanian football was played at an amateur level in a large number of sub-regional leagues. Regional champions and, from 1521 onwards, runners-up played a series of playoff matches for the right to compete in a final game for the national championship, named Mordvanian Championship and established in 1486. The first recognised national championship team was Amsberg FC, who beat ND Slovograd in a game played in Mestarka on 14 March 1486.

===Mordvanian League===

After the 1544 Mordvanian republican revolution, the Mordvanian government assisted the Mordvanian Football Association, under the leadership of Bogdan Jansek, to the creation a professional football league. Therefore, the Mordvanian First Division was created, with 16 clubs, the first season starting in 1545. More than sixty clubs applied for admission to the new league. The sixteen clubs were selected based on their success on the field, economic criteria, and seniorship.

NK Slovograd, which only had won the Mordvanian Championship four times between 1501 and 1543, became the most successful club in Mordvanian football, winning the Mordvanian League 15 times from 1545 and 1566. Only other three clubs were able to win the Mordvanian League: NK Brezedina (four times), ND Seznica (12 times), and LKS Slawowo (1).

===Foundation of the Mordvanian League===

By the earlier 1560s, Mordvanian professional football was experiencing a period of stagnation. Many stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, many clubs faced severe financial problems, and top Mordvanian players had moved abroad.

Zelko Gorshek, chairman of the Mordvanian Football Association since 1558, introduced reforms to improve stadium safety standards and financial fair play. Although Gorshek's reforms seemed to improve Mordvanian football as a whole, they found the resistence of several major Mordvanian clubs, as the reforms increased the costs while limited their revenue. Although attendance and quality of the league seemed to improve, several historical clubs found themselves bankrupt and were removed from the league system, causing their quick disapparance.

In the 1550s, major Mordvanian clubs had begun to transform into business ventures, applying commercial principles to club administration to maximise revenue. Maximilian Dolenz, a former NK Brezedina player and manager, who became president of the club in 1549, was one of the pioneers, leading NK Brezedina to break NK Slovograd's command of the league -at least for a while- winning three Mordvanian league titles and three Republican Cups from 1553 to 1558. But the commercial imperative led to the top clubs seeking to increase their power and revenue, and a conflict with the Mordvanian Football Association was only a matter of time. In 1564, several top clubs threatened to break away from the Football League. Zeljko Gorshek was forced to increase the voting power of the First Division clubs and gain more favourable financial arrangement regarding television rights, and in 1565, the Mordvanian Football Association introduced some changes in the Republican Cup, introducing a two-leg system as many First Division clubs demanded.

However, the compromise proved short-lived when a new television and sponsorship contract was to be negotiated in 1566. That season, six First Division clubs tabled a proposal for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. Despite the opposition of the Mordvanian Football Asociation, it seemed unstoppable when ND Seznica -the only top club which had not joined the initial proposal- joined the negotiations. Two weeks after the end of the 1566 season, First Division clubs resigned from the Mordvanian League en masse and only one month later the Mordvanian Premier League was formed as a limited company. The Mordvanian Football Association threatened to expel the clubs which joined the new league. However, the Mordvanian Football Association was finally forced to accept the breakaway from the Football League. Zeljko Gorshek resigned and he was replaced by Miroslav Loshek, who amended ways with the Mordvanian Premier League. As a consequence, the Mordvanian Premier League would operate with a single division and the Mordvanian Football League would operate with three, with two or three First Division (Mordvanian Football League's top division) clubs promoting to the Mordvanian Premier League every season.

The Mordvanian Premier League held its first season in 1567-1568. It was composed of 18 clubs for that season, two clubs more than the First Division the season before. The first Mordvanian Premier League goal was scored by Ludvik Peterlek of GKS Wojek in a 3-0 win against NK Krasnevje. The 18 inaugural members of the Mordvanian Premier League were Amsberg FC, NK Brezedina, Olimpija Brezedina, NK Dzen, NK Idredina, ND Izolska, NK Krasnevje, FK Mazenskai, FK Mestarka, NK Mestarka, ND Paviemes, ND Seznica, LKS Slawowo, NK Slovograd, Slovograd 1566, ND Snogen, NK Visnja, and GKS Wojek. ND Seznica was the first club to win the Mordvanian Premier League.

===The "Big Four" (1567-1584)===

The main favourite to win the first Mordvanian Premier League was certainly NK Slovograd. Under manager Marius Laaman, the club had won 5 Mordvanian league titles and four Republican Cups in the previous seven seasons. However, the season did not start well for the club from Slovograd, and ND Seznica surprisingly won the first Mordvanian Premier League (the club from Seznica had only won two Mordvanian league titlese in twenty years).

For the next decade, NK Slovograd and NK Brezedina dominated the league, with five and three Mordvanian Premier League titles, respectively, until ND Seznica won their second Mordvanian Premier League title in 1576-1577 season.

With the emergence of Slovograd 1566 in the late 1570s, winning the Mordvanian Premier League in the seasons 1580-1581 and 1581-1582, the Mordvanian Premier League had become dominated by four clubs, known as the "Big Four": NK Slovograd, NK Brezedina, Slovograd 1566 and ND Seznica. In more than half of the seasons in the first two decades of the Mordvanian Premier League, those four teams were in the top four places of the league, and no other club was able to win the Mordvanian Premier League until the 1586-1587 season, when FK Mazenskai won their first Mordvanian Premier-League.

===The "Top Six" (1584-1600)===

The years following 1584 marked a shift in the structure of the "Big Tour" with FK Mazenskai and LKS Slawowo both breaking into the top four places on a regular basis, turning the "Big Four" in the "Top Six". In the 1585-1586, LKS Slawowo finished runners-up for first time, and the following season FK Mazenskai won their first Mordvanian Premier League title. FK Mazenskai would win a second title in 1589-1590, and LKS Slawowo consolidated their status in the top six when they won the Mordvanian Premier League in 1591-1592, becoming the sixth club to win the Mordvanian Premier League.

Some have claimed that the "Top Six" dominance threatened the division, with manager Jakob Pilon declaring that the Mordvanian Premier League "was in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in Brigidna". Only in recent seasons, Olimpija Brezedina (in 1599-1600) and GKS Wojek (1600-1601) were able to reach the top-six, when both finished in sixth place.

However, others have answered that the competition between those six clubs is precisely what makes the Mordvanian Premier League one of the most competitive and attractive football leagues in Brigidna and the world, and the fact that since 1582 only twice a club was able to win the Mordvania Premier League twice in a row (Slovograd 1566 in 1592-1593 and 1593-1594, and ND Seznica in 1598-1599 and 1599-1600), compared with previous decades when a club was able to dominate Mordvanian football for years and years. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of "superclubs" and the majority of the Mordvanian Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other league clubs.

==Competition format==

Each club plays every other club once at home and once away. The club with the most points at the end of the season becomes Mordvanian Premier League champion. The two teams at the bottom of the table are relegated into the Mordvanian First Division, while the top two teams in the First Division are promoted to the Mordvanian Premier League. The 16th-placed team (third-last), and third and fourth placed team in the First Division play a play-off to decide which club plays the next season in the Mordvanian Premier League.

If teams are level on points, tie-breakers are applied in the following order:
*Goal difference for the entire season
*Total goals scored for the entire season
*Head-to-head results (total points)
*Head-to-head goals scored
*Head-to-head away goals scored
*Total away goals scored for the entire season
If two clubs are still tied after all of these tie-breakers have been applied, a single match is held at a neutral site to determine the placement. However, this has never been necessary in the history of the Mordvanian Premier League.

==Results==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:9%"|Year
! style="width:18%"|Champions (number of titles)
! style="width:18%"|Runners-up
! style="width:18%"|Third place
|-
|align=center|1567-1568
|'''ND Seznica''' (1)
|NK Slovograd
|FK Mazenskai
|-
|align=center|1568-1569
|'''NK Brezedina''' (1)
|ND Seznica
|Slovograd 1566
|-
|align=center|1569-1570
|'''NK Brezedina''' (2)
|NK Slovograd
|ND Seznica
|-
|align=center|1570-1571
|'''NK Slovograd''' (1)
|ND Seznica
|NK Brezedina
|-
|align=center|1571-1572
|'''NK Slovograd''' (2)
|ND Seznica
|NK Brezedina
|-
|align=center|1572-1573
|'''NK Brezedina''' (3)
|NK Slovograd
|ND Seznica
|-
|align=center|1573-1574
|'''NK Slovograd''' (3)
|NK Brezedina
|Slovograd 1566
|-
|align=center|1574-1575
|'''NK Slovograd''' (4)
|NK Brezedina
|LKS Slawowo
|-
|align=center|1575-1576
|'''NK Slovograd''' (5)
|NK Brezedina
|ND Seznica
|-
|align=center|1576-1577
|'''ND Seznica''' (2)
|NK Brezedina
|Slovograd 1566
|-
|align=center|1577-1578
|'''NK Brezedina''' (4)
|NK Slovograd
|ND Seznica
|-
|align=center|1578-1579
|'''NK Slovograd''' (6)
|Slovograd 1566
|NK Brezedina
|-
|align=center|1579-1580
|'''NK Brezedina''' (5)
|ND Seznica
|Slovograd 1566
|-
|align=center|1580-1581
|'''Slovograd 1566''' (1)
|ND Seznica
|NK Slovograd
|-
|align=center|1581-1582
|'''Slovograd 1566''' (2)
|NK Slovograd
|NK Brezedina
|-
|align=center|1582-1583
|'''ND Seznica''' (3)
|NK Brezedina
|Slovograd 1566
|-
|align=center|1583-1584
|'''NK Slovograd''' (7)
|NK Brezedina
|ND Seznica
|-
|align=center|1584-1585
|'''Slovograd 1566''' (3)
|NK Brezedina
|LKS Slawowo
|-
|align=center|1585-1586
|'''NK Slovograd''' (8)
|LKS Slawowo
|Slovograd 1566
|-
|align=center|1586-1587
|'''FK Mazenskai''' (1)
|NK Slovograd
|NK Brezedina
|-
|align=center|1587-1588
|'''ND Seznica''' (4)
|FK Mazenskai
|LKS Slawowo
|-
|align=center|1588-1589
|'''NK Slovograd''' (9)
|Slovograd 1566
|ND Seznica
|-
|align=center|1589-1590
|'''FK Mazenskai''' (2)
|NK Slovograd
|NK Brezedina
|-
|align=center|1590-1591
|'''NK Slovograd''' (10)
|LKS Slawowo
|FK Mazenskai
|-
|align=center|1591-1592
|'''LKS Slawowo''' (1)
|FK Mazenskai
|ND Seznica
|-
|align=center|1592-1593
|'''Slovograd 1566''' (4)
|FK Mazenskai
|NK Slovograd
|-
|align=center|1593-1594
|'''Slovograd 1566''' (5)
|FK Mazenskai
|LKS Slawowo
|-
|align=center|1594-1595
|'''LKS Slawowo''' (2)
|Slovograd 1566
|NK Slovograd
|-
|align=center|1595-1596
|'''NK Slovograd''' (11)
|LKS Slawowo
|Slovograd 1566
|-
|align=center|1596-1597
|'''FK Mazenskai''' (3)
|Slovograd 1566
|ND Seznica
|-
|align=center|1597-1598
|'''LKS Slawowo''' (3)
|ND Seznica
|FK Mazenskai
|-
|align=center|1598-1599
|'''ND Seznica''' (5)
|LKS Slawowo
|Slovograd 1566
|-
|align=center|1599-1600
|'''ND Seznica''' (6)
|Slovograd 1566
|FK Mazenskai
|-
|align=center|1600-1601
|'''NK Slovograd''' (12)
|ND Seznica
|LKS Slawowo
|-
|align=center|1601-1602
|'''NK Slovograd''' (13)
|ND Seznica
|NK Brezedina
|-
|align=center|1602-1603
|Champions
|Runners-up
|Third
|-
|align=center|1603-1604
|Champions
|Runners-up
|Third
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank
! Club
! Winners
! Runners-up
! Winning seasons
|-
|1
|'''NK Slovograd'''
|align="center"|13
|align="center"|8
|...
|-
|2
|'''ND Seznica'''
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|8
|...
|-
|3
|'''NK Brezedina'''
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|7
|...
|-
|4
|'''Slovograd 1566'''
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|5
|...
|-
|5
|'''FK Mazenskai'''
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|4
|...
|-
|6
|'''LKS Slawowo'''
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|4
|...
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Republican Cup (Mordvania)]]

Zargistan

2019-10-24T11:07:57Z

Hadash: /* Ga'bath Akhadic Republic */

'''Zargistan''', officially the '''People's State of Zargistan''', is a sovereign state in Near East. It is bordered to the west by [[Kyrzbekistan]] and to the northwest by [[A'Sir]].

== History ==
=== Economic depression ===
The government in Zargistan under the House of Kasmyr had become very unpopular by the early 1540s due to an economic recession which was affecting most parts of the country. [[Mirat]] [[Agar II]] blamed the economic recession on the [[Parliament of Zargistan]], claiming it had mismanaged the country's economic and natural resources. In 1549, Agar, already holding considerable political power as mirat, suspended Parliament and assumed vast emergency powers. He promised to fix the economy and restore Zargistan's prosperity.

Mirat Agar's Restoration of Economic Prosperity Plan was implemented almost immediately. Briefly, the economic reforms seemed to be working and the Zargistani economy improved slightly. However, by 1551 it had become clear that the economy was continuing its decline. The economy continued to deteriorate despite Agar's Plan until he was dethroned in 1554.

=== Mirat overthrown and rise of Abjul Takmir ===
As Mirat Agar's policies for economic recovery failed, the royal government became increasingly unpopular. An ambitious officer within the Army, General [[Abjul Takmir]], became a charismatic opposition leader to the Mirat's policies. He unified various factions within the military and the government that were opposed to Mirat Agar. In Marth of 1554, General Takmir sent a message to Agar, speaking as leader of the opposition, demanding his abdication as it was what "the people of Zargistan demand and deserve." Agar refused to even consider the idea of abdication. On Marth 21, 1554, Abjul Takmir ordered the soldiers under his command -- who were stationed near [[Tarkek]] -- to seize key government buildings throughout the capitol, including the royal palace. The Mirati Guard, an elite unit loyal personally to the Mirat, managed to smuggle Agar out of Tarkek and to places unknown. This became known as the [[Marth Revolution]] in Zargistan. Mirat Agar is in hiding to this day and his whereabouts are unknown. Statements from "Mirat Agar II Kasmyr" have been released onto the internet, claiming to be the Mirat, commenting on events in Zargistan.

After General Takmir successfully took control of the capitol and, in effect, the country, most of his opposition allies expected him to share power in the new interim government until a new constitution could be drafted. Initially, Takmir continued to cooperate with the other opposition factions while he quietly solidified his power as interim President by putting people loyal personally to him in key position in the government and armed forces. On Septem 8, 1554, President Takmir announced via a radio and television address that the governing coalition of former opposition groups had been disbanded. Takmir declared himself "Grand Marshal of Zargistan of the People's Army of Zargistan and President of the People's State". Within a month, most of the government leaders not personally loyal to Takmir and seen as a possible threat to his power were arrested. Officers not loyal to Takmir were discharged from the Army and arrested. A series of show trials were held in which most of those arrested were accused and convicted of treason and later executed or sentenced to life imprisonment. These trials became known as the "Tarkek Treason Trials".

=== Rule of Abjul Takmir ===
Abjul Takmir completely reorganized the Zargistani government after seizing complete power. The short-lived Republic of Zargistan was reorganized into the ''People's State of Zargistan''. The military was reorganized into the People's Army of Zargistan. The Republican Guard was created as a new, elite force that was totally loyal to Takmir and with the sole purpose of defending his regime, and Ismail Ghafurzai, a close friend to Takmir, was appointed its commander.

On Ochtyr 16, 1554, pro-Mirat protests in the city of Byzkhan rapidly transformed into a riot. After the local police department proved unable to contain the riot, Takmir ordered a division of the Republican Guard to move into the city and restore order on Ochtyr 18. By Ochtyr 19, the riots had been put down. The Zargistani government alleged that elements of the Mirati Guard had incited the riot and several people believed to have organized the original protest were arrested and charged with treason (they would be swiftly convicted and executed). Meanwhile, tribesmen, disillusioned with the revolutionary government, professed loyalty to the Mirat and declared open rebellion against the perceived illegitimate government of Abjul Takmir. The [[Jawadi Rebellion]] (named after the [[Jawad]] tribe) continued for the rest of 1554, however by early 1555 it was all but defeated.

Abjul Takmir resigned as President of the People's State of Zargistan in 1566, being replaced y Majeed Kakar. However, Takmir continued as Grand Marshal of Zargistan, being the de facto leader of the country until his death in 1569.

===Ga'bath Akhadic Republic===

Abjul Takmir died in 1569, and a power struggle followed between President Majeed Kakar and General Ismail Ghafurzai, who had replaced Abjul Takmir as Grand Marshall after his death. Kakar established an alliance with Bash'am al-Laham, who had been elected General Secretary of the Homeland Party -Zargistan's ruling party- in 1568. Al-Laham was the son of Nafed al-Laham, who had been Prime Minister from 1559 to 1564. Kakar appointed Bash'am al-Laham as Prime Minister and General Ismail Ghafurzai was forced to resign. However, after an insurrection led by the Republican Guard, Majeed Kakar was deposed and Bash'am al-Laham was announced as President.

President Bash'am al-Laham started a purge against Majeed Kakar's loyalists. However, a more violent purge was followed in the Armed Forces, which resulted in the execution of former Grand Marshall Ismail Ghafurzai and another one hundred Zargistani military officials.

In 1570, a new constitution was established, which further increased the powers of the president and the country was renamed as "Ga'bath Akhadic Republic". As Abjul Takmir and Majeed Kakar, Bash'am al-Laham started his rule as a secular president, even legalizing same-sex civil unions. However, by early 1580s, Bash'am al-Laham policies started to become more conservative. In 1589, the constitution was amended, and Akhadism became the official religion in Zargistan.

After 29 years in power, Bash'am al-Laham died in Marth 1598. He was replaced by Yunus Bozarslan, former Minister of Defense from 1584 to 1593, and Chief Minister since 1594.

== Demographics ==
=== Religion ===
The vast majority of the population of Zargistan are adherents of [[Akhadism]].
== Culture ==
For most of its history, social life in Zargistan has been centered around the tribe. However, the government of Abjul Takmir worked to gradually deemphasize tribal loyalty in favor of loyalty to the state. Despite this, tribes are still a powerful force in Zargistan. There are 164 identifiable tribes in Zargistan today and 26 tribal confederations.
=== Tribal structure ===
Each tribe is divided into clans, and each clan is divided into extended families (known as ''bükail''). The chief (''bashliq'') of a clan is chosen by the heads of the bükails (typically the oldest male member) from among themselves. The tribal chief is in turn chosen from among the clan chiefs. Tribes are sometimes organized into confederations (''birlik''), whereby multiple tribes form an alliance for their mutual security.
=== List of notable tribes and confederations ===
*[[Jawad]]
*[[Doruk]]
*[[Şebnem]]
*[[Tunur]]

Mordvania

2019-10-23T14:32:26Z

Hadash: /* History */

{{Infobox country
|micronation = 
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Mordvania
|native_name = Republika Mordvanija
|common_name = Mordvania
|status = 
|image_flag =
|alt_flag =
|flag_border = 
|flag_footnote = 
|image_flag2 = 
|alt_flag2 = 
|flag2_border = 
|image_coat = 
|alt_coat = 
|symbol_type = 
|symbol_footnote = 
|national_motto =
|englishmotto =
|national_anthem =
|royal_anthem =
|other_symbol_type = 
|other_symbol =
|image_map = 
|loctext = 
|alt_map = 
|map_caption = 
|image_map2 = 
|alt_map2 = 
|map_caption2 = 
|capital = Slovograd
|latd= | latm= | latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= 
|largest_city =
|largest_settlement_type = 
|largest_settlement = 
|official_languages = Mordvanian
|national_languages = 
|regional_languages = Bunesgan, Ashkuban, Kaljuran
|languages_type = 
|languages = 
|languages_sub = 
|languages2_type = 
|languages2 = 
|languages2_sub = 
|ethnic_groups = Mordvanian, Bunesgan, Ashkuban, Kaljuran
|ethnic_groups_year =
|nationalities =
|religion =
|demonym = Mordvanian
|government_type = Semi-presidential democratic republic
|leader_title1 = President of the Republic
|leader_name1 = [[Zvezdana Serebryak]]
|leader_title2 = President of the Republican Council
|leader_name2 = Bogdan Privsek

|leader_title14 = 
|leader_name14 =
|legislature = National Council
|upper_house = Chamber of Deputies
|lower_house = Assembly of Representatives
|sovereignty_type = History
|sovereignty_note =
|established_event1 = Kingdom of Osrednia
|established_date1 = 127-902
|established_event2 = Kingdom of Bunesga
|established_date2 = 334-1314
|established_event3 = Grand-Duchy of Nördenland
|established_date3 = 632-851
|established_event4 = Principality of Fürstenstadt
|established_date4 = 851-1279
|established_event5 = Kingdom of Mordvania
|established_date5 = 902-1365
|established_event6 = Kingdom of Abdania
|established_date6 = 1279-1369
|established_event7 = Kingdom of Abdania and Mordvania
|established_date7 = 1369-1566
|established_event8 = '''Republic of Mordvania'''
|established_date8 = 1566-Today
|established_event9 = 
|established_date9 =
|area_rank =
|area_magnitude =
|area =
|area_km2 =
|area_sq_mi = 
|area_footnote = 
|percent_water =
|area_label =Total
|area_label2 = 
|area_data2 = 
|population_estimate =
|population_estimate_rank =
|population_estimate_year =
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_density_rank =
|nummembers = 
|GDP_PPP =
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_year = 1578
|GDP_PPP_per_capita =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal =
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_year =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|Gini =
|Gini_ref = 
|Gini_rank =
|Gini_year =
|HDI_year =
|HDI =
|HDI_change = 
|HDI_rank =
|HDI_ref = 
|currency =
|currency_code =
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = 
|time_zone_DST = 
|utc_offset_DST = 
|DST_note = 
|antipodes = 
|date_format =
|drives_on =
|cctld =
|iso3166code =
|calling_code =
|patron_saint = 
|image_map3 = 
|alt_map3 = 
|footnote_a = 
|footnote_b = 

|footnote_h = 
|footnotes = 
}}

'''Mordvania''' (Mordvanian: Mordvanija), officially the '''Republic of Mordvania''' (Republika Mordvanija), is a country in Eastern Brigidna, bordered by Saratov to the north, and Ceribia and Videjszeme to the south. The total area of Mordvania is 410,264.71 square kilometres, making it the 32th largest country in the world and the 5th largest in Brigidna. With a population of over 69 million people, Mordvania is the 29th most populous country in the world and the 8th most poulous country in Brigidna, as well as the 3rd most populous nation with a Vostic ethnic majority. The Republic of Mordvania is an unitary state divided into 33 administrative departments.

==History==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; width=100%; line-height:19px;"
|-
! width=1%|No.
! width=25%|President (Birth–Death)
! width=5%|Portrait
! width=8%|Elected
! colspan="2" width=25%|Term of office
! width=20%|Political party
|- style="background:#cccccc"
! colspan=7 | Chairman of the Council Defense (1544-1578)
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:#0BDA51; color:white;" | 1
| '''[[Bozidor Strnad]]'''<ref>Bozidar Strnad was appointed Chairman of the Council of Defense, the ''de facto'' head of state, during the republican revolution of 1544. After the abolition of the monarchy, he was reelected in 1546, 1550, and 1557. In 1571, he was elected for another seven-year term.</ref> (1509-1588)
| [[File:Josip_Broz_Tito_Bihać_1942.jpg|80px]]
| Alvan, 1545
| 1544 1571
| 1564 1578
| bgcolor=#D0F0C0| Armed Forces / Independent
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:#4A452A; color:white;" | 2
| '''Milan Kravanja''' (1872–1918)
|
| Alvan, 1564
| 1564
| 1571
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa| Republican Social Radical Party

|- style="background:#cccccc"
! colspan=7 | Presidents of the Republic (1578-present)
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:pink; color:white;" | 3
| '''[[Bozidar Strnad]]''' (1509-1588)
| [[File:Josip_Broz_Tito_Bihać_1942.jpg|80px]]
| 1578
| 1578
| 1584
| bgcolor=#ddeeff| Independent
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:pink; color:white;" | 4
| '''[[Zvezdana Serebryak]]''' (1533)
| [[File:Гришаева Нонна.jpg|80px]]
| Marth, 1584
| 1584
| 1590
| bgcolor=#ddeeff| Left Party
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:pink; color:white;" | 5
| '''Aljaz Martelj''' (1529)
| [[File:Miro_Cerar_2018.jpg|80px]]
| Marth, 1590
| 1590
| 1596
| bgcolor=#ddeeff| Mordvanian Republican Party
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:#4A452A; color:white;" | 6
| Agnieszka Szczepanska (1555)
| [[File:Magdalena_Ogórek_(2018).jpg|80px]]
| Marth, 1596
| 1596
| 1602
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa| Centre Democratic Party
|}

===Kingdom of Mordvania===

The Kingdom of Mordvania was established in the 9th centuries, consolidating in the following two centuries. After the Battle of Dzvalktia (957), in which the Mordvanian army defeated a coalition of Bunesgan forces assited by Videjszeme, the Kingdom of Mordvania expanded to the west, annexing the Kingdom of Bunesgan a decade later.

However, in the 12th century, the kingdom faced a two-decades long political crisis. Bogdan IV, the last monarch of the House of Urbanek, died without a successor in 1149, unleashing a civil war. In 1152, Atharik von Greuthen, a Geinic noble, was crowned, starting the Greuthen-Hansen Dinasty, which lasted until 1544.

At the beginning of the 13th century, a coalition of Mordvanian, Biyran, and Geinic forces defeated the Saratovian army, which resulted in the annexation of the Grand-Duchy of Pomerevne by the Kingdom of Mordvania, and the recovery lands lost a century before. The following century was characterized by religious, ethnic, and social tensions, but it was relatively peaceful compared to previous centuries.

Under the reign of Atharik I the Great (1343-1374), the state was further centralized, the power of the Mordvanian nobility was considerably reduced, and military and political alliances forged with western and central Brigidnan states. His succesors, his sons Ekkehard I and Konrad II, loosened relations with the Sentric Church and allowed religious toleration, and continued a policy of containment regarding Saratov and Severyane.

However, in the late 14th century and 15th century, after liberal and constitutional reforms failed, there was increasing economic and political stagnation, and the monarchy became increasingly questioned by several social groups and political movements.

===Republican revolution===

In the early 1540s, the Kingdom of Mordvania was hit by an economic crisis. This worsened in early 1543, when bad weather led to bad harvest and a collapse of the agriculture exports. The government attempted to stabilize the currency but this failed, and the economic entered in depression. The government rejected demands of reform, and attempted to crush any protest by the use of the force. King Kyvenbrecht I was becoming more and more unpopular.

Protests turned increasingly violent, and there were riots in several cities, including Seznica, Brezedina, Visnja, and others. King Kyvenbrecht appointed General Burkhard Voltz as Prime Minister. Voltz proclaimed the state of emergency and the armed forces were mobilized. In Prindz, the Royal Legion opened fire against protstors, and more than 50 people were killed on Marth 1544. Thousands were arrested, tried in military courts, and sent to prison. Rumours of torture and summary executions spread, but it did not stop the protests. Soon, they spread to the main cities of the country, including Sladhaven.

On Zechyr 16, a sailors' revolt started in Amberg, one of the main ports of the Royal Navy. Some crews refused to obey orders from officials, and sailors on board three ships from the Second Navy Squadron commited outright mutiny and sabotage. They demanded the resignation of Voltz's government and political reform. Soon, the movement spread through most of the Navy. Prime Minister Voltz denounced an "anti-monarchist coup d'etat" that "will be punished without mercy". But the Naval Command was powerless, as the revolt spread in other ports and urban centers of the coast, and local committees formed by sailors and workers were created, joining the movement and asking more political demands, which included the end of the martial and law and constitutional reforms. In the following days, the country witnessed the largest demonstrations in the nation's history in the main cities and towns of the Kingdom.

Prime Minister Voltz resigned, and Count Faramund Guldenlew was appointed Prime Minister. Although he didn't accept the demands of the sailors, the martial law was withdraw. This did not end the protests, rather the contrary, and finally Prime Minister Guldenlew promised elections for a Royal Parliament. However, the system proposed -through the three-class system established between 1488 and 1509, and with limited suffrage for married women over 33 years old- did not satisfy the demands of the opposition.

On Septem 24, a large demonstration in Mestarka, the Kingdom's capital city, ended in front of the Parliament building. The demonstration was lead by a member of the Radical Union, which demanded the resignation of the government and real democratic elections. The Armed Forces were mobilized and they were given the order to restore the order at any cost. However, Lieutenant-Colonel Bozidar Strnad, who had been sent to restore the order, refused to obey. Instead, he read a declaration, supported by other 14 officers of the Armed Forces, which was addressed to both the monarch and the army, and included several demands, which included the resignation of the current government, the dissolution of the royal parliament, the release of all political prisoners, and the creation of a military-led Provisional government until new elections to a Constituent Assembly were called. As soon as the declaration was made, several garrisons and officers expressed their support to the declaration. Only a few military garrison openly condemned the resolution and announced their loyalty to the monarch, with rest remaining either silent or neutral. Prime Minister Guldenlew announced his resignation, and King Kyvenbrecht I left the capital city the next day.

On Septem 28, Kyvenbrecht arrived to Ukmerberg where he was received by a group of loyal military officers. Meanwhile, in the city of Mazenskai, there were calls for Bunesgan independence. The monarch denounced the recent events as a coup d'etat, and promised to defend the nation's territorial integrity. The next week, a seven-member military council was announced in charge of both the Armed Forces and the state, while elections for a Constituent Assembly were announced.

On early Nueva, elections were held in the territory controlled by the revolutionary forces. The turnout was considerably low, as monarchist and conservatives forces decided to boycott the election. The republican and liberal parties obtained a large majority.

On Nueva 11th, Lieutenant-Colonel Bozidar Strnad, as a representative of the Council of Defense, met with representatives of all the remaining political forces, and gave an speech to the Constituent Assembly which was openly anti-monarchist. A resolution denouncing the monarch as "guilty of high treason" and abolishing the monarchy was passed by a simple majority of the members of the Constituent Assembly. As a result, King Kyvenbrecht I was stripped of all his titles and powers, and the Council of Defense became the collective head of state of the republic, with both legislative and executive powers. A second decree declared the suspension of the Constituent Assembly until order was restored, and the formation of a transitional government -known as the Republican Council- with representation of as many political parties as possible. The Republican Council was aimed to deal with the economic and domestic policy, although all the military and law enforcement powers were transferred to the Council of Defense. A third resolution, known as the "People's Act" was passed, calling for a new national election as soon as possible in vague terms.

On Nueva 20th, the Council of Defense announced that the capital city of the Kingdom was transferred from Mestarka to Sladhaven, which was later renamed as Slovograd.

A four-month civil war followed, until monarchist forces under the leadership of Baron Erdhoch were defeated by the Republican Army in Ryban on Elva 4. Two months later, separatist forces -which failed to get any foreign support- would be defeated in Mazenskai.

On 10 Alvan 1545, local elections were called, in which the republican parties obtained a landslide in the main cities.

===Republic of Mordvania===

The country was still under an economic depression, and political differences increasingly arose inside the Republican Council. Liberal and moderate ministers announced their resignation, as they were opposed to the start of the trial of King Kivenbrecht before the end of the constitutional process. The new Mordvanian government was almost a fully Republican-led government. The government passed a more interventionist economic porgram, with the nationalization of the main economic sectors, an agrarian reform, and an ambitious program of economic reconstruction. A Constitutional Committee had been appointed to draft a new constitution, but it was highly divided and discussions advanced very slowly.

On 21 Alvan 1567, Chairman Bozidar Strnad announced a legislative proposal which consisted in extending the existence of the Council of Defense, with renewed powers. The proposal was justified, he argued, in the lack of improvement in the negotiations between the democratic forces. Some political parties opposed such proposal, but the Council of Defense forced the call of a referendum about it. Bozidar Strnad declared that if the proposal was rejected, he would step down as both Chairman and member of the Council of Defense -although the dissolution of the Council of Defense was not guaranteed. On Marth 22, the referendum was organized, and the proposal was approved by 76.8% of the citizens, not entirely surprising as Strnad had become one of the most popular Mordvanian officials during the revolution.

Some members of the Constitutional Committee decided to resigned afterwards, but negotiations continued nevertheless. On Marth 27, King Kyvenbrecht I was tried for high treason and sentenced to death. He would be executed on Fein 8th. A day later, the Council of Defense declared the abolition of the death penalty in the Republic of Mordvania. On 19 Fein 1545, a referendum approved the final draft of the constitution, heavily inspired by Mordvanian republicanism, and establishing an unitary republic, which included and consolidated the existence of the Council of Defense, although with limited powers, was passed by 88.2% of the vote. On Zechyr 12, the Chairman of the Council of Defense announced national legislative elections.

'''First Bogdan Privsek's administration'''

The 1567 legislative election gave a majority to moderate republican parties. Then Minister of Foreigh Affairs and leader of the center-right Mordvanian Republican Party Bogdan Privsek became President of the Republican Council replacing Vanik. The Mordvanian Republican Party formed a coalition government with Vanik's National Republican Party. The Council of Defense retain much influence over Privek's government, specially on national security and defense. A military officer, Srecko Pidansek, became Minister of Defense, while the first chairman of the Republican Guard -the military police which responded to the Council of Defense rather than to the Republican Council- Milan Kravanja was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Kravanja, unlike Pidansek -who was considered non-partisan- was a well-known sympathizer of left-republican parties such as the Republican Social Radical Party.

The government focused mostly to improve and stabilize the economic situation, although tensions increased with the Kaljuran military dictatorship which, although had remained neutral during the civil war, now seemed to feel threatened by Mordvania's republican government. In 1567, Milan Kravanja resigned as Minister of Foreign Affairs, being replaced by Aljaz Martelj from the Mordvanian Republican Party, as he aimed to contest for the leadership of the Republican Social Radical Party.

The 1570 legislative election resulted in a collapse of the National Republican Democratic Party, but the Mordvanian Republican Party strengthened its position as the most voted political party, defeated the Republican Social Alliance -a left-wing electoral coalition- in more than twelve points. Privsek continued as President of the Republican Council, although under a minority government, for the next three years.

Privsek's government was relatively successful, with constant economic growth already on 1571 and establishing a limited welfare state. However, some minister found involved in mismanagement and corruption cases, which weakened the popularity of the government.

'''The Republican-Socialist coalition'''

Unexpectedly, the far-left United Progressive Socialist Party, led by [[Zvezdana Serebryak]], defeated the Mordvanian Republican Party in the 1573 legislative elections. A United Progressive Socialist Party-Republican Social Radical Party coalition government was established, with Milan Kravanja as President of the Republican Council, and Serebryak as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

'''Kaljuran civil war'''

'''Second Bogdan Privsek's administration'''

'''1582 constitutional reform'''

'''1584 presidential election'''

==Geography==

Mordvania's territory extends across several geographical regions, between latitudes 44º and 52º N, and longitudes 67º and 78º E. In the north-east is the Viska Bay, which extend from Wojek to Dodzyn. In the south-east is the Biyran Sea. This coast, the second largest of the country, is marked by several spits, coastal lakes (former bays that have been cut off from the sea), and dunes. On the north-west, there is the colder Laural Sea coast. Mordvania has three large islands: Nardensk and Severna in the Laural Sea, and the island of Utrbdak, which harbours a military base and a notorious prison, in the Biyran Sea.

The west and parts of the central regions of the country lie within the North Brigidnan Plain. Rising above these lowlands is a geographical region comprising several hilly districts of moraines and moraine-dammed lakee. This southern lakes, along the regions of Seznica, Prindz, and Paviemes, covers much of south-western Mordvania. East of the Northern Brigidnan Plain are the north-eastern region of Hbribovnat, which are marked by broad ice-age river valleys. Farther east is a mountainous region, between Opoblina and Brezedina, known as the Pristenled Mountains. In the south-east, there are the Visnjek, Svetloba, and Zelena valleys, a highly fertile region which is crossed by the Dolga river, one of the longest of Brigidna. The Dolga river ends in the Vodena estuary, on the Biyran Sea.

===Geology===

The moraine landscape of central Mordvania contains soils made up mostly of sand and loam, while the ice age river valleys of the east often contain loess. The north-east region consist of limestone, while the Pristen region and most of the south-east are made up mainly of granite and basalts. The Pristenmord Chain has one of the oldest rock formation on the continent of Brigidna.

Mordvania has 67 mountains over 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) in elevation, all in the Pristen region. The Mordvanian Pristen, which consist of the Pristenled Mountains and Western Pristen, is the highest mountain group of Mordvania. In the Pristenled Mountains lies Mordvania's highest point, the north-eastern summit of Vzhod, 2,4999 metres (8,199 ft) in elevation. At its foot lies the mountain lakes of Moder and Nebo.

The second highest mountain group is the Jugan Mountains in the south-west, the highest point of which are Mati Kamen, at 1,725 metres (5,659 ft.), Akmuas at 1,603 metres (5,259 ft) and Trdan at 1,425 metres (4,675 ft). The Jugan Mountains are well-known for its interesting rock formations and the Svetland National Park, the largest of the country.

The lowest point in Mordvania, at 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) below sea level, is at the Prozoren Plain, near Slawowo on the Dolgan Delta.

Nearby Snogen region in the southwestern Mordvania is an area of sparsely vegetated sand known as the Gnilna Desert. It covers an area of 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi). It is not a natural desert but results from human activity from the Middle Ages onward.

The Laural Sea activity in Lepovika National Park, in the north-west between the Sever and Visak rivers, created sand dunes which in the course of time separated the bay from the sea creating two lakes. As waves and wind carry sand inland the dunes slowly move, at a rate of 3 to 10 metres (9.8 to 32.8 ft) meters per year. Some dunes reach the height of up to 30 metres (98 ft). The highest peak of the park is Peščen (155 metres or 377 feet above sea level).

===Waters===

The Dolga river is one of the longest of the country. The Dolga river has been used since early times for navigation. The longest rivers on Mordvanian territory are the Visak and Sever rivers, on the north-west region, which flow into the Laural Sea.

In the valley of Moder river in southwestern Mordvania there is an unique natural karst spring of water containing calcium salts, that is an object of protection in the Serebrna Zemlija Natural Park. The origin of the name of the area, known as Modern Vzmet, that means Blue Springs, comes from the fact that red waves are absorbed by water and only blue and green are reflected from the bottom of the spring, giving that atypical colour.

Eastern Mordvania contains more than 2,000 lakes, being one the regions with the highest numbers of lakes in Brigidna. The largest lakes, covering more than 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi), are Lake Polkja, Lake Slovo, and Lake Luknja. Lakes have always played an important role in Mordvanian history and continue to be of great importance to today's modern Mordvanian society. The ancestors of today's Mordvanians, the Mordvanes, built their first fortresses on islands nearby the Zadna river, in north-east Mordvania. The legendary Prince Bogdanek ruled from Nebesa tower erected on the Lake Crna. The first historically documented ruler of the Kingdom of Osrednia, King Srecko I, had his palace on an island in the Visak river as well. Nowadays the Mordvanian lakes provide a location for the pursuit of water sports such as yachting and wind-surfing.

About two-thirds of Mordvania's coastline extends along the Biyran Sea, while the other half extends along the eastern coastline of the Biyran Sea. For the most part, the Biyra Sea has a smooth coastline, which has been shaped by the continental movement of sand by currents and winds. On the Biyran coast, continual erosion and deposition has formed cliffs and spits, many of which have migrated landwards to clsoe off former lagoons, such as Novak Lake in Redko National Park.

===Land use===

Mordvania is the second most forested country in Northern Brigidna. Forests cover about 29.8% of Mordvania's land. Its overall percentage has slightly and constantly increased since the 1570s. Forests of Mordvania are managed by the republican program of reforestation (Prorepog), aiming at an increase of forest-cover to 32% in 1600. The richness of Mordvanian forest (according to 1580 government statistics) is more than twice as high as Marzannan average. The largest forest complex in Mordvania is Upper Moder Wilderness.

More than 1% of Mordvania's territory is proctected within 24 Mordvanian national parks. In addition, wetlands along lakes and rivers in southern and central Mordvania are legally protected, as are coastal areas in the north-west. There are over 130 areas designated as landscape parks, along with numerous nature reserves and other protected areas.

Since the agrarian reforms of 1545-1548 and the economic reforms in the early 1570s, Mordvanian agriculture has performed extremely well and the country has over five million private farms. It is the leading producer in Brigidna of potatoes and rye, Siora's second largest producer of wheat, and one of the more important producers of barley, oats, sugar beets, flax, dill, and fruits. Mordvania is also fourth largest supplier of beef and goat cheese in the region.

===Biodiversity===

Many animals that have died out in other parts of Brigidna still survive in Mordvania, such as the Brigidnan bison in the ancient woodland of the Preckala Forest, in southern Mordvania. Other such species include the brown bear in the Western Pristen, the gray wolf in the Jogan Mountains and the crimson lynx in various forests, the wild beaver in the Severdno and Visnja regions, and the northern moose in the northeastern forests.

In the forests, one also encounters game animals, such as red deer, black deer and wild boars, In southern Mordvania there are a number of ancient woodlands, like Preckala forest, that have never been cleared or have been disturbed much by people. There are also large forested areas in the southwestern and central mountainous regions.

Mordvania is also an important breeding ground for a variety of Brigidnan migratory birds, which often cross Marzanna toward West and South Brigidna. Out of all the migratory birds who come to West Brigidna for the summer, one quarter of the Brigidnan population of grey storks live in Mordvania, particularly in the lake districts and the wetlands along the Dolga river, which are part of nature reserves or national parks.

===Climate===

The climate is mostly temperate throughout the country. The climate is oceanic in the north and west and becomes gradually warmer and continental towards the south and west. Summers are generally warm, with average temperatures between 18°C and 30°C depending on a region. Winters are rather cold, with average temperatures around 3°C in the northwest and −10°C in the northeast. Precipitation falls throughout the year, although, especially in the east; winter is drier than summer.

The warmest region in Mordvania are Bunesgan Plain located in south-western Mordvania where temperatures in the summer average between 24 and 32°C but can go as high as 35 to 38°C on some days in the warmest month of Zechyr and Septem. The warmest cities in Mordvania are Snogen, which is situated in south-west Mordvania, and Paviemes, which is located in southern Mordvania. The average temperatures in Paviemes are 20°C in the summer and 0°C in the winter, but Snogen has the longest summer in all of Mordvania, which lasts for 120 days, from mid-Fein to early-Nueva.

The coldest region of Mordvania is in the northeast in the Wojek voyvodeship on the Viska Bay. The climate is affected by cold fronts which come from Karjelinn and Marzanna. The average temperature in the winter in Wojek ranges from −10 to −42°C. The biggest impact of the oceanic climate is observed in the Laural Sea seashore area from Amsberg to Wojek

==Administrative Divisions==
===Voyvodeships===

==Governance and Politics==

The Republic of Mordvania was established in 1544, during the Republican revolution of 1544-1545. The constitution of the Republic of Mordvania was approved by referendum on 19 Fein 1545. The constitution established an unitary republic and the first democratic government in Mordvanian history, granted the Armed Forces with an important but limited influence, and it was heavily influenced by [[Mordvanian republicanism]]. The Mordvanian constitution would be considerably amended in the 1582 constitutional reform, which reduced and removed the influence of the Armed Forces in the political process, strengthen the power of the national parliament, and effectively establishing a semi-presidential system.

===Political System===

The Republic of Mordvania is an unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Mordvanian constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document. In the Mordvanian republican system, citizens are usually subject to two levels of government: national and local. The local government's duties are commonly split between departments and voyvodeships. The constitution establishes that the Assembly of Representatives (Lower House of the parliament) must be elected under a proportional system, while local's government executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by districts, and there is no proportional representation at the local level, with the exception of department's councils.

The national government is composed of three branches:
*Legislative: The bicameral parliament, made up of the Assembly of Representaties (Lower House) and the Chamber of Deputies (Upper House), makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties and the annual budget, and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.
*Executive: The President is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law (subjet to parliamentary override), and nominate and appoints the President of the Republican Council (with the approval of the Assembly of Representatives) the national cabinet, and other officers, who administer and enforce national laws and policies.
*Judicial: The Constitutional Court, whose judges are appointed by the President with parliamentary approval, and the national and local courts, interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.

The Assembly of Representatives has 599 voting members, elected by national proportional representation for a three-year term.

The Chamber of Deputies has 444 members. Unlike the Assembly of Representatives, the members of the Chamber of Deputies are not elected by suffrage, by they are allocated by lot for a one-year term. This process, known as sortition, selects the deputies of the Upper House of the parliament from a larger pool of local representatives. The logic behind this sortition process originates from the idea that sortition strengthens political participation and local governance. The competences of the Chamber of Deputies, however, are limited to approve the national budget, to review and propose laws to the Assembly of Representatives, and to pass or block constitutional amends. The Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies is directly appointed by the President, but the Chairman only votes when it is necessary to break a tie. As consequence of the sortition process, the composition of the Chamber of Deputies changes every year.

The executive branch itself has two leaders: the President of the Republic, currently [[Zvezdana Serebryak]], who is head of state and is elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a 6-year term, and the Republican Council, led by the president-appointed President of the Republican Council (head of the government). The President of the Republic can not be reelected.

The local governments have an important number of competences on taxation, education, healthcare, and welfare. The members of the voyvodeship (local government) are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by districts, while the voyvode (head of the local government) is directly elected in a two-round system, similarly as the president is elected. Departments (regional government) elect their own lawmakers as well, although they have very limited competences and powers compared to the voyvodeships. The head of a department, known as governor, is directly appointed by the President, but they have a rather symbolical role.

The Constitutional Court, led by the President of the Constitutional Court, has nine members, who serve until retirement at 70-year old.

===Judicial System===

The judiciary of Mordvania is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the Republic of Mordvania. The judiciary of Mordvania is considered independent from the executive, as the constitution establishes a clear separation of powers.

The Mordvanian legal system is a civil law mostly based on a comprehensive compendium of legal codes. In criminal and administrative law, Mordvania uses an inquisitorial system where the judges are actively involved in investigating the facts of the case, as compared to an adversarial system where the role of the judge is primarily that of an impartial referee between the prosecutor or plaintiff and the defendant. Rather than allowing cross-examination between the defense and prosecutors, the judges conduct the majority of the trial. During a trial, the parties are expected to give all their evidence to the judges, who will then call forward and question the witnesses, after which the defense counsel and prosecutor may question the witnesses.

In Mordvania, judges follow a distinct career path. At the end of their legal education at university, all law students must pass a state examination before they can continue on to an apprenticeship that provides them with broad training in the legal profession over two years. They then must pass a second state examination that qualifies them to practice law. At that point, the individual can choose either to be a lawyer or to enter the judiciary. Judicial candidates start working at courts immediately. However, they are subjected to a probationary period of up to five years before being appointed as judges for life.

The judicial system is established and governed by article 27 of the Mordvanian constitution, that states that "the judicial power shall be vested in the judges; it shall be exercised by the Constitutional Court, by the National Courts of Justice, and the regional and local courts". Unlike other countries, Mordvania's judiciary is not subordinated to the legislature, the constitution directly invests supreme judicial power in the Constitutional Court as well as other national, regional, and local courts, decisional law has greater importance, though not to the extent of common law systems.

There are five basic types of courts, plus the Constitutional Court and the National Courts of Justice:
*Ordinary courts, dealing with criminal and most civil cases
*Administrative law courts
*Tax law courts
*Labour law courts
*Social law courts

In Mordvania, there is no de jure single supreme court. Instead, cases are handled by numerous national courts, depending on their nature. When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the National Court of Justice is at the top of the hieararchy of courts. The other branches of the Mordvanian judiciary system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a national high court; these are the National Social Court for matters of social security, the National Labour Court for employment and labour, the National Finance Court for taxation and financial issues, and the National Administrative Court for administrative law. The so-called Joint Senate of the National Courts of Justice -formed by the National Court of Justice and the other National Courts- is not a surpreme court in itself, but an ad-hoc body that is convened in only when one high court intends to diverge from another high court's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court. As the courts have well-defined areas of responsibility, situations like these are rather rare and so, the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently, and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory.

The main difference between the Constitutional Court and the National Courts of Justice is that the Constitutional Court may only be called if a constitutional matter within a case is in question (e.g., a possible violation of human rights in a criminal trial), while the National Courts of Justice may be called in any case. Only the Constitutional Court can declare an Act of Parliament invalid.

The Constitutional Court is the supreme constitutional court of the Republic of Mordvania, estabished by the constitution. Since 1567, the Constitutional Court has been located in the city of Brezedina -intentionally distanced from the other national institutions in Slavograd and other cities.

The main task of the Constitutional Court is judicial review, and it may declare legislation unconstitutional, thus rendering them ineffective. The main task of the court is judicial review, and it may declare legislation unconstitutional, thus rendering them ineffective. In this respect, it is similar to other supreme courts with judicial review powers, yet the court possesses a number of additional powers, and is regarded as among the most interventionist and powerful national courts in the region. Unlike other supreme courts, the constitutional court is not an integral stage of the judicial or appeals process (aside from cases concerning constitutional or public international law), and does not serve as a regular appellate court from lower courts or the National Courts of Justice.

The Constitutional Court's jurisdiction is focused on constitutional issues and the compliance of all governmental institutions with the constitution. Constitutional amendments or changes passed by the Parliament are subject to its judicial review, since they have to be compatible with the most basic principles of the Constitution defined by the constitution preamble's and first ten articles. For example, in 1582 the Constitutional Court declared that a constitutional amend aimed to introduce a mixed electoral system in which half of the Assembly of Representatives' seats were to be elected by first-past-the-post system was unconstitutional.

The Constitutional Court is able to actively administer the law and ensure that political and bureaucratic decisions comply with the rights of the individual enshrined in the constitution. Specifically, it can vet the democratic and constitutional legitimacy of bills proposed by federal or state government, scrutinise decisions (such as those relating to taxation) by the administration, arbitrate disputes over the implementation of law between local governments and the national government, and (most controversially) ban non-democratic political parties. The Constitutional Court's practice of enormous constitutional control frequency on the one hand, and the continuity in judicial restraint and political revision on the other hand, have created a unique defender of the Constitution and given it a significant role in Mordvania's modern democracy.

The Constitutional Court's are nominated by the President of the Republic, and elected by the Assembly of Representatives and the Chamber of Deputies. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Mordvania. The selection of a judge requires a two-thirds vote. The judges are elected until retirement, as the Mordvanian constitution established they must retire upon reaching the age of 70. Most judges previously served as an academic jurist at a university, as a public servant or as a lawyer. After ending their term, most judges withdraw themselves from public life.

Ordinary courts are the most numerous by far. Currently there are 799 ordinary courts (644 local, 114 regional, 40 appellate, one national), 101 labour courts (85 local, 15 appellate, one national), 55 administrative courts (33 local, 21 regional, one national), 11 tax courts (10 local, one national), and 74 social courts (59 local, 14 regional, one national).

===Foreign Relations===
===Armed Forces===

==Economy==

Mordvania's economy is considered to be one of the Brigidnan economies with the fasted growing in the last two decades. Since the fall of the Abdanian monarchy, Mordvania has pursued a policy of mixed economy, with important state investment, a strong domestic market, a flexible currency, and not being dependent on a sigle export sector. Except in the years 1575-1578, the country has experienced constant economic growth. The country's most successful exports include machinery, cars, weaponry, pharma products, furniture, food products, clothing, shoes and cosmetics. Mordvania's largest trading partners are Biyra and Florinthus.

The first but specially the second Bogdan Privsek's administrations have pursued a policy of market liberatization and labour market reform, only partially reduced during the left-wing coalition governments of 1573-1579. Restructuring and privatisation of "sensitive sectors" such as coal, steel, rail transport and energy has been continuing since 1580. The biggest privatizations have been the sale of the national telecoms firm Mordtelekom to Kacije Corporation in 1582, and an issue of 35% of the shares in Morvania's largest bank, Mordbank, on the Mordvanian stockmarket in 1583.

Mordvania is recognized as having an economy with development potential, overtaking Biyra and Kazemura in the early-1580s to become Brigidna's ninth largest economy, and 20th worldwide. The Mordvanian banking sector is the largest in North Brigidnan region, with 41.2 branches per 100,000 adults. The banks are the largest and most developed sector of the country's financial markets. They are regulated by the Mordvanian Financial Authority. Mordvania's bankingsector approxiamately 6 national banks, a network of nearly 900 cooperative banks and 10 branches of foreign-owned banks. In addition, foreign investors have controlling stakes in nearly 20 commercial banks, which make up 40% of the banking capital. Since the early-1580s, Mordvanian banks have heavily expanded in East Kaljurand, adquiring many Kaljuran banks and companies.

Mordvania has a large number of private farms in its agricultural sector, with the potential to become a leading producer of food in the Brigidnan market. The biggest money-makers abroad include smoked and fresh fish, fine chocolate, and dairy products, meats and specialty breads, with the exchange rate conducive to export growth. Structural reforms in health care, education, the pension system, and state administration have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Mestarka leads North Brigidna in foreign investment. GDP growth had been strong and steady from 1572 with only a short slowdown from 1575 to 1578.

Average salaries in the enterprise sector in Vintyr 1583 were 4,000 kovens ($1,801) and growing sharply. Salaries vary between the regions: the median wage in the capital city Slovograd was 4,637 kovens, while in Brezedina it was 3,971 kovens, and up to 4,801 kovens in Mestarka. There is a wide distribution of salaries among the various voyvodeships of Mordvania. They range from 2,891 kovens in Paviemes to 4,697 in the Mestarka voyvodeship.

During and after the 1566-1567 civil war, Mordvanian experienced a mass emigration of over 4 million abroad, most of them ethnic Abdanians and Bunesgans. The out migration, while it sank the country on economic depression until 1572, has increased the average wages for the workers who remained in Mordvania, in particular for those with intermediate and high level skills.

Products and goods manufactured in Mordvania include: electronics, buses and trams, helicopters and planes, trains, ships, military weaponry and equipment, medicines, food, clothes, glass, pottery , chemical products and others. Mordvania is also one of the world's biggest producers of copper, silver and coal, as well as potatoes, wheat, rye, rape seed, cabbage, dill, apples, strawberries and ribes.

===Corporations===

Mestarka Stock Exchange is one of North Brigidna largest exchanges by market capitalization. Mordvania is recognized as a regional economic leader within North Brigidna, with nearly 48 percent of the 500 biggest companies in the region (by revenues) as well as a high globalisation rate. The country's largest firm comprise the MORD30 index, which is traded on the Mestarka Stock Exchange.

Well known Mordvanian brands include, among others...

The list includes the largest companies by turnover in 1584 (excluding banks and insurance companies):

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%; margin:auto; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="text-align:center;"| Rank 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| Corporation|| style="text-align:center;"| Sector|| style="text-align:center;"| Headquarters|| style="text-align:center;"| Revenue (thousand kovens)|| style="text-align:center;"| Profit (thousand kovens)|| style="text-align:center;"| Employees
|-
| 1. || style="text-align:left;"| Name|| style="text-align:left;"| oil and gas|| style="text-align:left;"| Mestarka || 79 037 121|| 2 396 447|| 4,445
|-
|}

===Tourism===

Mordvania experienced an increase in the number of tourists after organizing the football Brigidnan Cup in 1569. Tourism contributes significantly to Mordvania's overall economy and makes up to a relatively large proportion of the country's service market.

Tourist attractions in Mordvania vary, from the mountains in the south and central Mrodvania to the beaches in the north and east, with a trail of nearly every architectural style, which combined West Brigidnan with Marzannan influences. The most visited city is Mestarka, which was the formed capital of the Kingdom of Abdania and Mordvania (officially named as Fürstendstadt until 1566). Mestarka once held royal coronations of every Abdanian monarch since the 12th century. Among other notable sites in the country is the capital city of the republic, Slovograd; the cities of Slawowo and Brezedina, and the southeastern town of Visnja, one of the oldest cities in Mordvania. The twons of Slawowo, Seznica, Prindz, and Mazenskai were extensively reconstructed after wartime destruction during the 1566-1567 civil war. Other cities attracting tourists include Opoblina, Wojek, Amsberg, Chlyb, Snogen, Dodzyn, and Paviemes.

Mordvania is the 14th most visited country in the world by foreign tourists, as ranked by Sioran Tourism Organization (STO). Biyra, Saratov, and Florinthus were the top three countries of origin for visitors in 1582. Moreover, according to the Republican Statistical Office, tourism in Mordvania increases at an annual rate of 11%.

Mordvania's main tourist offerings include outdoor activities such as skiing, sailing, mountain hiking and climbing, as well as agrotourism, sightseeing historical monuments. Tourist destinations include the Laural Sea coast in the north and Biyran Sea coast in the east; the 1 Lake District and 2 Forest in the east; on the south 3, the 4 Mountains and the 5 Mountains, where 6, the highest peak of Mordvania, and the famous 7 mountain trail are located. The 8 and 9 Mountains lie in the extreme south-east. There are over 220 castles in the country, many in the 10 Voivodeship and along the popular 11.

===Energy===

The electricity generation sector in Mordvania is largely fossil-fuel–based. The three largest Mordvanian coal mining firms extract around 300 million tonnes of coal annually. All three of these companies are key constituents of the Mestarka Stock Exchange's lead economic indexes.

Renewable forms of energy account for a smaller but increasing proportion of Mordvania's full energy generation capacity. However, the Republican Council has set targets for the development of renewable energy sources in Mordvania which should see the portion of power produced by renewable resources climb to 15% by 1590 and 40% by 1600. This is to be achieved mainly through the construction of wind farms and a number of hydroelectric stations.

Mordvania has around 200,000,000,000 m3 of proven natural gas reserves and around 200,000,000 barrels of proven oil reserves. These reserves are exploited by energy supply companies such as MKG. However, the small amounts of fossil fuels naturally occurring in Mordvania is insufficient to satisfy the full energy consumption needs of the population. Therefore, the country is a net importer of oil and natural gas.

===Transport===

Transport in Mordvania is provided by means of rail, road, marine shipping and air travel. Since the early-1570s, Mordvania has invested large amounts of public funds into modernization projects of its transport networks. The country now has a developing highways network composed of motorways. At the end of 1583, Mordvania had 9701,2 km of highways. In addition to these newly built roads, many local and regional roads are being fixed as part of a national programme to rebuild all roads in Mordvania.

In 1582, the nation had 20,000 miles of railway track. Trains can operate up to 160 kilometres per hour on 10% of the track. Most trains operate between 80 and 125 kms per hour. Part of the system operates at 40 km/hour. Mordvanian authorities maintain a program of improving operating speeds across the entire Mordvanian rail network. Additionally, in Dein 1582, Mordvania began to implement high–speed rail routes connecting major Mordvanian cities. The Mordvanian government has revealed that it intends to connect all major cities to a future high-speed rail network by 1586.

The air and maritime transport markets in Mordvania are largely well developed. Mordvania has a number of international airports, the largest of which is Slovograd Republican Airport, the primary global hub for Mordvanian Airlines.

Seaports exist all along Mordvania's coast, with most freight operations using Mestarka, Amsberg, Wojek as well as Dodzyn and Ryban as their base. Passenger ferries link Mordvania with the northern archipelago and Biyra all year around; these services are provided from Ryban, Wojek, and Dodzyn.

===Science and technology===

Mordvania's tertiary education institutions; traditional universities, as well as technical, medical, and economic institutions, employ around 120,000 researchers and members of staff. There are around 700 research and development institutes, with about 25,000 researchers. In total, there are around 200,000 scientists in Mordvania today.

Over 100 research and development centers and 10,000 researchers make Mordvania the biggest research and development hub in North Brigidna. Many multinational companies have set up research and development centers in Mordvania. Companies chose Mordvania because of the availability of highly qualified labour force, presence of universities, support of authorities, and the largest market in North Brigidna. According to a 1582 report 88% of Mordvania's current investors are content with their choice and willing to reinvest.

===Communications===

The share of the telecom sector in the GDP was 5% (1582), compared to 2% in 1560. The coverage increased from 78 users per 1,000 inhabitants in 1565 to 400 in 1580. The value of the telecommunication grew by 30% in 1578. The coverage mobile cellular was over 1000 users per 1000 people (1584). Telephones—mobile cellular: 68 million (1580), telephones—main lines in use: 30 million (1579).

The public postal service in Mordvania is operated by Mordpostni (the Mordvania Post). It was created on 4 Vintyr 1570, and it is state-owned. Until 1569, communication was provided mainly through the military authorities. At present, the service is a modern state-owned company that provides a number of standard and express delivery as well as home-delivery services. With an estimated number of around 170,000 employees (1580), Mordpostni also has a personal tracking system for parcels. In 1584 the company adopted a strategy that assumes increasing revenues to 10 billion kovens by 1588; the aim is to double revenues from courier and parcel services and a five-fold growth in logistics services.

==Demographics==

===Language===

According to the Mordvanian constitution, the state language of the Republic of Mordvania is Mordvanian language. Bunesgan, Ashkuban, Kaljuran, and Abdanian are recognized as regional languages. According to the 1575 census, 68% percent of the population declared Mordvanian as their native language, while 13% and 11% declared Ashkuban and Bunesgan, respectively. Abdanian was de facto official language of the Kingdom of Abdania and Mordvania -although Mordvanian was recognized as official language in the Kingdom of Mordvania, which roughly comprised one third of the Abdanian monarchy. Effective in Vintyr 1569, a new law on regional languages entitles any local language spoken by at least a 20 percent minority be declared official within that area, and accepted in administrative office work and documents, and be offered as elective course in schools.

Mordvanian is widely spoken in all the country, even if a large minority has not Mordvanian as native language. Only in the Western regions Mordvanian language is second on number of native speakers, being Bunesgan the most spoken language in many western towns. Ashkuban language, although it has more native speakers than Bunesgan, is more evenly distributed, going from 14% in Central Mordvania to 6% in the western regions.

In the western regions, Mordvanian and Bunesgan are both equally used in cities, in some cases Mordvanian being more common in some cities, while Bunesgan is the dominant language in rural communities. Abdanian language, once the dominant language in government, administration, and education system, is clearly on decline nationwide, specially as consequence of Abdanian immigration toward West Brigidna. However, this trend has decreased in recent years, with a few thousand of Abdanian-speaking migrants returning to the Republic of Mordvania.

Kaljuran is mostly spoken in regions along the Kaljuran border. However, the civil war in that country increased the number of Kaljuran speakers up to 6% of the population in 1579, as the Republic of Mordvania received about 1-2 million of Kaljuran refugees. Some of them came back to East Kaljurand. Before the Kaljuran civil war, the number of Kaljuran native speakers in Central Mordvania was as low as 0.2%, and only about 3-4% in the northern and eastern regions.

The languages of Mordvania, according to the 1582 census, are as follow:
* Mordvanian: 66,011,000
* Ashkuban: 8,144,500
* Bunesgan: 7,429,500
* Kaljuran: 4,984,600
* Abdanian: 1,902,000
* Nentsian: 144,000
* Others: 798,000

===Religion===

A 1584 survey conducted by the Strazek Center found that 60% of Mordvanians declared themselves believers in any religion, while 8% were uncertain whether they believe or not, 4% were uninterested in beliefs, 3% were unbelievers, 23% were atheists, and a further 2% found it difficult to answer the question. The level of religiosity in Mordvania is greatest in Western Mordvania (92%), and lowest in Southeastern Mordvania (48%) and Central Mordvania (59%).

Of those who declared themselves believers, most of them belong to any of the branches of Messanism: 59% Abdanian Reformed Church, 18% Sentric Church, 8% the Messanic Church of Abdania, 14% Dainism, 2% Muliners. The largest non-Messanic religion in Mordvania is [[Akhadism]] with only 1% of those who declare themselves believers. Most of Akhadic believers in Mordvania are ethnic Lipka-Nentsians.

===Education===

Education in Mordvania consists of daycare programmes (for babies and toddlers) and a one-year "pre-school" (or kindergarten for six-year-olds); a nine-year compulsory basic comprehensive school (starting at age seven and ending at the age of sixteen); post-compulsory secondary general academic and vocational education; higher education (University and Colleges); and adult (lifelong, continuing) education. The Mordvanian model for achieving equality and excellence in education has been based on constructing a pubicly funded comprehensive school system without selecting, tracking, or streaming students during their common basic education. Part of the strategy has been to spread the school network so that pupils have a school near their homes whenever possible or, if it is not feasible, to provide free transportation to more widely dispersed schools.

After their nine-year basic education in a comprehensive school, students at the age of 16 may choose to continue their secondary education in either an academic school or a trade school, both of which usually take three years and give a qualification to continue to tertiary education. There are 51 universities and 79 polytechnic colleges in the country.

Daycare centers and schools up to the university level are almost exclusively funded and administered by the voyvodeships (local government) of the Republic of Mordvania. There are few private schools. The founding of a new private comprehensive schools requires the approval of the General Committee of the Social and Economic Council. When founded, private schools are given a state grant comparable to that given to a municipal school of the same size. However, even in private schools, the use of tuition fees is strictly prohibited, and selective is prohibited as well: private schools must admit all its pupils on the same basis as the corresponding municipal school, and no discrimination for faith, gender, nationality, or race is allowed by Mordvanian law. Gender segregation is prohibited as well, therefore mixed education is compulsory. In addition, private schools are required to give their students all the education and social benefits that are offered to the students of municipal schools. Because of this, existing private schools are mostly faith-based, such as the schools owned by the Abdanian Church.

So far, there are no tuition fees on universities and terciary level of education. However, in 1584 there were plans at national level to introduce tuition fees to students from foreign countries. The students' organizations opposed such plans. In universities, membership in the students' union is compulsory. Students' union in high school are similarly recognized in the legislation, but membership is voluntary and does not include union health care (which is organized and partly financed by the students' unions). Mordvanian students are entitled to a student benefit welfare, which may be revoked if there is a persistent lack of progress in the studies.

Religious instruction is not given by public and state schools. In a 1575 ruling, the Mordvanian government banned all "conspicuous religious symbols" from schools and other public institutions with the intent of preventing proselytisation and to foster a sense of tolerance among ethnic groups. Some religious groups showed their opposition, but the law passed mostly unopposed in the Mordvanian parliament.

===Health===

The Republic of Mordvania has a nationwide publicly funded healthcare system, stablished in 1574, together with smaller private sector and voluntary provision. The total expenditure on healthcare as a proportion of GDP in 1586 was 9.9%. The percentage of healthcare provided directly by the state is higher than most Brigidnan countries, which have often an insurance-based healthcare with the state providing for those who cannot afford insurance, instead of the single-payer system established in Mordvania.

==Culture==
===Literature===
===Visual Arts===
===Music===
===Cuisine===
===Sports===

Mordvania

2019-10-23T13:07:14Z

Hadash: /* History */

{{Infobox country
|micronation = 
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Mordvania
|native_name = Republika Mordvanija
|common_name = Mordvania
|status = 
|image_flag =
|alt_flag =
|flag_border = 
|flag_footnote = 
|image_flag2 = 
|alt_flag2 = 
|flag2_border = 
|image_coat = 
|alt_coat = 
|symbol_type = 
|symbol_footnote = 
|national_motto =
|englishmotto =
|national_anthem =
|royal_anthem =
|other_symbol_type = 
|other_symbol =
|image_map = 
|loctext = 
|alt_map = 
|map_caption = 
|image_map2 = 
|alt_map2 = 
|map_caption2 = 
|capital = Slovograd
|latd= | latm= | latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= 
|largest_city =
|largest_settlement_type = 
|largest_settlement = 
|official_languages = Mordvanian
|national_languages = 
|regional_languages = Bunesgan, Ashkuban, Kaljuran
|languages_type = 
|languages = 
|languages_sub = 
|languages2_type = 
|languages2 = 
|languages2_sub = 
|ethnic_groups = Mordvanian, Bunesgan, Ashkuban, Kaljuran
|ethnic_groups_year =
|nationalities =
|religion =
|demonym = Mordvanian
|government_type = Semi-presidential democratic republic
|leader_title1 = President of the Republic
|leader_name1 = [[Zvezdana Serebryak]]
|leader_title2 = President of the Republican Council
|leader_name2 = Bogdan Privsek

|leader_title14 = 
|leader_name14 =
|legislature = National Council
|upper_house = Chamber of Deputies
|lower_house = Assembly of Representatives
|sovereignty_type = History
|sovereignty_note =
|established_event1 = Kingdom of Osrednia
|established_date1 = 127-902
|established_event2 = Kingdom of Bunesga
|established_date2 = 334-1314
|established_event3 = Grand-Duchy of Nördenland
|established_date3 = 632-851
|established_event4 = Principality of Fürstenstadt
|established_date4 = 851-1279
|established_event5 = Kingdom of Mordvania
|established_date5 = 902-1365
|established_event6 = Kingdom of Abdania
|established_date6 = 1279-1369
|established_event7 = Kingdom of Abdania and Mordvania
|established_date7 = 1369-1566
|established_event8 = '''Republic of Mordvania'''
|established_date8 = 1566-Today
|established_event9 = 
|established_date9 =
|area_rank =
|area_magnitude =
|area =
|area_km2 =
|area_sq_mi = 
|area_footnote = 
|percent_water =
|area_label =Total
|area_label2 = 
|area_data2 = 
|population_estimate =
|population_estimate_rank =
|population_estimate_year =
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_density_rank =
|nummembers = 
|GDP_PPP =
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_year = 1578
|GDP_PPP_per_capita =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal =
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_year =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|Gini =
|Gini_ref = 
|Gini_rank =
|Gini_year =
|HDI_year =
|HDI =
|HDI_change = 
|HDI_rank =
|HDI_ref = 
|currency =
|currency_code =
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = 
|time_zone_DST = 
|utc_offset_DST = 
|DST_note = 
|antipodes = 
|date_format =
|drives_on =
|cctld =
|iso3166code =
|calling_code =
|patron_saint = 
|image_map3 = 
|alt_map3 = 
|footnote_a = 
|footnote_b = 

|footnote_h = 
|footnotes = 
}}

'''Mordvania''' (Mordvanian: Mordvanija), officially the '''Republic of Mordvania''' (Republika Mordvanija), is a country in Eastern Brigidna, bordered by Saratov to the north, and Ceribia and Videjszeme to the south. The total area of Mordvania is 410,264.71 square kilometres, making it the 32th largest country in the world and the 5th largest in Brigidna. With a population of over 69 million people, Mordvania is the 29th most populous country in the world and the 8th most poulous country in Brigidna, as well as the 3rd most populous nation with a Vostic ethnic majority. The Republic of Mordvania is an unitary state divided into 33 administrative departments.

==History==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; width=100%; line-height:19px;"
|-
! width=1%|No.
! width=25%|President (Birth–Death)
! width=5%|Portrait
! width=8%|Elected
! colspan="2" width=25%|Term of office
! width=20%|Political party
|- style="background:#cccccc"
! colspan=7 | Chairman of the Council Defense (1544-1578)
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:#0BDA51; color:white;" | 1
| '''[[Bozidor Strnad]]'''<ref>Bozidar Strnad was appointed Chairman of the Council of Defense, the ''de facto'' head of state, during the republican revolution of 1544. After the abolition of the monarchy, he was reelected in 1546, 1550, and 1557. In 1571, he was elected for another seven-year term.</ref> (1509-1588)
| [[File:Josip_Broz_Tito_Bihać_1942.jpg|80px]]
| Alvan, 1545
| 1544 1564
| 1571 1578
| bgcolor=#D0F0C0| Armed Forces / Independent
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:#4A452A; color:white;" | 2
| '''Milan Kravanja''' (1872–1918)
|
| Alvan, 1564
| 1564
| 1571
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa| Republican Social Radical Party

|- style="background:#cccccc"
! colspan=7 | Presidents of the Republic (1578-present)
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:pink; color:white;" | 3
| '''[[Bozidar Strnad]]''' (1509-1588)
| [[File:Josip_Broz_Tito_Bihać_1942.jpg|80px]]
| 1578
| 1578
| 1584
| bgcolor=#ddeeff| Independent
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:pink; color:white;" | 4
| '''[[Zvezdana Serebryak]]''' (1533)
| [[File:Гришаева Нонна.jpg|80px]]
| Marth, 1584
| 1584
| 1590
| bgcolor=#ddeeff| Left Party
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:pink; color:white;" | 5
| '''Aljaz Martelj''' (1529)
| [[File:Miro_Cerar_2018.jpg|80px]]
| Marth, 1590
| 1590
| 1596
| bgcolor=#ddeeff| Mordvanian Republican Party
|- bgcolor=#EEEEEE
! style="background:#4A452A; color:white;" | 6
| Agnieszka Szczepanska (1555)
| [[File:Magdalena_Ogórek_(2018).jpg|80px]]
| Marth, 1596
| 1596
| 1602
| bgcolor=#e6e6aa| Centre Democratic Party
|}

===Kingdom of Mordvania===

The Kingdom of Mordvania was established in the 9th centuries, consolidating in the following two centuries. After the Battle of Dzvalktia (957), in which the Mordvanian army defeated a coalition of Bunesgan forces assited by Videjszeme, the Kingdom of Mordvania expanded to the west, annexing the Kingdom of Bunesgan a decade later.

However, in the 12th century, the kingdom faced a two-decades long political crisis. Bogdan IV, the last monarch of the House of Urbanek, died without a successor in 1149, unleashing a civil war. In 1152, Atharik von Greuthen, a Geinic noble, was crowned, starting the Greuthen-Hansen Dinasty, which lasted until 1544.

At the beginning of the 13th century, a coalition of Mordvanian, Biyran, and Geinic forces defeated the Saratovian army, which resulted in the annexation of the Grand-Duchy of Pomerevne by the Kingdom of Mordvania, and the recovery lands lost a century before. The following century was characterized by religious, ethnic, and social tensions, but it was relatively peaceful compared to previous centuries.

Under the reign of Atharik I the Great (1343-1374), the state was further centralized, the power of the Mordvanian nobility was considerably reduced, and military and political alliances forged with western and central Brigidnan states. His succesors, his sons Ekkehard I and Konrad II, loosened relations with the Sentric Church and allowed religious toleration, and continued a policy of containment regarding Saratov and Severyane.

However, in the late 14th century and 15th century, after liberal and constitutional reforms failed, there was increasing economic and political stagnation, and the monarchy became increasingly questioned by several social groups and political movements.

===Republican revolution===

In the early 1540s, the Kingdom of Mordvania was hit by an economic crisis. This worsened in early 1543, when bad weather led to bad harvest and a collapse of the agriculture exports. The government attempted to stabilize the currency but this failed, and the economic entered in depression. The government rejected demands of reform, and attempted to crush any protest by the use of the force. King Kyvenbrecht I was becoming more and more unpopular.

Protests turned increasingly violent, and there were riots in several cities, including Seznica, Brezedina, Visnja, and others. King Kyvenbrecht appointed General Burkhard Voltz as Prime Minister. Voltz proclaimed the state of emergency and the armed forces were mobilized. In Prindz, the Royal Legion opened fire against protstors, and more than 50 people were killed on Marth 1544. Thousands were arrested, tried in military courts, and sent to prison. Rumours of torture and summary executions spread, but it did not stop the protests. Soon, they spread to the main cities of the country, including Sladhaven.

On Zechyr 16, a sailors' revolt started in Amberg, one of the main ports of the Royal Navy. Some crews refused to obey orders from officials, and sailors on board three ships from the Second Navy Squadron commited outright mutiny and sabotage. They demanded the resignation of Voltz's government and political reform. Soon, the movement spread through most of the Navy. Prime Minister Voltz denounced an "anti-monarchist coup d'etat" that "will be punished without mercy". But the Naval Command was powerless, as the revolt spread in other ports and urban centers of the coast, and local committees formed by sailors and workers were created, joining the movement and asking more political demands, which included the end of the martial and law and constitutional reforms. In the following days, the country witnessed the largest demonstrations in the nation's history in the main cities and towns of the Kingdom.

Prime Minister Voltz resigned, and Count Faramund Guldenlew was appointed Prime Minister. Although he didn't accept the demands of the sailors, the martial law was withdraw. This did not end the protests, rather the contrary, and finally Prime Minister Guldenlew promised elections for a Royal Parliament. However, the system proposed -through the three-class system established between 1488 and 1509, and with limited suffrage for married women over 33 years old- did not satisfy the demands of the opposition.

On Septem 24, a large demonstration in Mestarka, the Kingdom's capital city, ended in front of the Parliament building. The demonstration was lead by a member of the Radical Union, which demanded the resignation of the government and real democratic elections. The Armed Forces were mobilized and they were given the order to restore the order at any cost. However, Lieutenant-Colonel Bozidar Strnad, who had been sent to restore the order, refused to obey. Instead, he read a declaration, supported by other 14 officers of the Armed Forces, which was addressed to both the monarch and the army, and included several demands, which included the resignation of the current government, the dissolution of the royal parliament, the release of all political prisoners, and the creation of a military-led Provisional government until new elections to a Constituent Assembly were called. As soon as the declaration was made, several garrisons and officers expressed their support to the declaration. Only a few military garrison openly condemned the resolution and announced their loyalty to the monarch, with rest remaining either silent or neutral. Prime Minister Guldenlew announced his resignation, and King Kyvenbrecht I left the capital city the next day.

On Septem 28, Kyvenbrecht arrived to Ukmerberg where he was received by a group of loyal military officers. Meanwhile, in the city of Mazenskai, there were calls for Bunesgan independence. The monarch denounced the recent events as a coup d'etat, and promised to defend the nation's territorial integrity. The next week, a seven-member military council was announced in charge of both the Armed Forces and the state, while elections for a Constituent Assembly were announced.

On early Nueva, elections were held in the territory controlled by the revolutionary forces. The turnout was considerably low, as monarchist and conservatives forces decided to boycott the election. The republican and liberal parties obtained a large majority.

On Nueva 11th, Lieutenant-Colonel Bozidar Strnad, as a representative of the Council of Defense, met with representatives of all the remaining political forces, and gave an speech to the Constituent Assembly which was openly anti-monarchist. A resolution denouncing the monarch as "guilty of high treason" and abolishing the monarchy was passed by a simple majority of the members of the Constituent Assembly. As a result, King Kyvenbrecht I was stripped of all his titles and powers, and the Council of Defense became the collective head of state of the republic, with both legislative and executive powers. A second decree declared the suspension of the Constituent Assembly until order was restored, and the formation of a transitional government -known as the Republican Council- with representation of as many political parties as possible. The Republican Council was aimed to deal with the economic and domestic policy, although all the military and law enforcement powers were transferred to the Council of Defense. A third resolution, known as the "People's Act" was passed, calling for a new national election as soon as possible in vague terms.

On Nueva 20th, the Council of Defense announced that the capital city of the Kingdom was transferred from Mestarka to Sladhaven, which was later renamed as Slovograd.

A four-month civil war followed, until monarchist forces under the leadership of Baron Erdhoch were defeated by the Republican Army in Ryban on Elva 4. Two months later, separatist forces -which failed to get any foreign support- would be defeated in Mazenskai.

On 10 Alvan 1545, local elections were called, in which the republican parties obtained a landslide in the main cities.

===Republic of Mordvania===

The country was still under an economic depression, and political differences increasingly arose inside the Republican Council. Liberal and moderate ministers announced their resignation, as they were opposed to the start of the trial of King Kivenbrecht before the end of the constitutional process. The new Mordvanian government was almost a fully Republican-led government. The government passed a more interventionist economic porgram, with the nationalization of the main economic sectors, an agrarian reform, and an ambitious program of economic reconstruction. A Constitutional Committee had been appointed to draft a new constitution, but it was highly divided and discussions advanced very slowly.

On 21 Alvan 1567, Chairman Bozidar Strnad announced a legislative proposal which consisted in extending the existence of the Council of Defense, with renewed powers. The proposal was justified, he argued, in the lack of improvement in the negotiations between the democratic forces. Some political parties opposed such proposal, but the Council of Defense forced the call of a referendum about it. Bozidar Strnad declared that if the proposal was rejected, he would step down as both Chairman and member of the Council of Defense -although the dissolution of the Council of Defense was not guaranteed. On Marth 22, the referendum was organized, and the proposal was approved by 76.8% of the citizens, not entirely surprising as Strnad had become one of the most popular Mordvanian officials during the revolution.

Some members of the Constitutional Committee decided to resigned afterwards, but negotiations continued nevertheless. On Marth 27, King Kyvenbrecht I was tried for high treason and sentenced to death. He would be executed on Fein 8th. A day later, the Council of Defense declared the abolition of the death penalty in the Republic of Mordvania. On 19 Fein 1545, a referendum approved the final draft of the constitution, heavily inspired by Mordvanian republicanism, and establishing an unitary republic, which included and consolidated the existence of the Council of Defense, although with limited powers, was passed by 88.2% of the vote. On Zechyr 12, the Chairman of the Council of Defense announced national legislative elections.

'''First Bogdan Privsek's administration'''

The 1567 legislative election gave a majority to moderate republican parties. Then Minister of Foreigh Affairs and leader of the center-right Mordvanian Republican Party Bogdan Privsek became President of the Republican Council replacing Vanik. The Mordvanian Republican Party formed a coalition government with Vanik's National Republican Party. The Council of Defense retain much influence over Privek's government, specially on national security and defense. A military officer, Srecko Pidansek, became Minister of Defense, while the first chairman of the Republican Guard -the military police which responded to the Council of Defense rather than to the Republican Council- Milan Kravanja was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Kravanja, unlike Pidansek -who was considered non-partisan- was a well-known sympathizer of left-republican parties such as the Republican Social Radical Party.

The government focused mostly to improve and stabilize the economic situation, although tensions increased with the Kaljuran military dictatorship which, although had remained neutral during the civil war, now seemed to feel threatened by Mordvania's republican government. In 1567, Milan Kravanja resigned as Minister of Foreign Affairs, being replaced by Aljaz Martelj from the Mordvanian Republican Party, as he aimed to contest for the leadership of the Republican Social Radical Party.

The 1570 legislative election resulted in a collapse of the National Republican Democratic Party, but the Mordvanian Republican Party strengthened its position as the most voted political party, defeated the Republican Social Alliance -a left-wing electoral coalition- in more than twelve points. Privsek continued as President of the Republican Council, although under a minority government, for the next three years.

Privsek's government was relatively successful, with constant economic growth already on 1571 and establishing a limited welfare state. However, some minister found involved in mismanagement and corruption cases, which weakened the popularity of the government.

'''The Republican-Socialist coalition'''

Unexpectedly, the far-left United Progressive Socialist Party, led by [[Zvezdana Serebryak]], defeated the Mordvanian Republican Party in the 1573 legislative elections. A United Progressive Socialist Party-Republican Social Radical Party coalition government was established, with Milan Kravanja as President of the Republican Council, and Serebryak as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

'''Kaljuran civil war'''

'''Second Bogdan Privsek's administration'''

'''1582 constitutional reform'''

'''1584 presidential election'''

==Geography==

Mordvania's territory extends across several geographical regions, between latitudes 44º and 52º N, and longitudes 67º and 78º E. In the north-east is the Viska Bay, which extend from Wojek to Dodzyn. In the south-east is the Biyran Sea. This coast, the second largest of the country, is marked by several spits, coastal lakes (former bays that have been cut off from the sea), and dunes. On the north-west, there is the colder Laural Sea coast. Mordvania has three large islands: Nardensk and Severna in the Laural Sea, and the island of Utrbdak, which harbours a military base and a notorious prison, in the Biyran Sea.

The west and parts of the central regions of the country lie within the North Brigidnan Plain. Rising above these lowlands is a geographical region comprising several hilly districts of moraines and moraine-dammed lakee. This southern lakes, along the regions of Seznica, Prindz, and Paviemes, covers much of south-western Mordvania. East of the Northern Brigidnan Plain are the north-eastern region of Hbribovnat, which are marked by broad ice-age river valleys. Farther east is a mountainous region, between Opoblina and Brezedina, known as the Pristenled Mountains. In the south-east, there are the Visnjek, Svetloba, and Zelena valleys, a highly fertile region which is crossed by the Dolga river, one of the longest of Brigidna. The Dolga river ends in the Vodena estuary, on the Biyran Sea.

===Geology===

The moraine landscape of central Mordvania contains soils made up mostly of sand and loam, while the ice age river valleys of the east often contain loess. The north-east region consist of limestone, while the Pristen region and most of the south-east are made up mainly of granite and basalts. The Pristenmord Chain has one of the oldest rock formation on the continent of Brigidna.

Mordvania has 67 mountains over 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) in elevation, all in the Pristen region. The Mordvanian Pristen, which consist of the Pristenled Mountains and Western Pristen, is the highest mountain group of Mordvania. In the Pristenled Mountains lies Mordvania's highest point, the north-eastern summit of Vzhod, 2,4999 metres (8,199 ft) in elevation. At its foot lies the mountain lakes of Moder and Nebo.

The second highest mountain group is the Jugan Mountains in the south-west, the highest point of which are Mati Kamen, at 1,725 metres (5,659 ft.), Akmuas at 1,603 metres (5,259 ft) and Trdan at 1,425 metres (4,675 ft). The Jugan Mountains are well-known for its interesting rock formations and the Svetland National Park, the largest of the country.

The lowest point in Mordvania, at 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) below sea level, is at the Prozoren Plain, near Slawowo on the Dolgan Delta.

Nearby Snogen region in the southwestern Mordvania is an area of sparsely vegetated sand known as the Gnilna Desert. It covers an area of 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi). It is not a natural desert but results from human activity from the Middle Ages onward.

The Laural Sea activity in Lepovika National Park, in the north-west between the Sever and Visak rivers, created sand dunes which in the course of time separated the bay from the sea creating two lakes. As waves and wind carry sand inland the dunes slowly move, at a rate of 3 to 10 metres (9.8 to 32.8 ft) meters per year. Some dunes reach the height of up to 30 metres (98 ft). The highest peak of the park is Peščen (155 metres or 377 feet above sea level).

===Waters===

The Dolga river is one of the longest of the country. The Dolga river has been used since early times for navigation. The longest rivers on Mordvanian territory are the Visak and Sever rivers, on the north-west region, which flow into the Laural Sea.

In the valley of Moder river in southwestern Mordvania there is an unique natural karst spring of water containing calcium salts, that is an object of protection in the Serebrna Zemlija Natural Park. The origin of the name of the area, known as Modern Vzmet, that means Blue Springs, comes from the fact that red waves are absorbed by water and only blue and green are reflected from the bottom of the spring, giving that atypical colour.

Eastern Mordvania contains more than 2,000 lakes, being one the regions with the highest numbers of lakes in Brigidna. The largest lakes, covering more than 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi), are Lake Polkja, Lake Slovo, and Lake Luknja. Lakes have always played an important role in Mordvanian history and continue to be of great importance to today's modern Mordvanian society. The ancestors of today's Mordvanians, the Mordvanes, built their first fortresses on islands nearby the Zadna river, in north-east Mordvania. The legendary Prince Bogdanek ruled from Nebesa tower erected on the Lake Crna. The first historically documented ruler of the Kingdom of Osrednia, King Srecko I, had his palace on an island in the Visak river as well. Nowadays the Mordvanian lakes provide a location for the pursuit of water sports such as yachting and wind-surfing.

About two-thirds of Mordvania's coastline extends along the Biyran Sea, while the other half extends along the eastern coastline of the Biyran Sea. For the most part, the Biyra Sea has a smooth coastline, which has been shaped by the continental movement of sand by currents and winds. On the Biyran coast, continual erosion and deposition has formed cliffs and spits, many of which have migrated landwards to clsoe off former lagoons, such as Novak Lake in Redko National Park.

===Land use===

Mordvania is the second most forested country in Northern Brigidna. Forests cover about 29.8% of Mordvania's land. Its overall percentage has slightly and constantly increased since the 1570s. Forests of Mordvania are managed by the republican program of reforestation (Prorepog), aiming at an increase of forest-cover to 32% in 1600. The richness of Mordvanian forest (according to 1580 government statistics) is more than twice as high as Marzannan average. The largest forest complex in Mordvania is Upper Moder Wilderness.

More than 1% of Mordvania's territory is proctected within 24 Mordvanian national parks. In addition, wetlands along lakes and rivers in southern and central Mordvania are legally protected, as are coastal areas in the north-west. There are over 130 areas designated as landscape parks, along with numerous nature reserves and other protected areas.

Since the agrarian reforms of 1545-1548 and the economic reforms in the early 1570s, Mordvanian agriculture has performed extremely well and the country has over five million private farms. It is the leading producer in Brigidna of potatoes and rye, Siora's second largest producer of wheat, and one of the more important producers of barley, oats, sugar beets, flax, dill, and fruits. Mordvania is also fourth largest supplier of beef and goat cheese in the region.

===Biodiversity===

Many animals that have died out in other parts of Brigidna still survive in Mordvania, such as the Brigidnan bison in the ancient woodland of the Preckala Forest, in southern Mordvania. Other such species include the brown bear in the Western Pristen, the gray wolf in the Jogan Mountains and the crimson lynx in various forests, the wild beaver in the Severdno and Visnja regions, and the northern moose in the northeastern forests.

In the forests, one also encounters game animals, such as red deer, black deer and wild boars, In southern Mordvania there are a number of ancient woodlands, like Preckala forest, that have never been cleared or have been disturbed much by people. There are also large forested areas in the southwestern and central mountainous regions.

Mordvania is also an important breeding ground for a variety of Brigidnan migratory birds, which often cross Marzanna toward West and South Brigidna. Out of all the migratory birds who come to West Brigidna for the summer, one quarter of the Brigidnan population of grey storks live in Mordvania, particularly in the lake districts and the wetlands along the Dolga river, which are part of nature reserves or national parks.

===Climate===

The climate is mostly temperate throughout the country. The climate is oceanic in the north and west and becomes gradually warmer and continental towards the south and west. Summers are generally warm, with average temperatures between 18°C and 30°C depending on a region. Winters are rather cold, with average temperatures around 3°C in the northwest and −10°C in the northeast. Precipitation falls throughout the year, although, especially in the east; winter is drier than summer.

The warmest region in Mordvania are Bunesgan Plain located in south-western Mordvania where temperatures in the summer average between 24 and 32°C but can go as high as 35 to 38°C on some days in the warmest month of Zechyr and Septem. The warmest cities in Mordvania are Snogen, which is situated in south-west Mordvania, and Paviemes, which is located in southern Mordvania. The average temperatures in Paviemes are 20°C in the summer and 0°C in the winter, but Snogen has the longest summer in all of Mordvania, which lasts for 120 days, from mid-Fein to early-Nueva.

The coldest region of Mordvania is in the northeast in the Wojek voyvodeship on the Viska Bay. The climate is affected by cold fronts which come from Karjelinn and Marzanna. The average temperature in the winter in Wojek ranges from −10 to −42°C. The biggest impact of the oceanic climate is observed in the Laural Sea seashore area from Amsberg to Wojek

==Administrative Divisions==
===Voyvodeships===

==Governance and Politics==

The Republic of Mordvania was established in 1544, during the Republican revolution of 1544-1545. The constitution of the Republic of Mordvania was approved by referendum on 19 Fein 1545. The constitution established an unitary republic and the first democratic government in Mordvanian history, granted the Armed Forces with an important but limited influence, and it was heavily influenced by [[Mordvanian republicanism]]. The Mordvanian constitution would be considerably amended in the 1582 constitutional reform, which reduced and removed the influence of the Armed Forces in the political process, strengthen the power of the national parliament, and effectively establishing a semi-presidential system.

===Political System===

The Republic of Mordvania is an unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Mordvanian constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document. In the Mordvanian republican system, citizens are usually subject to two levels of government: national and local. The local government's duties are commonly split between departments and voyvodeships. The constitution establishes that the Assembly of Representatives (Lower House of the parliament) must be elected under a proportional system, while local's government executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by districts, and there is no proportional representation at the local level, with the exception of department's councils.

The national government is composed of three branches:
*Legislative: The bicameral parliament, made up of the Assembly of Representaties (Lower House) and the Chamber of Deputies (Upper House), makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties and the annual budget, and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.
*Executive: The President is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law (subjet to parliamentary override), and nominate and appoints the President of the Republican Council (with the approval of the Assembly of Representatives) the national cabinet, and other officers, who administer and enforce national laws and policies.
*Judicial: The Constitutional Court, whose judges are appointed by the President with parliamentary approval, and the national and local courts, interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.

The Assembly of Representatives has 599 voting members, elected by national proportional representation for a three-year term.

The Chamber of Deputies has 444 members. Unlike the Assembly of Representatives, the members of the Chamber of Deputies are not elected by suffrage, by they are allocated by lot for a one-year term. This process, known as sortition, selects the deputies of the Upper House of the parliament from a larger pool of local representatives. The logic behind this sortition process originates from the idea that sortition strengthens political participation and local governance. The competences of the Chamber of Deputies, however, are limited to approve the national budget, to review and propose laws to the Assembly of Representatives, and to pass or block constitutional amends. The Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies is directly appointed by the President, but the Chairman only votes when it is necessary to break a tie. As consequence of the sortition process, the composition of the Chamber of Deputies changes every year.

The executive branch itself has two leaders: the President of the Republic, currently [[Zvezdana Serebryak]], who is head of state and is elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a 6-year term, and the Republican Council, led by the president-appointed President of the Republican Council (head of the government). The President of the Republic can not be reelected.

The local governments have an important number of competences on taxation, education, healthcare, and welfare. The members of the voyvodeship (local government) are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by districts, while the voyvode (head of the local government) is directly elected in a two-round system, similarly as the president is elected. Departments (regional government) elect their own lawmakers as well, although they have very limited competences and powers compared to the voyvodeships. The head of a department, known as governor, is directly appointed by the President, but they have a rather symbolical role.

The Constitutional Court, led by the President of the Constitutional Court, has nine members, who serve until retirement at 70-year old.

===Judicial System===

The judiciary of Mordvania is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the Republic of Mordvania. The judiciary of Mordvania is considered independent from the executive, as the constitution establishes a clear separation of powers.

The Mordvanian legal system is a civil law mostly based on a comprehensive compendium of legal codes. In criminal and administrative law, Mordvania uses an inquisitorial system where the judges are actively involved in investigating the facts of the case, as compared to an adversarial system where the role of the judge is primarily that of an impartial referee between the prosecutor or plaintiff and the defendant. Rather than allowing cross-examination between the defense and prosecutors, the judges conduct the majority of the trial. During a trial, the parties are expected to give all their evidence to the judges, who will then call forward and question the witnesses, after which the defense counsel and prosecutor may question the witnesses.

In Mordvania, judges follow a distinct career path. At the end of their legal education at university, all law students must pass a state examination before they can continue on to an apprenticeship that provides them with broad training in the legal profession over two years. They then must pass a second state examination that qualifies them to practice law. At that point, the individual can choose either to be a lawyer or to enter the judiciary. Judicial candidates start working at courts immediately. However, they are subjected to a probationary period of up to five years before being appointed as judges for life.

The judicial system is established and governed by article 27 of the Mordvanian constitution, that states that "the judicial power shall be vested in the judges; it shall be exercised by the Constitutional Court, by the National Courts of Justice, and the regional and local courts". Unlike other countries, Mordvania's judiciary is not subordinated to the legislature, the constitution directly invests supreme judicial power in the Constitutional Court as well as other national, regional, and local courts, decisional law has greater importance, though not to the extent of common law systems.

There are five basic types of courts, plus the Constitutional Court and the National Courts of Justice:
*Ordinary courts, dealing with criminal and most civil cases
*Administrative law courts
*Tax law courts
*Labour law courts
*Social law courts

In Mordvania, there is no de jure single supreme court. Instead, cases are handled by numerous national courts, depending on their nature. When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the National Court of Justice is at the top of the hieararchy of courts. The other branches of the Mordvanian judiciary system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a national high court; these are the National Social Court for matters of social security, the National Labour Court for employment and labour, the National Finance Court for taxation and financial issues, and the National Administrative Court for administrative law. The so-called Joint Senate of the National Courts of Justice -formed by the National Court of Justice and the other National Courts- is not a surpreme court in itself, but an ad-hoc body that is convened in only when one high court intends to diverge from another high court's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court. As the courts have well-defined areas of responsibility, situations like these are rather rare and so, the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently, and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory.

The main difference between the Constitutional Court and the National Courts of Justice is that the Constitutional Court may only be called if a constitutional matter within a case is in question (e.g., a possible violation of human rights in a criminal trial), while the National Courts of Justice may be called in any case. Only the Constitutional Court can declare an Act of Parliament invalid.

The Constitutional Court is the supreme constitutional court of the Republic of Mordvania, estabished by the constitution. Since 1567, the Constitutional Court has been located in the city of Brezedina -intentionally distanced from the other national institutions in Slavograd and other cities.

The main task of the Constitutional Court is judicial review, and it may declare legislation unconstitutional, thus rendering them ineffective. The main task of the court is judicial review, and it may declare legislation unconstitutional, thus rendering them ineffective. In this respect, it is similar to other supreme courts with judicial review powers, yet the court possesses a number of additional powers, and is regarded as among the most interventionist and powerful national courts in the region. Unlike other supreme courts, the constitutional court is not an integral stage of the judicial or appeals process (aside from cases concerning constitutional or public international law), and does not serve as a regular appellate court from lower courts or the National Courts of Justice.

The Constitutional Court's jurisdiction is focused on constitutional issues and the compliance of all governmental institutions with the constitution. Constitutional amendments or changes passed by the Parliament are subject to its judicial review, since they have to be compatible with the most basic principles of the Constitution defined by the constitution preamble's and first ten articles. For example, in 1582 the Constitutional Court declared that a constitutional amend aimed to introduce a mixed electoral system in which half of the Assembly of Representatives' seats were to be elected by first-past-the-post system was unconstitutional.

The Constitutional Court is able to actively administer the law and ensure that political and bureaucratic decisions comply with the rights of the individual enshrined in the constitution. Specifically, it can vet the democratic and constitutional legitimacy of bills proposed by federal or state government, scrutinise decisions (such as those relating to taxation) by the administration, arbitrate disputes over the implementation of law between local governments and the national government, and (most controversially) ban non-democratic political parties. The Constitutional Court's practice of enormous constitutional control frequency on the one hand, and the continuity in judicial restraint and political revision on the other hand, have created a unique defender of the Constitution and given it a significant role in Mordvania's modern democracy.

The Constitutional Court's are nominated by the President of the Republic, and elected by the Assembly of Representatives and the Chamber of Deputies. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Mordvania. The selection of a judge requires a two-thirds vote. The judges are elected until retirement, as the Mordvanian constitution established they must retire upon reaching the age of 70. Most judges previously served as an academic jurist at a university, as a public servant or as a lawyer. After ending their term, most judges withdraw themselves from public life.

Ordinary courts are the most numerous by far. Currently there are 799 ordinary courts (644 local, 114 regional, 40 appellate, one national), 101 labour courts (85 local, 15 appellate, one national), 55 administrative courts (33 local, 21 regional, one national), 11 tax courts (10 local, one national), and 74 social courts (59 local, 14 regional, one national).

===Foreign Relations===
===Armed Forces===

==Economy==

Mordvania's economy is considered to be one of the Brigidnan economies with the fasted growing in the last two decades. Since the fall of the Abdanian monarchy, Mordvania has pursued a policy of mixed economy, with important state investment, a strong domestic market, a flexible currency, and not being dependent on a sigle export sector. Except in the years 1575-1578, the country has experienced constant economic growth. The country's most successful exports include machinery, cars, weaponry, pharma products, furniture, food products, clothing, shoes and cosmetics. Mordvania's largest trading partners are Biyra and Florinthus.

The first but specially the second Bogdan Privsek's administrations have pursued a policy of market liberatization and labour market reform, only partially reduced during the left-wing coalition governments of 1573-1579. Restructuring and privatisation of "sensitive sectors" such as coal, steel, rail transport and energy has been continuing since 1580. The biggest privatizations have been the sale of the national telecoms firm Mordtelekom to Kacije Corporation in 1582, and an issue of 35% of the shares in Morvania's largest bank, Mordbank, on the Mordvanian stockmarket in 1583.

Mordvania is recognized as having an economy with development potential, overtaking Biyra and Kazemura in the early-1580s to become Brigidna's ninth largest economy, and 20th worldwide. The Mordvanian banking sector is the largest in North Brigidnan region, with 41.2 branches per 100,000 adults. The banks are the largest and most developed sector of the country's financial markets. They are regulated by the Mordvanian Financial Authority. Mordvania's bankingsector approxiamately 6 national banks, a network of nearly 900 cooperative banks and 10 branches of foreign-owned banks. In addition, foreign investors have controlling stakes in nearly 20 commercial banks, which make up 40% of the banking capital. Since the early-1580s, Mordvanian banks have heavily expanded in East Kaljurand, adquiring many Kaljuran banks and companies.

Mordvania has a large number of private farms in its agricultural sector, with the potential to become a leading producer of food in the Brigidnan market. The biggest money-makers abroad include smoked and fresh fish, fine chocolate, and dairy products, meats and specialty breads, with the exchange rate conducive to export growth. Structural reforms in health care, education, the pension system, and state administration have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Mestarka leads North Brigidna in foreign investment. GDP growth had been strong and steady from 1572 with only a short slowdown from 1575 to 1578.

Average salaries in the enterprise sector in Vintyr 1583 were 4,000 kovens ($1,801) and growing sharply. Salaries vary between the regions: the median wage in the capital city Slovograd was 4,637 kovens, while in Brezedina it was 3,971 kovens, and up to 4,801 kovens in Mestarka. There is a wide distribution of salaries among the various voyvodeships of Mordvania. They range from 2,891 kovens in Paviemes to 4,697 in the Mestarka voyvodeship.

During and after the 1566-1567 civil war, Mordvanian experienced a mass emigration of over 4 million abroad, most of them ethnic Abdanians and Bunesgans. The out migration, while it sank the country on economic depression until 1572, has increased the average wages for the workers who remained in Mordvania, in particular for those with intermediate and high level skills.

Products and goods manufactured in Mordvania include: electronics, buses and trams, helicopters and planes, trains, ships, military weaponry and equipment, medicines, food, clothes, glass, pottery , chemical products and others. Mordvania is also one of the world's biggest producers of copper, silver and coal, as well as potatoes, wheat, rye, rape seed, cabbage, dill, apples, strawberries and ribes.

===Corporations===

Mestarka Stock Exchange is one of North Brigidna largest exchanges by market capitalization. Mordvania is recognized as a regional economic leader within North Brigidna, with nearly 48 percent of the 500 biggest companies in the region (by revenues) as well as a high globalisation rate. The country's largest firm comprise the MORD30 index, which is traded on the Mestarka Stock Exchange.

Well known Mordvanian brands include, among others...

The list includes the largest companies by turnover in 1584 (excluding banks and insurance companies):

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%; margin:auto; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="text-align:center;"| Rank 2011 || style="text-align:center;"| Corporation|| style="text-align:center;"| Sector|| style="text-align:center;"| Headquarters|| style="text-align:center;"| Revenue (thousand kovens)|| style="text-align:center;"| Profit (thousand kovens)|| style="text-align:center;"| Employees
|-
| 1. || style="text-align:left;"| Name|| style="text-align:left;"| oil and gas|| style="text-align:left;"| Mestarka || 79 037 121|| 2 396 447|| 4,445
|-
|}

===Tourism===

Mordvania experienced an increase in the number of tourists after organizing the football Brigidnan Cup in 1569. Tourism contributes significantly to Mordvania's overall economy and makes up to a relatively large proportion of the country's service market.

Tourist attractions in Mordvania vary, from the mountains in the south and central Mrodvania to the beaches in the north and east, with a trail of nearly every architectural style, which combined West Brigidnan with Marzannan influences. The most visited city is Mestarka, which was the formed capital of the Kingdom of Abdania and Mordvania (officially named as Fürstendstadt until 1566). Mestarka once held royal coronations of every Abdanian monarch since the 12th century. Among other notable sites in the country is the capital city of the republic, Slovograd; the cities of Slawowo and Brezedina, and the southeastern town of Visnja, one of the oldest cities in Mordvania. The twons of Slawowo, Seznica, Prindz, and Mazenskai were extensively reconstructed after wartime destruction during the 1566-1567 civil war. Other cities attracting tourists include Opoblina, Wojek, Amsberg, Chlyb, Snogen, Dodzyn, and Paviemes.

Mordvania is the 14th most visited country in the world by foreign tourists, as ranked by Sioran Tourism Organization (STO). Biyra, Saratov, and Florinthus were the top three countries of origin for visitors in 1582. Moreover, according to the Republican Statistical Office, tourism in Mordvania increases at an annual rate of 11%.

Mordvania's main tourist offerings include outdoor activities such as skiing, sailing, mountain hiking and climbing, as well as agrotourism, sightseeing historical monuments. Tourist destinations include the Laural Sea coast in the north and Biyran Sea coast in the east; the 1 Lake District and 2 Forest in the east; on the south 3, the 4 Mountains and the 5 Mountains, where 6, the highest peak of Mordvania, and the famous 7 mountain trail are located. The 8 and 9 Mountains lie in the extreme south-east. There are over 220 castles in the country, many in the 10 Voivodeship and along the popular 11.

===Energy===

The electricity generation sector in Mordvania is largely fossil-fuel–based. The three largest Mordvanian coal mining firms extract around 300 million tonnes of coal annually. All three of these companies are key constituents of the Mestarka Stock Exchange's lead economic indexes.

Renewable forms of energy account for a smaller but increasing proportion of Mordvania's full energy generation capacity. However, the Republican Council has set targets for the development of renewable energy sources in Mordvania which should see the portion of power produced by renewable resources climb to 15% by 1590 and 40% by 1600. This is to be achieved mainly through the construction of wind farms and a number of hydroelectric stations.

Mordvania has around 200,000,000,000 m3 of proven natural gas reserves and around 200,000,000 barrels of proven oil reserves. These reserves are exploited by energy supply companies such as MKG. However, the small amounts of fossil fuels naturally occurring in Mordvania is insufficient to satisfy the full energy consumption needs of the population. Therefore, the country is a net importer of oil and natural gas.

===Transport===

Transport in Mordvania is provided by means of rail, road, marine shipping and air travel. Since the early-1570s, Mordvania has invested large amounts of public funds into modernization projects of its transport networks. The country now has a developing highways network composed of motorways. At the end of 1583, Mordvania had 9701,2 km of highways. In addition to these newly built roads, many local and regional roads are being fixed as part of a national programme to rebuild all roads in Mordvania.

In 1582, the nation had 20,000 miles of railway track. Trains can operate up to 160 kilometres per hour on 10% of the track. Most trains operate between 80 and 125 kms per hour. Part of the system operates at 40 km/hour. Mordvanian authorities maintain a program of improving operating speeds across the entire Mordvanian rail network. Additionally, in Dein 1582, Mordvania began to implement high–speed rail routes connecting major Mordvanian cities. The Mordvanian government has revealed that it intends to connect all major cities to a future high-speed rail network by 1586.

The air and maritime transport markets in Mordvania are largely well developed. Mordvania has a number of international airports, the largest of which is Slovograd Republican Airport, the primary global hub for Mordvanian Airlines.

Seaports exist all along Mordvania's coast, with most freight operations using Mestarka, Amsberg, Wojek as well as Dodzyn and Ryban as their base. Passenger ferries link Mordvania with the northern archipelago and Biyra all year around; these services are provided from Ryban, Wojek, and Dodzyn.

===Science and technology===

Mordvania's tertiary education institutions; traditional universities, as well as technical, medical, and economic institutions, employ around 120,000 researchers and members of staff. There are around 700 research and development institutes, with about 25,000 researchers. In total, there are around 200,000 scientists in Mordvania today.

Over 100 research and development centers and 10,000 researchers make Mordvania the biggest research and development hub in North Brigidna. Many multinational companies have set up research and development centers in Mordvania. Companies chose Mordvania because of the availability of highly qualified labour force, presence of universities, support of authorities, and the largest market in North Brigidna. According to a 1582 report 88% of Mordvania's current investors are content with their choice and willing to reinvest.

===Communications===

The share of the telecom sector in the GDP was 5% (1582), compared to 2% in 1560. The coverage increased from 78 users per 1,000 inhabitants in 1565 to 400 in 1580. The value of the telecommunication grew by 30% in 1578. The coverage mobile cellular was over 1000 users per 1000 people (1584). Telephones—mobile cellular: 68 million (1580), telephones—main lines in use: 30 million (1579).

The public postal service in Mordvania is operated by Mordpostni (the Mordvania Post). It was created on 4 Vintyr 1570, and it is state-owned. Until 1569, communication was provided mainly through the military authorities. At present, the service is a modern state-owned company that provides a number of standard and express delivery as well as home-delivery services. With an estimated number of around 170,000 employees (1580), Mordpostni also has a personal tracking system for parcels. In 1584 the company adopted a strategy that assumes increasing revenues to 10 billion kovens by 1588; the aim is to double revenues from courier and parcel services and a five-fold growth in logistics services.

==Demographics==

===Language===

According to the Mordvanian constitution, the state language of the Republic of Mordvania is Mordvanian language. Bunesgan, Ashkuban, Kaljuran, and Abdanian are recognized as regional languages. According to the 1575 census, 68% percent of the population declared Mordvanian as their native language, while 13% and 11% declared Ashkuban and Bunesgan, respectively. Abdanian was de facto official language of the Kingdom of Abdania and Mordvania -although Mordvanian was recognized as official language in the Kingdom of Mordvania, which roughly comprised one third of the Abdanian monarchy. Effective in Vintyr 1569, a new law on regional languages entitles any local language spoken by at least a 20 percent minority be declared official within that area, and accepted in administrative office work and documents, and be offered as elective course in schools.

Mordvanian is widely spoken in all the country, even if a large minority has not Mordvanian as native language. Only in the Western regions Mordvanian language is second on number of native speakers, being Bunesgan the most spoken language in many western towns. Ashkuban language, although it has more native speakers than Bunesgan, is more evenly distributed, going from 14% in Central Mordvania to 6% in the western regions.

In the western regions, Mordvanian and Bunesgan are both equally used in cities, in some cases Mordvanian being more common in some cities, while Bunesgan is the dominant language in rural communities. Abdanian language, once the dominant language in government, administration, and education system, is clearly on decline nationwide, specially as consequence of Abdanian immigration toward West Brigidna. However, this trend has decreased in recent years, with a few thousand of Abdanian-speaking migrants returning to the Republic of Mordvania.

Kaljuran is mostly spoken in regions along the Kaljuran border. However, the civil war in that country increased the number of Kaljuran speakers up to 6% of the population in 1579, as the Republic of Mordvania received about 1-2 million of Kaljuran refugees. Some of them came back to East Kaljurand. Before the Kaljuran civil war, the number of Kaljuran native speakers in Central Mordvania was as low as 0.2%, and only about 3-4% in the northern and eastern regions.

The languages of Mordvania, according to the 1582 census, are as follow:
* Mordvanian: 66,011,000
* Ashkuban: 8,144,500
* Bunesgan: 7,429,500
* Kaljuran: 4,984,600
* Abdanian: 1,902,000
* Nentsian: 144,000
* Others: 798,000

===Religion===

A 1584 survey conducted by the Strazek Center found that 60% of Mordvanians declared themselves believers in any religion, while 8% were uncertain whether they believe or not, 4% were uninterested in beliefs, 3% were unbelievers, 23% were atheists, and a further 2% found it difficult to answer the question. The level of religiosity in Mordvania is greatest in Western Mordvania (92%), and lowest in Southeastern Mordvania (48%) and Central Mordvania (59%).

Of those who declared themselves believers, most of them belong to any of the branches of Messanism: 59% Abdanian Reformed Church, 18% Sentric Church, 8% the Messanic Church of Abdania, 14% Dainism, 2% Muliners. The largest non-Messanic religion in Mordvania is [[Akhadism]] with only 1% of those who declare themselves believers. Most of Akhadic believers in Mordvania are ethnic Lipka-Nentsians.

===Education===

Education in Mordvania consists of daycare programmes (for babies and toddlers) and a one-year "pre-school" (or kindergarten for six-year-olds); a nine-year compulsory basic comprehensive school (starting at age seven and ending at the age of sixteen); post-compulsory secondary general academic and vocational education; higher education (University and Colleges); and adult (lifelong, continuing) education. The Mordvanian model for achieving equality and excellence in education has been based on constructing a pubicly funded comprehensive school system without selecting, tracking, or streaming students during their common basic education. Part of the strategy has been to spread the school network so that pupils have a school near their homes whenever possible or, if it is not feasible, to provide free transportation to more widely dispersed schools.

After their nine-year basic education in a comprehensive school, students at the age of 16 may choose to continue their secondary education in either an academic school or a trade school, both of which usually take three years and give a qualification to continue to tertiary education. There are 51 universities and 79 polytechnic colleges in the country.

Daycare centers and schools up to the university level are almost exclusively funded and administered by the voyvodeships (local government) of the Republic of Mordvania. There are few private schools. The founding of a new private comprehensive schools requires the approval of the General Committee of the Social and Economic Council. When founded, private schools are given a state grant comparable to that given to a municipal school of the same size. However, even in private schools, the use of tuition fees is strictly prohibited, and selective is prohibited as well: private schools must admit all its pupils on the same basis as the corresponding municipal school, and no discrimination for faith, gender, nationality, or race is allowed by Mordvanian law. Gender segregation is prohibited as well, therefore mixed education is compulsory. In addition, private schools are required to give their students all the education and social benefits that are offered to the students of municipal schools. Because of this, existing private schools are mostly faith-based, such as the schools owned by the Abdanian Church.

So far, there are no tuition fees on universities and terciary level of education. However, in 1584 there were plans at national level to introduce tuition fees to students from foreign countries. The students' organizations opposed such plans. In universities, membership in the students' union is compulsory. Students' union in high school are similarly recognized in the legislation, but membership is voluntary and does not include union health care (which is organized and partly financed by the students' unions). Mordvanian students are entitled to a student benefit welfare, which may be revoked if there is a persistent lack of progress in the studies.

Religious instruction is not given by public and state schools. In a 1575 ruling, the Mordvanian government banned all "conspicuous religious symbols" from schools and other public institutions with the intent of preventing proselytisation and to foster a sense of tolerance among ethnic groups. Some religious groups showed their opposition, but the law passed mostly unopposed in the Mordvanian parliament.

===Health===

The Republic of Mordvania has a nationwide publicly funded healthcare system, stablished in 1574, together with smaller private sector and voluntary provision. The total expenditure on healthcare as a proportion of GDP in 1586 was 9.9%. The percentage of healthcare provided directly by the state is higher than most Brigidnan countries, which have often an insurance-based healthcare with the state providing for those who cannot afford insurance, instead of the single-payer system established in Mordvania.

==Culture==
===Literature===
===Visual Arts===
===Music===
===Cuisine===
===Sports===

Mordvanian Premier League

2019-10-13T22:51:38Z

Hadash: /* The "Top Six" (1584-1600) */

Mordvanian Premier League

2019-10-13T22:31:38Z

Hadash: /* The "Big Four" (1567-1584) */

Mordvanian Premier League

2019-10-13T13:15:43Z

Hadash: /* See also */

Mordvanian Premier League

2019-10-13T13:15:14Z

Hadash: Created page with " The '''Mordvanian Premier League''' (''Mordvanscina Premierno liga''), sometimes referred to as Mordvanian Premiership, is professional football league in Mordvania and..."

Republican Cup (Mordvania)

2019-10-11T14:18:02Z

Hadash:

The '''NZM Republican Cup''' (referred to historically, and colloquially, as simply the '''Republican Cup''') is an annual knockout football competition in men's domestic Mordvanian football. Organized by the Mordvanian Football Association (NZM), it is open to any club within the top three levels of the Mordvanian football league system -60 clubs in total- comprising the top Mordvanian Premier League, and the two divisions of the Mordvanian Football Association's own league competition (First Division and Second Division).

First held in 1546-1547, it is one of the second most important domestic football competitions in Mordvania, after the Mordvanian Premier League, and the oldest football competition. It concludes in Zechyr, usually one week after the end of the Mordvanian Premier League.

The tournament is played over eight rounds, with single leg ties throughout, except the semi-finals. Since 1590, the final is held at the Slovograd Olympic Stadium. The current holders are Slovograd 1566, who beat NK Dzen 2-0 in the 1601 final to win their seventh title.

==Results by club==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Republican Cup winners by club
|-
!scope=col|Team
!scope=col|Winners
!scope=col|Runners-up
!scope=col|Years won
!scope=col |Years lost
|-
!scope=row|NK Brezedina
|align=center|13
|align=center|9
|
|
|-
!scope=row|NK Slovograd
|align=center|12
|align=center|11
|
|
|-
!scope=row|ND Seznica
|align=center|9
|align=center|9
|
|
|-
!scope=row|Slovograd 1566
|align=center|7
|align=center|3
|
|
|-
!scope=row|FK Mazenskai
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|
|
|-
!scope=row|LKS Slawowo
|align=center|5
|align=center|1
|
|
|-
!scope=row|Olimpija Brezedina
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|
|
|-
!scope=row|ND Slovograd
|align=center|1
|align=center|0
|
|
|-
!scope=row|GKS Wojek
|align=center|1
|align=center|0
|
|
|-
!scope=row|NS Slovograd
|align=center|1
|align=center|0
|
|
|-
|}

Republican Cup (Mordvania)

2019-10-11T14:16:14Z

Hadash: Created page with " The '''NZM Republican Cup''' (referred to historically, and colloquially, as simply the '''Republican Cup''') is an annual knockout football competition in men's domestic Mor..."

The '''NZM Republican Cup''' (referred to historically, and colloquially, as simply the '''Republican Cup''') is an annual knockout football competition in men's domestic Mordvanian football. Organized by the Mordvanian Football Association (NZM), it is open to any club within the top three levels of the Mordvanian football league system -60 clubs in total- comprising the top Mordvanian Premier League, and the two divisions of the Mordvanian Football Association's own league competition (First Division and Second Division).

First held in 1546-1547, it is one of the second most important domestic football competitions in Mordvania, after the Mordvanian Premier League, and the oldest football competition. It concludes in Zechyr, usually one week after the end of the Mordvanian Premier League.

The tournament is played over six rounds, with single leg ties throughout, except the semi-finals. Since 1590, the final is held at the Slovograd Olympic Stadium. The current holders are Slovograd 1566, who beat NK Dzen 2-0 in the 1601 final to win their seventh title.

==Results by club==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Republican Cup winners by club
|-
!scope=col|Team
!scope=col|Winners
!scope=col|Runners-up
!scope=col|Years won
!scope=col |Years lost
|-
!scope=row|NK Brezedina
|align=center|13
|align=center|9
|
|
|-
!scope=row|NK Slovograd
|align=center|12
|align=center|11
|
|
|-
!scope=row|ND Seznica
|align=center|9
|align=center|9
|
|
|-
!scope=row|Slovograd 1566
|align=center|7
|align=center|3
|
|
|-
!scope=row|FK Mazenskai
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|
|
|-
!scope=row|LKS Slawowo
|align=center|5
|align=center|1
|
|
|-
!scope=row|Olimpija Brezedina
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|
|
|-
!scope=row|ND Slovograd
|align=center|1
|align=center|0
|
|
|-
!scope=row|GKS Wojek
|align=center|1
|align=center|0
|
|
|-
!scope=row|NS Slovograd
|align=center|1
|align=center|0
|
|
|-
|}

Akhadic Society

2019-10-10T20:44:23Z

Hadash: /* Florinthus */

The '''Akhadic Society for Religious and Political Reform''', shortened to the '''Akhadic Society''', is a transnational Akhadist organization founded in Khanid by Kyrzbek Akhadic scholar and politician Ishaq Tynay in 1529. The organization has gained supporters throughout Akhadic countries and influenced other Akhadic groups with its “model of political activism combined with charity work”. Between 1563 and 1568 the group supported the Tradition and Justice political party which was a minor political party inside the Kyrzbek Front, the ruling coalition of the Akhadic Republic of Kyrzbekistan. The organization has suffered from periodic government crackdowns for alleged terrorist activities in several nearby countries in recent years, although the organization has still a legal status in the Democratic Republic of Kyrzbekistan. In that country, the Akhadic Society openly supports the conservative Kyrzbek National Party, founded in 1570, and which many considered controlled and funded by the Akhadic Society, although they have denied such claim.

The Akhadic Society's stated goal is to instill the Setgvek and Zokuk as the “sole reference point for ordering the life of the Akhadic individual, family, community...and state”. Its mottos include “Equals through the Zokuk”, “Akhad is our only path”, “a Holy State for a religious society”. It is financed by members, who are required to allocate a portion of their income to the movement. It is said to be financed by the Akhadic Republic of A'sir as well, although this claim is disputed.

As a Pan-Akhadic, religious, and social movement, it preaches Akhadism, teaches the illiterate in its funded religious schools, and sets up hospitals and business companies. Recently, the Akhadic Society has also developed branches in non-Akhadic countries, with the aim to attend and help Akhadic minorities there. The group claims to be a “peaceful, democratic, and non-profit organization”, which “condemns violence and terror activity”.

==Beliefs==
The Akhadic Society's “Fourth Manifesto” (1569) describes its principles as the establishment of Zokuk or Akhadic law as “the basis for controlling the affairs of state and society”, and secondly, work to unify “Akhadic countries and states, and liberating them from non-Akhadic influence”.

According the Kyrzbekistan's spokesman of the organization, the Akhadic Society believes in reform, democracy, freedom of assembly and press, political pluralism, etc.

Its founder, Ishaq Tynay, was heavily influenced by Akhadic reformers such as [[Bal-Jawadi]] and [[Sadik Namir]], with the group structure and approach being influenced by the Religious League for the Study of Zokuk, based in Ga'bath. The Akhadic Society is a highly conservative and traditionalist organization, "being the only available outlet for those whose religious and cultural sensibilities had been outraged by the impact of secularism and foreign influence...but who reject openly armed struggle and terrorism".

It proclaims that Setgvek and Zokuk constitute a perfect way of life and social and political organization that Akhad has set out for man. Akhadic governments must be based on this system and eventually unified in a Pan-Akhadic State. The Akhadic Society preaches that Akhadism will bring social justice, the eradication of poverty, corruption and sinful behavior, and political freedom (to the extent allowed by the religious law and the principles of Akhadism).

On the issue of women and gender the Akhadic Society interprets Akhadism conservatively. It calls for a “campaign against ostentation in dress and loose behavior”, “the prohibition of dancing and other decadent pastimes”, “prohibition for women to be hired in 'non-female' occupations”, “segregation of male and female students”, and “a separate curriculum for girls”.

The Akhadic Society declares to be a movement, not a political party, but members have created political parties in several countries. These parties are staffed by the Society's members but are kept independent to some degree.

==Organization==

The Akhadic Society has been described as a combination of “neo-spiritual movement...and a political party”. The Akhadic Society has a pyramidal structure with “brotherhoods” (or “külale”, which consists of five to nine people and is headed by a “baçe”, or “driver”) at the bottom, “clan” above them, “committees” above clans, and “councils” above committees. Potential members start out as "semrafhtar" or “supporter”, then to "ishtare" or “affiliated” (who are nonvoting members). If a "ishtare" satisfied his monitors, he is promoted to "kumara" or “activist”, before advancing to the final level – "savunmak" or “soldier of faith”. With this slow careful advancement, the loyalty of potential members can be “closely probed” and obedience to orders assured.

At the top of the hierarchy is the Supreme Council, and immediately below the Akhadic Council. Orders are passed through a chain of command, in a typically centralized and hierarchical structure.

*The Akhadic Council has the duties of planning, charting general policies and programs that achieve the goal of the Akhadic Society. It is composed of roughtly 100 members. Important decisions, such as whether to participate in elections, are debated and voted on within the Akhadic Council and the executed by the Supreme Council. Its resolutions are binding to the Society and only the General Faith Conference can modify or annul them and the Council has also the right to modify the resolutions of the Supreme Council. It follows the implementation of the Society policies and programs. It directs the Supreme Council and it forms dedicated committees to assist in that.

*The Supreme Council is composed of approximately 21 longtime members of the Society and headed by the Chairman of the Society. Each member of the Supreme Council oversees a different porfolio, such as university recruitment, education, security, intelligence, or politics. Supreme Council members are elected by the Akhadic Council.

In each country where the Akhadic Society is based there is a National Council with a Ilkbir ("leader") appointed by the Supreme Council leadership with essentially the same divisions as the worldwide Supreme Council itself. The Akhadic Society mostly exists in Akhadic countries in the Near East, although outside the region it also has influence, with branches in [[Eskkya]], North Strathae, Carpathia, [[Lanlania]], [[Florinthus]], [[Nentsia]], [[Mordvania]], [[Valland]], [[Mestra]], [[Angiris]], Goldecia, and [[Nyland]]. The Akhadic Society is said to have "an international council" that "assures the cooperation of the branches", but the international council's composition is not well known.

==Leadership==

'''Chairmans of the Akhadic Society'''
[[File:Erdogan gesturing Rabia.jpg|thumb|Kamran Akçam, Chairman of the Akhadic Society from 1569 to 1595 and first Zargistani to hold such position.]]

*Founder and first Chairman: (1529-1548) Ishaq Tynay
*2nd Chairman: (1548-1559) Basam Qazwini
*3rd Chairman: (1559-1566) Ilsat Amerhanur
*4th Chairman: (1566-1569) Aynur Timerur
*5th Chairman: (28 Alvan 1569-1595) Kamran Akçam
*6th Chairman: (1595-present) Okan Saat

The Chairman of the Akhadic Society is the highest position in the organization, holding the political leadership of the organization. The Chairman is appointed by the Akhadic Council and it serves until he dies, resigns, or the Akhadic Council decides to appoint another member as chairman. However, since 1559, the influence of the Chairman is often shadowed by the most senior member of the Akhadic Council, the Speaker of the Guidance Committee, which serves as spiritual leader of the movement. Since 1561, that position has been held by Yasher Suleyman.

==Branches==

===Khanid===

The headquarters of the Akhadic Society are found in Ishanbal, [[Khanid]]. The local branch was established in 1533, and since then, the Akhadic Society and the Khanid state have had a complicated relationship. The Khanid government became one of the main and earliest financial backers of the movement, and Ishaq Tynay -the founder and leader of the Akhadic Society- moved and established in Khanid, where he lived until his death, in 1548. Tynay did not involve personally in political affairs within the Kingdom, and he lived a reclusive existence outside the capital city. However, he and his disciples took control of Khanid's intellectual life by publishing books and participating in theological and religious newspapers and journals. Although the organization had no formal political role in the Kingdom, Akhadic Society members became entrenched both in Khanid society and state, taking a leading role in key governmental ministries. In particular, many established themselves in Khanid's educational system. Although relations between the Akhadic Society and the Khanid state became strained since the late 1550s, many experts believe that Khanid's education system remains controlled by the Akhadic Society.

The Akhadic Society expressed support for Khanid role in the Wadiyah crisis, a declaration believed to be aimed to improve relations with the Khanid state.

===Zargistan===

The activities of the Akhadic Society in Zargistan were suspended in early 1559. Since Kamran Akçam, a Zargistani national, became Chairman of the Akhadic Society, the membership and influence of the Akhadic Society has increased considerably in the country. In 1576, an Akhadic Society-supported political party, the Traditionalist Party of Zargistan (''Geleneksel partisi'') was founded, but the party was not allowed to register legally.

===Ga'bath===

The Akhadic Society supports and funds the Faith Coalition, an Akhadist political party, which was banned by the Ga'bathi government in 1578. Previously, members of the Akhadic Society had founded the Youth Akhadic Movement. Five of their members were executed in 1571, accused of involvement in a terrorist conspiracy.

===Kyrzbekistan===

Unlike many Kyrzbek moderate organizations and tribal leaders, the Akhadic Society rejected cooperation with the local governments established in the Qenderi Commonwealth. Instead, the Akhadic Society started a campaign of education through many religious schools and charity organizations. Arberian King Kreshnik II suspended the activities of many of the Akhadic Society-associated organizations in 1556, and many prominent members of the Akhadic Society in the kingdom were arrested.

In the late 1550s, the Akhadic Society supported the creation of the Tradition and Justice Party, an Akhadist political party. In 1563, Tradition and Justice joined the Kyrzbek Front, and some Akhadic Society members have some important positions in the short-lived Akhadic Republic of Kyrzbekistan (1563-1568). The Tradition and Justice Party decided to boycott the first elections to the Democratic Republic of Kyrzbekistan, and it was suspended shortly afterwards and many of their members were arrested, while other fled to exile to A'sir and other countries.

In 1570, the Akhadic Society supported the creation of the Kyrzbek National Party, an Akhadic conservative party, which found its stronghold in the eastern state. The Kyrzbek National Party had disappointing results over the next decade, failing to gain enough support nationwide, but it had its most successful result in the 1582 state elections, when Elbrus Almasur, a Kyrzbek National Party candidate, became Governor of the state of Yartushia (eastern Kyrzbekistan) and formed a regional coalition government with the Conservative Reform Coalition, a center-right conservative party. However, Elbrus Almasur was defeated four years later by Toktamish Narimanur, an independent candidate supported by Kyrzbekistan's ruling Socialist People's Party.

===New Galasia===

The activities of the Akhadic Society in the country were suspended in 1579, and many Akhadic Society members were arrested -some of them executed after the Elvan 1580 coup d'etat or forced to leave the country. The Akhadic Society has supported the Rojadavi separatist forces in the [[Galasian civil war]], contributing with financial assistance to the Provisional Council for National Resistance.

===Florinthus===

In 1572, the Akhadic Society opened a small office in Denil, [[Florinthus]], and four years later an Akhadic Cultural Center, the largest in Western Brigidna, was established. The Florinthian Federation has received many immigrants and refugees from Akhadic countries, and the Akhadic Society has offered them financial and material support, through many of Akhadic Society-funded education and charity organizations, and providing financial backing to the building of Akhadic temples in the Western Brigidnan country.

[[Bekir Nurmambet]], a Kyrzbekistani-born billonaire, who lives in Florinthus and has invested considerably in the country, and owner of the Tarleton AA football club since 1576, is a well-known member of the Akhadic Society.

===Mordvania===

The Mordvanian Organization of Akhadic Belivers, one of the two largest Akhadic organizations in the Republic of Mordvania, is associated with the Akhadic Society.

==Further reading==
*[[Akhadism]]

[[Category:Akhadism]]
[[Category:Religion]]

Bekir Nurmambet

2019-10-10T20:40:31Z

Hadash: Created page with " Bekir Nurmambet (born 1540, Tabul) is a Kyrzbekistani billonaire and business magnate. He is the founder of Yakmak International, one of the largest business conglomerates in..."

Bekir Nurmambet (born 1540, Tabul) is a Kyrzbekistani billonaire and business magnate. He is the founder of Yakmak International, one of the largest business conglomerates in Near East. He has quadruple Kyrzbekistani, Ariccan, Khanidian, and Florinthian citizenship.

His father, Irek Nurmambet, served as minister in the short-lived Akhadic Republic of Kyrzbekistan.

==Early life==

Bekir Nurmambet was born in Tabul, then Kingdom of Arbere, today eastern [[Kyrzbekistan]] in 1540. His father, Irek Nurmambet, later served as minister in the short-lived Akhadic Republic of Kyrzbekistan. Both his parents are ethnic Ashkadi from northeastern Kyrzbekistan. Nurmambet, however, moved to A'Sir in 1552, where he lived with his mother until 1560, when he moved to Khanid to continue his studies.

He moved to Aricca in 1566, adquiring Ariccan citizenship three years later. Although a Kyrzbekistani national, his Kyrzbekistani passport was suspended until 1588.

==Investment careeer==

Bekir Nurmambet worked from 1564 and 1568, as investment salesman and securities analyst for several Ariccan and Khanidian companies. In 1569, he became Chairman and CEO of Kirman Corporation, an insurance company based in Aricca.

His business activities increased the following years and in 1572, he became a millonaire because of his partnerships. He moved from insurance to banking in 1574, the same year he founded, along other five investors from Khanid, Yakmak International. He bought Günes Airlines, an airline company based in Aricca, the same year.

In 1575, Bekir Nurmambet began buying Air Florinthus stock, eventually purchasing up to 4% of the company. After he became the owner of AA Tarleton, a football club, he expanded his investment in the Brigidnan country. He acquired Florinthian citizenship in 1594.

==Yakmak International==

Yakmak International is a business conglomerate based in Khanid. The company is one of the largest business conglomerates in Near East. Yakmak International include cosmetics, finance and banking, commercial aviation, infraestructure, building material, information technology and international real estate development. It operates in countries including Khanid, Aricca, Wadiyah, Rojadavistan, A'Sir, Angiris, Ceribia, Mayari, West Brigidna, Mordvania, or Saratov.

==Sports==

In March 1576, Bakir Nurmambet bought AA Tarleton, a football club from Florinthus. The reported price was $60 million. Nurmambet was already the owned of a football club in Aricca, as well as the owner of several equestrian clubs in Khanid.

In 1602, it was confirmed that Yakmak International had bought the Mordvanian football club NK Aluminij, a Mordvanian football club, from its previous owner by an estimated $38 million. Several months later, Bakir Nurmambet bought 20% of the club, consolidating his position. Her sister Hadise Nurmambet became Chairman of the club, which was renamed as NK Aluminij Fuzinarija.

==Controversy==

Bekir Nurmambet is a well-known member of the [[Akhadic Society]], a conservative Akhadist organization.

Timeline of Mordvanian history

2019-10-10T18:42:38Z

Hadash: Created page with " This is a '''timeline of Mordvanian history''', comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Mordvania. To read about the backgro..."

This is a '''timeline of [[Mordvania|Mordvanian]] history''', comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Mordvania. To read about the background to these events, see [[Mordvania]].

<div class> '''Centuries''': [[#Pre-modern history|Pre-modern history]]{{·}}[[#15th century|15th]]{{·}}[[#16th century|16th]]{{·}}[[#17th century|17th]] </div>

== Pre-modern history ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 9th century || || The Kingdom of Mordvania is established. Prince Bogdan becomes King Bogdan I of Mordvania.
|-
| 957 || March || Battle of Dzvalktia (957), in which the Mordvanian army defeated a coalition of Bunesgan forces assited by Videjszeme.
|-
| 969 || Elvan || Peace of Ryban. The Kingdom of Mordvania annexes the Kingdom of Bunesga.
|-
| 1149 || Quartyr || King Bogdan IV, the last Mordvanian monarch from the House of Urbanek dies without a successor, unleashing a civil war.
|-
| 1152 || || Atharik von Greuthen, a Geinic noble, was crowned, starting the Greuthen-Hansen Dinasty, which lasted until 1544.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[722]] || Summer || ''[[Battle of ...]]'': Forces loyal to do something.
|-
| || Someone was elected something and does something else.
|-
| [[737]] || || Someone died.
|-
|}

== 15th century ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 9th century || || The Kingdom of Mordvania is established. Prince Bogdan becomes King Bogdan I of Mordvania.
|-
|}

== 16th century ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 9th century || || The Kingdom of Mordvania is established. Prince Bogdan becomes King Bogdan I of Mordvania.
|-
|}

== 17th century ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 9th century || || The Kingdom of Mordvania is established. Prince Bogdan becomes King Bogdan I of Mordvania.
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Mordvania]]

[[Category:Mordvania]]
[[Category:History]]

Sioran Cycling Hall of Fame

2019-10-09T14:30:25Z

Hadash: /* G */

The '''Sioran Cycling Hall of Fame''' is a cycling history museum and hall of fame, located in Dyrnberg, [[Dyrheim]]. It serves as the cycling's most complete library, in addition to promoting and preserving to promoting and preserving the history of world cycling. It is administered by the International Cycling Foundation, which belongs to the '''Sioran Cycling Association''' ('''SCA''').

==A==

=== Gjord Ahlström ===

Gjord Ahlström (1540), Galeaen climber. '''Teams:''' New Galeae Cycling Team (1569- )
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Palmarès
!1570
!1571
!1572
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de Valland|alt=Yellow jersey]] '''Tour de Valland'''
|WD
|39º
|9º
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:Jersey pink.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Ceribian Tour|alt=golden jersey]] '''Ceribian Tour'''
|–
|4º
|8º
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:MaillotMundial.PNG|20px|link=World Championship's Individual Time-Trial|alt=golden jersey]] '''World Championship (ITT)'''
|–
|–
|–
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:MaillotMundial.PNG|20px|link=World Championship's Road Race|alt=golden jersey]] '''World Championship (Road Race)'''
|–
|–
|–
|}

=== Milo Alozidis ===

Milo Alozidis (1539), Pythian climber. '''Teams:''' Wyvern Cycling (1569-1573), Vertigo Cycling (1574- ).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Palmarès
!1571
!1572
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de Valland|alt=Yellow jersey]] '''Tour de Valland'''
|–
|11º
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:Jersey pink.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Ceribian Tour|alt=golden jersey]] '''Ceribian Tour'''
|43º
|37º
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:MaillotMundial.PNG|20px|link=World Championship's Individual Time-Trial|alt=golden jersey]] '''World Championship (ITT)'''
|–
|–
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:MaillotMundial.PNG|20px|link=World Championship's Road Race|alt=golden jersey]] '''World Championship (Road Race)'''
|–
|–
|}

=== Evrard Archambault ===

Evrard Archambault (1543), Vallish all-rounder. '''Teams:''' Blanchard Cycling (1565-1566), Volter-Gourmet (1567-1570), Belahroprom (1571-1573)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Palmarès
!1566
!1567
!1568
!1569
!1570
!1571
!1572
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de Valland|alt=Yellow jersey]] '''Tour de Valland'''
|94º
|WD
|10º
|2º
|WD
|34º
|–
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:Jersey pink.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Ceribian Tour|alt=golden jersey]] '''Ceribian Tour'''
|–
|18º
|7º
|WD
|20º
|47º
|–
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:MaillotMundial.PNG|20px|link=World Championship's Individual Time-Trial|alt=golden jersey]] '''World Championship (ITT)'''
|4º
|8º
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:MaillotMundial.PNG|20px|link=World Championship's Road Race|alt=golden jersey]] '''World Championship (Road Race)'''
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|}

==B==
==C==
==D==
==E==
==F==
==G==

===Jacques Gaudin===

Jacques Gaudin (1488-1557), Vallish climber. Teams: Équipe du Nord (1510-1515), Grand Lauren (1516-1522).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Palmarès
!1511
!1512
!1513
!1514
!1515
!1516
!1517
!1518
!1519
!1520
!1521
!1522
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left; background:#efefef;"|[[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=General classification in the Tour de Valland|alt=Yellow jersey]] '''Tour de Valland'''
|DNF
|3rd
|'''1st'''
|2nd
|'''1st'''
|'''1st'''
|4th
|6th
|2nd
|'''1st'''
|DNF
|DNF
|}

==H==
==I==
==J==
==K==
==L==
==M==
==N==
==O==
==P==
==Q==
==R==
==S==
==T==
==U==
==V==
==W==
==X==
==Y==
==Z==

Khokharsa

2019-10-02T11:13:05Z

Hadash: /* Languages */

{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Khokharsan Federal Republic
|native_name =
|common_name = Khokharsa
|status = 
|image_flag =
|alt_flag = 
|flag_border = 
|flag_footnote = 
|image_flag2 = 
|alt_flag2 = 
|flag2_border = 
|image_coat =
|alt_coat = 
|symbol_type = 
|symbol_footnote = 
|national_motto = 
|englishmotto = 
|national_anthem = 
|royal_anthem = 
|other_symbol_type = 
|other_symbol =
|image_map = 
|loctext = 
|alt_map = 
|map_caption = 
|image_map2 = 
|alt_map2 = 
|map_caption2 = 
|capital = Monrassa
|capital2 = 
|coordinates = 
|largest_city = Town
|largest_settlement_type = 
|largest_settlement = 
|official_languages = Languages
|national_languages = All languages
|regional_languages = 
|languages_type = 
|languages = 
|languages_sub = 
|languages2_type = 
|languages2 = 
|languages2_sub = 
|ethnic_groups = 
|ethnic_groups_year = 
|nationalities = 
|religion = 
|demonym = Khokharsan
|government_type = Presidential republic
|leader_title1 = President
|leader_name1 = Gustav Back
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =

|leader_title14 =
|leader_name14 =
|legislature = Federal Council
|upper_house = Senate
|lower_house = Khokharsan Assembly
|sovereignty_type = 
|sovereignty_note =
|established_event1 = Independence
|established_date1 = 1357
|established_event2 =
|established_date2 =

|established_event9 = 
|established_date9 =
|area_rank =
|area_magnitude =
|area = 
|area_km2 =
|area_sq_mi = 
|area_footnote = 
|percent_water =
|area_label = 
|area_label2 = 
|area_data2 = 
|population_estimate =
|population_estimate_rank =
|population_estimate_year = 1582
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_density_rank =
|nummembers = 
|GDP_PPP =
|GDP_PPP_rank = 1581
|GDP_PPP_year =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal =
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_year =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|Gini = 
|Gini_ref = 
|Gini_rank =
|Gini_year =
|HDI_year = 
|HDI = 
|HDI_change = 
|HDI_rank =
|HDI_ref = 
|currency = Khokarsan dollar
|currency_code = KD
|time_zone = 
|utc_offset = 
|time_zone_DST = 
|utc_offset_DST = 
|DST_note = 
|antipodes = 
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = right
|cctld =
|iso3166code = KH
|calling_code =
|patron_saint = 
|image_map3 = 
|alt_map3 = 
|footnote_a = 
|footnote_b = 

|footnote_h = 
|footnotes = 
}}

'''Khokharsa''', officially the Khokharsan Federal Republic, is a country on North Skathia. It is bordered by Bisica to its north, and Central Tambossa to its northeast. It has a population of many people. Oslanburgan and Khokharsian are the official languages, and over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, some of them having regional status.

The climate is equatorial, with significant rainfall during the Quartyr-Dein season and harsh winds the remainder of the year. It was an important producer of cocoa and rubber in the early 14th century, and it has an important mining industry.

Khokharsa was an Oslanburgan colony before declaring its independence on Septem 24, 1357. The Arch-Kingdom of Oslanburg did not recognize the independence until 1370, with the signing of the Treaty of Omninanberg. Magnus Bard became the first elected president in 1383, and the 1382 Constitution is one of the oldest of the continent. Khokharsa was able to maintain and keep its independence during the rest of the colonial era.

==Etymology==

''Khokharsa'' derives from the word ''Khokhara'' in Ohuba language, meaning "liberty", therefore it can be translated as "Land of the Free". The name was coined by Hjalte Farfatter in 1377, and officially accepted in the 1382 Constitution. Previously, the country was named as the Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth, from 1359 to 1382.

==History==

===Early history and colonization===

The Salty Coast has been inhabited by indigenous peoples of Skathia at least as far back as the 8th century. Ohuba-speaking people expanded northward, forcing many smaller ethnic groups eastward toward the Novangian Bay. The Jami, Zambawi, Nagonian, Kukua, Akeemi were some of the earliest documented peoples in the nearby inland areas.

Between 6th and late 10th century, Lanlanian, Oslanburgan, Castlian, and Vallish traders had contacts and trading posts in the region. The Vallish named the area Côte Salé ("Salty Coast") due to the abundance of salt-tolerant mangrove trees. Brigidnan traders would barter commodities and goods with local people.

Oslanburg established several settlements in the northern coast in the early 11th century. In 1066, they founded Rimesia, in today Bisica, which became one of the most important trading posts of northern Skathia. It was founded with a hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers. It was fortified in 1071 and elevated to a township in 1080. The Castlians established other trading post in the westward coast, principally trading in Skathian slaves for Magentinian plantations. Local slave dealers provided a large number of slaves for Oslanburg as well, usually sold in exchange for manufactured goods from Brigidna. This Skathian slave trade in the area continued until late 14th century.

During the 11th and 12th centuries, Oslanburg expanded considerably inland, founding many towns and slave plantations. During that time, the region was officially known as Oslan Equatorial Skathia. In the 13th century, Castleon expanded its colonial territory southward, although its control over much of its claimed territory was minimal compared to the Oslanic colonies. Famines and epidemies were recurring in the Castlian colonies; they may kill one-fourth or one-third of the population, destroying the demographic growth of a generation and forcing colonists back into the river valleys.

A Treaty in 1269 fixed the region's borders, delineating the boundaries of Oslanburgan and Castlian claims in the area. Trade between Castleon and her Skathian territories also rapidly increased in the early 14th century as a result of protective tariffs, leading to increased development, as well as a wave of new Castlian settlers.

===The 1349 Revolt===

[[File:Haitian_Revolution.jpg|thumb|right|340px|Castlian soldiers in Reyneda fighting Skathian rebels, 1354.]]
[[File:Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond,_Virginia.jpg|thumb|235px|left|A late 13th century depiction of Skathian slave trade in the Oslanburgan colony.]]

By the late 13th century, Oslan Equatorial Skathia had become one of the main supplier of the world's cocoa. It had also, along nearby Castleon's Sierra Morana colony, an extensive coffee and sugar plantations. Cocoa production depended on extensive manual labor provided by enslaved Skathians in the harsh Oslan colonial plantation economy. Most of the slaves were northern and central Skathian natives, although Oslan also exported some slaves from northeastern Skathia.

Slaves in Oslan Equatorial Skathia had no rights, and the life of most slaves was harsh and miserable. In 1298, the Oslan settlers began passing legislation restricting the rights of other groups of people until a rigid caste system was defined. They could be classified into four different groups. One were the Oslan noblemen or royal envoys, who were the ruling class in the region. The second one were the Oslan colonists, which could be generally subdivided into the plantation owners and a lower class of whites who often served as overseers or day laborers. A third group was the free Skathians (usually mixed-race), which tended to be educated and literate and they often served in the army or as administrators on plantations. Some of them were dedicated to slave trade or even operated their own plantations and were slave owners.

The fourth group, outnumbering the others by a ratio of ten to one, was made up of Skathian slaves. There had been already a few minor slave revolts in the early 12th century. The Castlian and Oslan planters lived in fear of slave rebellion. They extensively used the threat of physical violence to maintain control in the plantations. If slaves left the plantations or disobeyed their masters, they were subject to whipping, or even death penalty. Oslan government had attempted to regulate the treatment of the enslaved population several times, but slaveholders openly and consistently ignored the law, and local legislation reversed parts of it through early 14th century.

There had been already a revolt of Skathian slaves in parts of the Castlian territory of Sierra Bella on Vintyr 2-6, 1331. The conditions in the sugar plantations in the Castlian colony were, in some cases, even harsher than those in the nearby Oslan colonies. While the start and causes of the revolt remain unknown, on Vintyr 2 between 80 and 200 enslaved men marched from sugar plantations toward the city of Chingudi. They collected more men along the way. Some accounts claimed a total of 800-1000 slaves participated. During their three-day march, they burned nine plantation houses (six completely), several sugarhouses, and crops. They were armed mostly with hand tools. They were led by Mwame Mbossa, a slave from Tambossa. Although only eleven Castlian settlers were murdered by the insurgents, the insurrection created a great panic and chaos in the nearby provinces. Castlian settlers led by officials formed a militia company to hunt down and kill the insurgents. Over the next month, about 100 aditional insurgents were executed after a public trial. Executions were by hanging or decapitation, and the bodies of the executed were displayed as a warning to intimidate other slaves. The heads of some were put on the pikes and displayed at nearby plantations.

Many in Oslan Equatorial Skathia saw the revolt in the Castlian colony as an ominous sign. Laurent Thumerelle, a Vallish military officer and explorer, was one of them. He had married the daughter of an Oslan settler, and wrote several books about his travels in Equatorial Skathia, the Mandavines, and the Castlian colonies. He predicted a general slave revolt in the colonies, if there were no serious social reform. Thumerelle's prediction came true on the night of 22 Dein 1349, when the slaves of Oslan Equatorial Skathia rose in revolt and began to kill their masters and plunged the colony into civil war.

[[File:San Domingo.jpg|thumb|360px|left|Battle of Opar, 1356.]]

The revolt started in Alnhagen, a town five miles from the Gulf of Bisica, and expanded quickly inland and eastward. Within the next three weeks, slaves had taken control of the entire northwestern province and much of the south in an unprecedented and violent slave revolt. By late Elva, the number of slaves who joined the revolt reached about 50,000. Several thousands of Oslan settlers were murdered, and about 100 plantations were destroyed or burned. Oslan settlers kept control of only a few isolated, fortified camps. By mid-1350, the slaves took the province of Ligeria, effectively isolated all the southern and eastern territories from the coastal settlements. About 5,000 Oslan settlers were murdered in the next month only in that central province. After that, several Oslan expeditinary forces from the Mandavines arrived to Bisica.

Kean Siljberg, a self-educated former domestic slave, proved to be a successful Skathian commander. In 1351, his forces were able to take over Monraunberg, today Monrassa, after defeating Oslan troops led by Colonel Jens Mogensen. He proclaimed the abolition of slavery in all the continent, and proclaimed himself Governor of Equatorial Skathia. More slaves joined the insurrection, specially in southeastern provinces. At the end of the year, the slave army had between 100,000-200,000 men, according to several sources. In 1353, he led an invasion of neighboring Sierra Morena, and fought against Castlian forces for nine months.

===Independence===
[[File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Kean Siljberg, independence leader and first president of the Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth.]]

The war, known as War of Independence in Khokharsa, lasted for eight years. In 1356, in the Battle of Opar, Siljberg's army was able to force the Oslan army to withdraw further to the northeast, but it suffered a high cost: about 90,000-120,000 Skathian soldiers died, while the Oslan forces only lost about 15,000-20,000 soldiers in the battle. Several weeks later, the Castlian army launched an offensive, forcing the rebel army to withdraw from Sierra Morena, and kept advancing unopposed. They also seized most of southwestern Oslan Equatorial Skathia, which had been mostly unaffected by the slave revolt, where they were received as liberators by white Oslan settlers.

The Skathians abandoned convential warfare and reverted back to guerrilla tactics, making the Castlians hold over much of western Equatorial Skathia. Oslanburg offered Castleon an alliance to completely crush the slave revolt in Equatorial Skathia. However, the Kingdom of Castleon rejected the Oslan offer, as they aimed to annex much of the former Oslan colonies than their armies now controlled. The Castlian army attacked several Oslan ports in the Mandavines, threatening Oslanburg supply to their Skathian colonies. By late 1356, Oslanburg decided to sign a treaty with Castleon, known as the Peace of Skoven, in which Oslanburg ceded large possessions of Oslan Equatorial Skathia to the Kingdom of Castleon.

The Castlian army kept advancing but epidemies during the rainy season caused many casualties in their forces. In 1358, Castleon decided to offer a peace to the Skathian leadership, which had declared officially its independence only six months before. On 26 Nueva 1358, the Treaty of Fuencaliente was signed between both sides, which established a buffer state between both countries, as Castleon was not willing that their slaves fled to the new state. As consequence, Equatorial Skathia lost about 1/3 of their territory before the war.

===Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth===

Kean Siljberg became President for life, and a Skathian Council -mostly formed by a group of Skathians military commanders and notables- was selected as legislative body. The Declaration of Independence had abolished slavery, and declared that all lands would be under state ownership, while peasants would be attached to a plantation, based on an open-field system administered by the military authority. This established a form of serfdom in practice, although this was not always established in practice in those areas with a smaller population or far away to the main urban centers.

Equatorial Skathian economy had been completely destroyed by the war, and Oslanburg kept a blockade along the Gulf of Bisica, which isolated the country from world trade and forced it to develop a subsistence agriculture.

President Siljberg died in 1361, and the following years were years of political instability, with six presidents between 1361 and 1365. In 1364, it was promulgated the Basic Law, which established a more clear and rational state organization, including the creation of detailed judiciary system and the abolition of military courts. During that time there were created community schools, although the progress on literacy were very slow.

[[File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Capois_dit_Capois-la-Mort.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Per Kvium, founder of the Moderate Party and the longest serving president of the Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth. He played an important role in the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1368, and the transition toward a representative government.]]

In 1368, it was approved the Bill of Rights, which granted some political rights, such as the abolition of corporal punishment - although this was barely imposed in practice. It also banned non-Skathians to own land in the territory of the Commonwealth, and banned the death penalty.

===Eastward Expansion===

During the late 1360s, the economic situation was dire, and there was rural unrest in many provinces of the new state. At that time, Equatorial Skathia was surrounded by a large group of tribal societies and small kingdoms, some of them still undiscovered by Brigidnan explorers. After minor clashes, the Commonwealth government approved the annexation of nearby lands, in order to secure the borders of the nation.

In 1367, under the initative of Secretary of Treasury Hjalte Farfatter, it was approved the Purchasing Land Act, which allowed the state to sell land and individual citizens to buy land, effectively ending the practice of peasants to be forcely attached to the land, and therefore abolishing serfdom. Although this was aimed to the quickly development of lands sparcely inhabited and recently annexed, it were military and political officials along urban merchants the main ones which beneficted of this measure, contributing to the creation of a new economic elite.

The Eastward expansion also contributed to create alternative commercial route from the Tambossan region to the Gulf of Bisica. The annexation of lands were done through several methods. In some cases, they lands were simply annexed, and the natives were invited to join the new lands as labourers. In other cases, the local inhabitants were forced to escape further east, while in other cases tribes were decimated and hunted down for allegedly security reasons. In less than a decade, the Commonwealth expanded considerably its territory, more than three times by 1380.

The expansion of the Commonwealth created concern to some Brigidnan powers. Oslanburg and Castleon opened talks for a joint invasion of the Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth, as some slaves from their colonies were trying to cross into the Commonwealth territory in order to be hired as labourers. This, however, was avoided as the Castleon-Nyland war unleashed in the 1370s.

===The Constitution of 1382===

The Constitution of 1382 was the first constitution of Khokharsa, still in force although amended several times during the last two centuries. Although the constitution was aimed to integrate constitutional agreements such as the Declaration of Independence, the Basic Law of 1364, and the Bill of Rights of 1368, it was largely modeled on the Constitution of the Nylander Republic. It was mostly written by Hjalte Farfatter, a Khokharsan politician who had visited Nyland to establish diplomatic relations and study the education system there. The constitution officially changed the name of the country from Equatorial Skathia to Khokharsa, officially known as the Khokharsan Federal Republic. It was proclaimed on 4 Septem 1382, shortly after the first elections to the Khokharsan Senate.

The Constitution created a federal state governed by three branches of government: the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The executive branch was led by the President of Khokharsan, elected by popular vote of all land-owning citizens to a three-year term. Legislative power was held by the Federal Assembly of Khokharsa, a bicameral body made up of a Khokharsan Assembly and a Senate. The judicial branch consisted of the Supreme Court of Khokharsa, made up of a chief justice and four associate justices, and circuit courts created by the Legislature. Article One of the Constitution enshrined civil liberties similar to those protected by the Nylander Constitution.

[[File:Phillis_Wheatley_frontispiece_(cropped),_1834.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Nikolaine Maude, one of the few women who played an important public role at the time. A former domestic slave, she married Hjalte Farfatter in 1374. She wrote widely on social reform and women's rights.]]

The Constitution, however, limited voting rights to the economic and political elite, formed by urban merchants and land-owning citizens. Only 5% of the male population had right to vote until 1440.

Magnus Bard was the first elected President of Khokharsa, and Hjalte Farfatter became Vice President, an office created by the Constitution. Previously, from 1370 to 1382, the president was elected by an electoral college formed by military commanders and rural political appointees.

Politically, the Khokharsan Federal Republic was soon dominated by two political parties. The Moderate Party was supported primarily by mixed-race Skathians from urban backgrounds and rural landowners, while the Liberal Party, established in 1386, received much of its following from the richer urban merchant class. From the first presidential election of 1383, the Moderate Party held political dominance.

===Massacre of Ligeria===

In 1387, Khokharsa defeated the Kingdom of Bocamo in the four-month war known as First Khokharsan-Bocamian War, from late 1386 to early 1387. As consequence, the Khokharsan Federal Republic annexed several provinces of the Kingdom of Bocamo. Many of those lands were inhabited for Castlian settlers and although most of them decided to move the nearby Castlian colony, some of them decided to stay, as Khokharsa seemed more stable. Their hopes did not last, however, as after the 1389 state elections, most of the settlers were forced to move to nearby state of Ligeria, ruled by the controversial Governor Franz Hasane.

On Dein 1389, a Skathian Khokharsan girl, Alaafia Pápáme, was found murdered in the town of Mbame, and after another teenager who committed suicide by poisoning herself was declared dead in a charity hospital founded by Messanic Castlian settlers, several regional newspapers insinuated that both children had been murdered by the local Castlian community. After a state senator made similar insinuations, it sparked violence against non-Skathian settlers. Governor Franz Hasane promised to start an official investigation about the cases, but his words, promising vengeance if foreigners were proved to be guilty, instigated more attacks rather than the contrary.

The massacre began on Dein 25, and lasted until Tolven 4. The second most popular newspaper in Ligeria, owned by a candidate of the Conservative Party, regularly published articles with headlines such as "Death to the settlers!" and "War against the Brigidnan oppressors!". Riots expanded quickly to twelve towns on Dein 27, and several hundred were killed, 89 were severely wounded and 200 were slightly injured, more than 500 houses were destroyed, and 100 stores were pillaged. Herlev Krøniker published a forged dispatch by Khokharsan Secretary of Homeland to the governor of Ligeria, which supposedly gave orders not to stop the rioters, but, in any case, no attempt was made by the federal government to intervene to stop the riots until mid-Elva.

By early Tolven 1389, some 2,000 to 4,000 people had been killed, and the white Castlian settlers were practically eradicated. Only three categories of white people were selected as exceptions and spared from the violence: non-Castlian foreign citizens; nurses and doctors in federal hospitals; and those Castlian settlers who were working for the federal administration or had connections to Khokharsan officers and politicians. Of the Castlian settlers, only 200 survived the massacre.

Some Khokharsan newspapers and politicians, including Senator Hjalte Farfatter, called the federal government to stop the massacre. However, with the massacre happening only a few months before the presidential elections, the federal government only indirectly intervened a month after the beginning of the massacre, and even after that many candidates did not openly condemned the massacre during the electoral campaign. Nikolaj Kagawasan Bard was elected president in 1390. He visited the state of Ligeria in Vintyr 1389, during his electoral campaign, but no mention of the massacre can be found in local newspapers reporting his visit.

The Nylander New Fenridge Times described the events in Lungsodia, a town nearby the state of Gunam:

<blockquote>
The anti-settlers riots in Lungsodia, Ligeria, are worse than anyone could imagine, bringing back memories of the 1359 Skathian revolt. There was a well laid-out plan for the general massacre of settlers the day after the local government left the town for unclear reasons. The mob was led by prominent people of the province, and the genral cry, "Kill the foreigners", was taken-up all over the city. The settlers were taken wholly unaware and were slaughtered like sheep. The dead number 200 and the injured about 500. Some of them were able to escape to the state of Gunam, but a few were returned for no reason. The scenes of horror attending this massacres are beyond description. Babies were literally torn to pieces by the frenzied and bloodhthirsty mob. The local police made no attempt to check the reign of terror. At sunset, the streets were piled with corpses and wounded. Those who could make their escape fled in terror, and the city is now practically deserted of Castlian settlers
("''Settlers Massacre Denounced''", New Fenridge Times, Elva 19, 1389).
</blockquote>

There were rumours in the national and regional media of a Brigidnan invasion to stop the massacre. This, however, did not happen.

The massacre had a negative and long-lasting effect on the international view of the Khokharsan Republic. Only a few Khokharsan citizens were prosecuted for their role in the massacre. Most of them were pardoned by President Nikolaj Kagawasan Bard a few years later. The survivors were given an economic compensation and they were allowed to leave the republic if they wished so. It also increased racial and political tensions inside the republic.

===The Second Bocamian-Khokharsan War===
[[File:Ann Zingha, queen of Matamba.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Queen Babayinah, last Bocamian monarch.]]

The Kingdom of Bocamo was created as a buffer state between Equatorial Skathia and the Castlian colonies. The Kingdom was an absolute monarchy, ruled by ethnic Maisog. Most of the population, non-Maisog Skathians, along a minority of servants brought from the Mandavines by the Castlian settlers, were reduced to either slavery or serfdom. The Kingdom lived mostly of slave trade, but when world slave trade was abolished by late 14th century, the Kingdom of Bocamo entered in decline.

In 1387, the Kingdom of Bocamo had already lost territory to the Khokharsan Republic, and six years later, it was forced to sign a treaty with the Castlian colony, in which this annexed 20% of Bocamo northern territory. Tambok I, King of Bocamo for more than thirty years died in 1416, he was succeed by his elder son Mubo, but he was murdered only eleven months later. Tambok's daughter Babayinah became Queen, but shortly afterwards, Tambok's brother Ngamhanan claimed the throne, starting a civil war.

Babayinah was forced to withdraw toward the south, with a small number of loyalist forces. She promised to abolish slavery if she won the war, although she didn't immediately, and established diplomatic relations with the Khokharsan Federal Republic. After Liberal Party candidate Ib Farfatter was elected Khokharsan president in 1417, the Khokharsan government trained and armed slaves who had fled the Kingdom of Bocamo. In Elva 1418, after a number of skirmishes along the Bocamian-Khokharsan border, the Khokharsan Assembly voted for a declaration of war in order to restore order in the western kingdom.

The invasion started a month later, starting the Second Bocamian-Khokharsan War, also known as Khokharsan National War (1418-1424). The Khokharsan Republic proclaimed the conflict to be an ideological war, against slavery an for republican freedom. Most of the southern and eastern Bocamo was already occupied by Khokharsan forces in early 1419, and Queen Babiynah was moved to Lombuanda, central Khorkharsa, where she met with President Ib Farfatter and spent most of the war there.

[[File:SkivringSmith.jpg|thumb|left|200px| Ib Farfatter (1376-1449), 8th President and second Liberal Party president. He was the youngest son of Hjalte Farfatter, who had founded the Liberal Party twenty years earlier. While he was considered a pragmatist politician, his decision to intervene in the Bocamian civil war sparked the invasion of Khokharsa by Castleon and Oslanburg in 1419.]]

[[File:Cameroon_chief_German_armour.jpg|thumb|160px|right|General Hans Bouk, chief staff of the Khokharsan army from 1412 to 1421.]]

However, on 2 Quartyr 1419, Castleon and Oslanburg demanded the Khokharsan government to stop the invasion and threatened with war. On 28 Septem and 4 Ochtyr Castleon and Oslanburg, respectively, invaded Khokharsa. By the end of Ochtyr, the Khokharsan army was forced to withdraw from Northern Bocamo, while Oslanburg occupied most of coastal Khokharsan, effectively ending commerce between Khokharsan and world trade. Six months later, the Oslanburgan army seized Malagwi, and Castlian and Oslan forces were able to siege the capital city of Khokharsa, Monrassa, for ten months. On Marth 11, the Oslan army seized Pembassa, the six largest town in Khokharsa at the time, and looted and burned most of the city. Meanwhile, the Castlian army was not able to advance that far in Western Bocamo, as the rainy season, and the brutal opposition of Bocamian slaves, who feared that the Brigidnan armies would reintroduce slavery, who started a guerrilla war against the Brigidnan army.

Oslan kept advancing, however, and by the end of the year, the Brigidnan armies already occupied more than half of Khokharsa territory before the war. General Gabriel Sakoa, who took control of the Khokharsan army only two months before, prepared and launched an offensive in 28 Dosa 1421, which surprised the Oslan army and forced them to retreat to the Khokharsan capital. On 4 Fein 1421, the Battle of Monrassa started, which lasted three months. By the end of Ochtyr, Sakoa was able to seize Monrassa, being a whole Oslan division completely slaughtered. Meanwhile, the Castlian army was suffering on yellow fever, which killed thousands of soldiers, and the morale of the Castlian troops were collapsing.

On late 1421, it started the Battle of Malagwi, which lasted for six months. It became the most bloodthirsty of all the war, with 28,000 Castlian and Oslan soldiers, and along 200,000-300,000 Khokharsans, dead. The Khokharsan were unable to take the city, however, and did not launch any that massive offensive in more than a year. On Septem 1422, the Castlian army withdrew from most of the Kingdom of Bocamo, after a new offensive by Bocamian and Khokharsan irregular forces. On Dein 1422, the Khokharsan army launched a minor offensive against Stollig, but they failed to take the city or causing major loses.

[[File:DutchGapb.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Battle of Sisogborun, 1422.]]

The war continued without important changes until Vintyr 1423, when General Gabriel Sakoa seized the main road which united the Castlian and Oslan armies. Sakoa launched another large offensive two months later, this time in Northwestern Bocamo, which resulted in a failure, but caused the concern of the Castlian leadership which feared that the Khokharsan army coud be able to seize territory of the Castlian colony. While in the next months the Castlian and Oslan started to advancing into Khorkharsan territory again, they started negotiations with Khokharsan government, fearing being involved in an unending military conflict.

The Treaty of Malagwi (1424) ended the war, with the Castlian colony and Oslan government annexing large chunks of Khokharsan territory, even those under control of the Khokharsan army at the time the treaty was signed. The Castlian colony expanded considerably eastward, while Oslanburg received an important part of northeastern Khokharsa, with the territory of Bisica doubling its own size. As consequence, the Khokharsan Federal Republic had lost about 20% of its territory before the war.

Regarding the Kingdom of Bocamo, it was officially abolished, Queen Babayinah forced to abdicate, and its territory divided betweeh the Khokharsan republic and a protectorate administered by the Castlian colony. Eastern Bocamo became officially part of the Khokharsan Federal Republic after the ninth amendment was passed, in 1431, and the state of Kukuanland was created. The Protectorate of West Bocamo would be officially annexed by the Castlian colony in 1441. Queen Babayinah remained living in Khokharsa until her death in 1448, in Opar, Khokharsa. While most Castlian settlers in East Bocamo decided to move to the Castlian-controlled protectorate or back to Brigidna, a minority of them decided to stay in Khokharsa. Eventually, many of those Castlian settlers would settle in the northern coastal states, where they found easy to flourish economically, helped by international trade.

The Treaty also forced the Khokharsan Federal Republic to pay harsh economic compensations to both Castleon and Oslanburg. They would not be fully paid until 1479 and 1504, respectively.

===Reconstruction Era===

[[File:Delany.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Gabriel Sakoa (1379-1466), 13th president of the Khokharsan Federal Republic.]]

As consequence of the long military conflict, the Khokharsan economy had collapsed and many main cities, included the capital, had been destroyed. Between 2-4 million Khokharsan citizens had died during the war as well, so many regions found depopulated. The former territory from the Kingdom of Bocamo annexed by the Khokharsa republic barely compensated the territory lost in the north, not only it was a poorer and barely developed area, but it had been devastated by the war.

Ib Farfatter was surprisingly reelected president for third term in 1423, but the resigned in early 1425, allegedly for health reasons. Vice President Ove Paprika replaced him, but he became a very unpopular president, mostly because the Treaty of Malagwi was considered too harsh despite the military effort, and because the country was in a deep economic depression. Hunger and unemployment was rampant, and the government soon proved unable to control the rising inflation. Paprika became the first Khokharsan president to be impeached, six months before the 1426 elections.

Eigil Umkhandi, the Moderate Party candidate was elected president in 1426, but he was unable to improve the economic situation. Ib Farfatter would run again as Liberal Party candidate, winning the 1429 elections by a landslide. Before him, noone had served more than ten years as president before. During Ib Farfatter's four term, the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth amendments were passed, increased the latter the presidential terms from three to five years. Farfatter, however, was defeated by General Gabriel Sakoa, who run as Moderate Party candidate, in 1432.

Sakoa became the longest serving president in Khokharsan history, serving from 1432 to 1447, after being reelected in 1437 and 1442. Sakoa was an authoritarian but very popular president, which had an important impact in this period of Khokharsan history known as Reconstruction Era, usually dated from the end of the war until 1457. This period of time is known for its social unrest and political instability, after Sakoa and until 1562 no Khokharsan president was able to win a reelection.

The consequences of the war imposed deep economic and demographic changes in the country. The integration of East Bocamo into Khokharsa proved a complicated process in the middle of economic troubles. The relations between Bocamian dominant ethnic group, the Maisogi, and the minor ethnic groups of the annexed kingdom increased racial tensions, while many in pre-war Khokharsa blamed the Bocamian peoples for the war. The Reconstruction Era aimed to solve all those problems, with not only the reconstruction of state and society, but the integration of the Bocamian peoples in the Khokharsan nation.

The fourteen amendment, passed during President Sakoa's second term, removed the constitutional clause which gave the citizenship from "oppressed Skathian nations" who decided to settle in Khorkharsan territory, setting the foundations of a concept of nation-state based on more conventional terms. This would be confirmed and expanded with the 1440 Naturalization Act. Sakoa also expanded voting rights. This decision would prove decisive in his second reelection in 1442.

While slavery and serfdom were abolished in the former lands of East Bocamo, the well-being of their inhabitants only improved slightly. Most of the lands were declared state property first, and they were soon sold to rich Khokharsans and, in some cases, to veteran Khokharsan military officers. Former slaves were forced to remain working in the same plantations under harsh conditions or moving to elsewhere facing high unemployment. Recent research has showed that salaries for agriculture workers in Khokharsa only raised from $0.22 to $0.31 in the twenty years after the war.

===The End of the Federal Republic of Khokharsa===

In 1462, Bryan Ravn became the first Liberal Party president to win a reelection since 1423. During his presidency, which was characterized by several corruption scandals, business-friendly legislation was passed, decreasing deregulation, and foreign investment increased considerably, mosty by Nylander companies, in the mining industry and in railroads construction.

The Moderate Party returned to power in 1467, which the election of Jakob Salomonsen. However, only ten months after President Salomonsen's inauguration, a sudden and deep financial crisis erupted, known as the '''Panic of 1468'''. The crisis had several underlying causes, including increasing inflation since the previous decade, rampant speculative investments (overwhelmingly in railroads), the demonetization of silver during President Ravn's last term, property losses in the Monrassa (1466) and Fotenburg (1468) fires, along other factors, put a massive strain on bank reserves, which plummeted in Nueva 1468, losing from 50% to 80% of its value.

As a consequence, the Monrassa Stock Exchange closed for twenty days starting 24 Nueva. By late 1468, about 40 of the nation's railroads had failed, another 30 went bankrupt by the first anniversary of the crisis. Construction of new rail lines, formerly one of the backbones of the economy, plummeted a 60% as soon as foreign investment started to reduce. The crisis triggered soon an economic depression. About 10,000 business failed between 1468 and 1470. Unemployment peaked in 1471 at 24.1%. Building construction was halted, wages were cut, real estate values fell and corporate profits vanished.

Poor economic conditions caused voters to turn against the Moderate Party. In the 1470 legislative elections, the Liberal Party regained control of both houses of the parliament. A year later, President Salomonsen barely survived impeachment. His popularity decreased while social tensions increased, and he did not run for reelection. Vice-president Gustav Black run as Moderate candidate, but he loses against the Liberal Party candidate, Egede Agbejovo, by a landslide in the 1472 presidential election.

President Egede Agbejovo, who had promised to increase investment and improve employment, failed to stabilize the economy. His government felt pressure to accept a loan agreement from the Nylander government, but imports kept decreasing. During his presidency, it was passed the controversial fifteenth amendment, removing the constitutional clause which banned non-Skathian to own land in Khokharsa. Despite Agbejovo's promises, corruption and inequality grew while the country was not able to end the depression.

The country economy would be able to return to economic growth again only by 1476, but then the political situation became increasingly unteneable for the government, with violent workers strikes and several states threatening with secesion. In Marth 1477, ten months before the presidential elections, military forces led by Lieutenant-Colonel Dirsch Onkqwe and General Gustav Wilke intervened, in a coup d'etat that lasted two days. President Agbejovo was able to flee to Nyland, while the rest of the government was arrested. General Wilke declared that the country was "close to a civil war" and the armed forces "had the duty to save the Federal Republic from a national disaser". Wilke suspended the 1477 presidential elections, declared the state of emergency in all the country, and announced the formation of a Military Supreme Council to took control of the federal government until social order was restored. Thousands of citizens were arrested and sent to prison without a trial, most of the constitutional freedoms were suspended, and all legislative bodies suspended, with the Military Supreme Council directly appointing governors.

General Wilke ruled as acting president until 1481, when he handed power to Dirsch Onkqwe. Before leaving power, General Wilke called a 122-member Legislative Assembly, although the Military Surpreme Council was reserved the right to veto any legislation passed by the new parliament. Despite claims of electoral fraud by the opposition, the pro-military National Party won a clear majority in the Legislative Assembly, and Dirsch Onkqwe was elected as president.

As President, Onkqwe took advantage of the improving economy to gain absolute power. In 1485, he forced through the legislatuve a new constitution, which was approved by plebiscite. The constitution praised Onkqwe and General Wilke (who had died in late 1484), and it granted the president sweeping powers to dissolve the legislature at will, to reorganize the judiciary, to appoint eleven senators, and to rule by decree when the legislature was not in session. Although Onkqwe implemented some reforms in infraestructure and administration, he brutally repressed the opposition, censored the press, and governed largely to benefit himself and a clique of businessmen and military officers. The new constitution established universal male suffrage for first time, however, although it was not clear if Onkqwe was willing to accept free and fair elections, and proclaimed the Social Republic of Khokharsa, also known as the Second Republic. The liberal Federal Republic of Khokharsa had ceased to exist.

===The Second Republic===

Dirsch Onkqwe remained president of the Social Republic of Khokharsa, also known as the Second Republic, until 1494. That year, he handed power over to Claus Calvino, the leader of the ruling National Party. Calvino became the first civilian president since the 1477 coup d'etat, but continued most of Onkqwe's policies. Calvino lost the confidence of the armed forces, however, and in 1499, he was forced to step down. He was replaced by Minister of Foreign Affairs Anker Bondam.

President Bondam, helped by an economic boom, passed some popular reforms, such as raising the salaries of civil servants, expanding the school system, and encouraging the establishment of rural cooperatives. Bondam's presidency was slightly less repressive than his predecessors, allowing a limited independent press and allowing labor unions to function, although they were not permitted to strike. He decided not to stand for reelection in 1504, however, as retired General Losse Vestager announced he was running for office, and Vestager was unofficially supported by Khokharsan financial and military elite. In the Septem 1504 election, Vestager was elected president, running as an independent candidate but being endorsed by the National Party.

Under Vestager's presidency, which lasted until 1511, Khokharsa made some improvements on its infraestructure, but most of these were financed largely by foreign loans, and corruption further increased during his presidency. He was replaced by Lars Niels, who was president from 1511 to 1514. Niels showed proof of not being a very competent leader. In Dein 1514, opposition politians, labor leaders, and their followers flocked to the street to demand Lars Niels' resignation. Although Niels declared martial law, a general strike shut down Monrassa, the capital of Khokharsa. As he lost soon the confidence of the army, Niels fled to Sequoia leaving the army with the task of restoring order.

Between Dein 1514 and Septem 1515, three provisional presidents held office during this interval: two resigned, Abidemi Arup and Ayo Iwogun, while the other, Oluwaseun Gade, was deposed by the army. Khokharsa held presidential elections in 1515, in which Martin Curth, who had the support of the armed forces, became the first president since 1481 not endorsed by the National Party. In the next year legislative election, Curth's followers took two-thirds of the parliament.

Martin Curth's seized companies owned by political rivals and imprisoned several opposition leaders, consolidating soon his power. His populist policies were popular but they had a negative economic impact of the country. After he nationalized several foreign companies, Nylander government suspended aid in 1519.

===The Northern Skathian Border War===

During the 1470s, tensions between Gehennan government and their northern colony, formerly known as West Bocamo, increased. In 1481, Gehennan authorities were forced to accept the resignation of Governor-Minister -head of government in charge of the colony- Alexander von Seipel, who was replaced by his deputy governor, Arthur Metternich, leader of the Conservative Party. Metternich became the colony's first Skathian-born leader, and the most popular politician for those Gehennan settlers agitating for more autonomy. In 1484, Metternich visited Nyköping, where Nylander Secretary of State promised him support if the Gehennan colony declared independence. A year later, a trade office was opened in Nyköping in order to co-ordinate breaking the anticipated sanctions in the event of a unilateral declaration of independence, and soon the office started to function as a de facto embassy.

In order to appease the colonial government, Gehennan government accepted legislative elections in West Bocamo, in which only Brigidnan settlers were given the right to vote. Arthur Metternich's political party won the legislative election by a landslide, and became the first and last First-Minister of West Bocamo. As soon as negotiations with Gehennan government failed in 1487, Metternich declared that the colony was legally entitled to independence, a claim that was overwhelmingly endorsed by registered voters in a referendum six months later.

Gehennan government denounced the colonial government as treasonous against the Gehennan crown, but rejected military intervention. On Septem 1488, Arthur Metternich issued an unilateral declaration of independence, which was passed by the colonial parliament. Gehenna imposed sanctions against West Bocamo, while Nyland and Batavia became the first government to recognize Metternich's government as sovereign nation. In 1491, Metternich proclaimed the Republic of Norther Skathia, after the colonial parliament passed a constitutional agreement which declared Metternich as first president of the Republic of Northern Skathia. He would remain in power until 1499, when he was replaced by Engelbert Aufschnaiter, the deputy leader of Metternich's Conservative Party, who had served as Minister of Defense since 1492.

The Social Republic of Khokharsa would only recognize the Republic of Northern Skathia in 1502, following pressure by the Nylander government on Bondam administration. Diplomatic relations between both countries remained tense until 1521, when President Martin Curth ended diplomatic relations, denouncing the Republic of Northern Skathia as a "racist and imperialist regime".

After a series of armed incidents along Northern Skathia-Khokharsa border in which several Northern Skathian soldiers were killed, on Nueva 1524, a large Khokharsan mechanized force entered the Bama region in Northern Skathia's territory, resulting in a firefight between Khokharsan soldiers and Northern Skathia soldiers and security police they encountered.

On Nueva 27, Northern Skathia, in what the local media described as "total war" policy, mobilized its forces for a full assault against Khokharsa. The fighting quickly escalated to exchanges of artillery and tank fire, leading to five weeks of intense fighting. Ground troops fought on five fronts. Nylander government, while increasing military supplies to Northern Skathia, called both sides to end the conflict and negotiate peace as soon as possible.

There was then a stalemate as both sides mobilized huge forces along their common border and dug extensive trenches. Despite the peace mediation efforts by Nylander and Sequoian governments, this situation extended until Marth 1525. The Nylander government proposed a six-point peace plan that called for withdrawal of both forces to pre-1524 borders. Northern Skathia refused, and instead demanded the demilitarization of the border, to be overseen by a neutral monitoring force.

On 10 Vintyr 1525, both parties agreed to a comprehensie peace agreement and binding arbitration of their disputes under the Nyköping Agreement. Seven months later, both government signed an armistice and talks for a final peace agreement were started.

===Khokharsan Civil War===

The conflict between Northern Skathia and Khokharsa weakened President Martin Curth's government, who was forced to step down in 1528. He was replaced by Henrik Soya. However, the choice of Soya was not popular, as he was Khokharsan representative during peace talks with the Republic of Northern Skathia, and he was assassinated ten months later by his own bodyguard. Pral Bankye, became acting president. However, his government only lasted twenty days.

Bankye was deposed in a coup d'etat that took place during the early hours of 4 Septem 1529. Troops of the Khokharsan Armed Forces supported by tanks and commanded by various members of the armed forces sealed off several strategic sites in Monrassa. Several government officials were abducted and imprisoned. Despite the seizure of police buildings in the coup, the police did not resist the military and even cooperated with them.

Lieutenant-Colonel Morten Carlsen announced that the government had been deposed "for their treasonous policies and shameless corruption", and denounced the oppression of the workers and peasants by the greedy elite. He also explained that although the government that had been overthrown was inept and corrupt not all of its members were criminals, calling citizens to cooperate with the new authorities, and announcing that a "National Revolutionary Council" would take power.

Carlsen's National Revolutionary Council dissolved the parliament and the supreme court, suspending the constitution and declaring martial law. Colonel-Lieutenant Morten Carlsen was a self-declared nationalist, and it was later rumoured that he had been an informant of Severyane intelligence even one year before the coup. Government officials from the regime, including several military officers, were wary of Morten Carlsen's motivations, and opposed the new government, starting the Khokharsan Civil war, which lasted a decade (1529-1540).

The eleven-year war can be divided roughly into three periods of major fighting -from 1529 to 1532, 1533 to 1534, and from 1535 to 1540 (the latter officially known as "Khokharsan Revolutionary War"), with fragile periods of peace. The Khokharsan Civil War was notable due to the combination of Khokharsa's violent internal dynamics and foreign intervention. The war became a proxy war, as the Nylander government, the Republic of Northern Skathia, Severyane, and their allies, provided military assistance to parties in the conflict. Since Marth 1535, the civil turned into a direct military confrontation between the Republic of Northern Skathia and the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa.

By the time the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa achieved victory in 1540, more than 400,000 people had died and over two million had been internally displaced. The war devastated Khokharsa's western regions infraestructure and the economy would not recover until the early 1580s.

===The Democratic Republic of Khokharsa===

The National Revolutionary Council, in essence a military junta, took over all the duties of the state after the coup, including the presidency, parliament, and council of ministers. The country was renamed the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa, also known as the Third Republic, and a political purge took place; political parties were banned, former ministers and military officers of the old regime were sentenced to lengthy prison or death penalty sentences, and dissidents were persecuted.

In 1530, Carlsen declared Khokharsa to be a socialist state and set upon the "socialization" of the country, essentially a grand scheme to nationalize the econonomy, implement a radical agrarian reform, and create a one-party state. Carlsen, as Chairman of the National Revolutionary Council, became the de facto head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and military spending increased with the help of Severyane which provided large volumes of equipment and trainers. Relations between both countries furthern strengthened after the Friendship Treaty of Zylnka was signed in 1534.

Morten Carlsen cultivated a cult of personality throughout his 22 years of rule. The National Revolutionary Council was dissolved in 1535, replaced by a National Council of Ministers, the year that a constitution was passed establishing a socialist regime. Rasmus Dam was President of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa from 1532 to 1542, although it was a rather honorary title during Carlsen's rule, who became president in 1542.

The Khokharsan Communist Party, officially established in 1533, became the ruling and only legal political party. Morten Carlsen's rule was described as "increasingly totalitarian" by human rights organizations, with human rights abuses becoming endemic in Khokharsa. The Nylander Human Rights Association wrote in 1541 that "Carlsen's regime could be considered one with the worst human rights records in Skathia", with the Carlsen regime persecuting and torturing political dissidents.

===The Khokharsan Revolutionary War===

The Khokharsan Revolutionary War, also known as Second Northern Skathian War or the Northern Skathian Revolutionary War, is how it is known the last phase of the Khokharsan Civil War, usually dated from 1535 to 1540, and resulted with Khokharsan victory and the annexation of the Republic of Northern Skathia.

By 1538, Nylander government, under a new administration, had disengaged from the Khokharsan Civil War, favouring a diplomatic solution. The war would not end until late 1540, when Severyane accepted to remove their naval base in the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa, and Khokharsan government accepted that progressive factions of the Republic of Northern Skathia were integrated into the Khokharsan government.

Following the Peace of Amarune (1540), a general amnesty was declared, except for 20 Northern Skathian officials who were granted asylum in Nyland. From 1541 to 1559, it was established the Autonomous Republic of Northern Bocamo, which was integrated into the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa in early 1560.

===Post-war===

After the war, Khokharsan would continue another eleven years under Morten Carlsen's totalitarian rule. This period is often called as "Second Restoration", in reference to the 1425-1457 period after the Second Bocamo-Khokharsan War, although this time toward communist lines. In 1544, Morten Carlsen launched a large political purge which resulted in the execution of at least 10,000 people, including former President Rasmus Dam.

However, the priority of the government policy during those years was to recover the economy, which was partially achieved through economic assistance and humanitarian aid from Severyane. Despite this efforts, the GDP per capita would not reach the levels of 1528 until 1579.

By 1545, all national industry was nationalized and the great majority of farmers were organized into high-level cooperatives. In former Republic of Northern Skathia, howeveer, the collectivization movement was much slower to be implemented. Although the agrarian reform did not find many obstacles in the former Gehennan colony as most of the landowners and thousands of ethnic Brigidnans decided to flee the country in the last months of the war, the collectivization movement was much slower to be implemented. By the time of Carlsen's death in 1551, more than 90% of farmers in Khokharsa were organized into cooperatives; by contrast only 10% percent of farmers in Northern Skathia -renamed as Northern Bocamo- were members of cooperatives. Collectivization efforts notwithstanding, the family farm became the basis of agriculture in northwestern Khokharsa.

===Political reforms===

After Morten Carlsen's death in 1551, he was officially replaced by Premier Knud Milius. A power struggle in the ranks of the Khokharsan Communist Party, with Ayo Siadanshe becominng General Secretary of the Khokharsan Communist Party in the Fifth Congress in 1554. Knud Milius was forced to step down, and an unofficial triumvirate formed by Siadanshe, Valdemar Wichfeld and Primo Madsen took power. Wichfeld replaced Milius as President of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa, with Primo Madsen becoming Minister of Defense and, after 1557, Premier of the Council of Ministers.

They introduced very limited political reforms, as the country remained under one-party rule, while the economic policy was focused to modernize and industrialize the economy. After the Sixth party congress in 1560, Morten Carlsen's cult of personality was slowly abandoned, and Rasmus Dam was rehabilitated, although Morten Carlsen remained as "Father of Socialist Khokharsa".

===Primo Madsen's leadership===

In 1562, Valdemar Wichfeld step down as President of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa, being replaced by Kayode Blixen. After the 1565 party congress, Ayo Siadanshe resigned and Benedict Dacian became General Secretary.

As senior member of the government, Premier Primo Madsen become the de facto leader of the country. During the Eighth party congress in 1570, the Khokharsan Communist Party was renamed as Socialist Democratic Party of Khokharsa, and three years later, a new constitution was established.

During Primo Madsen's leadership, Khokharsan government aimed to improve relations with many non-socialist countries, including the Nylander republic.

===Kayode Blixen's presidency===

Primo Madsen resigned as Premier in 1576, although the remained chairman of the Military Council, serving as commander-in-chief of the Khokharsan Armed Forces, until 1579.

Kayode Blixen, who had been president since 1562, became the effective leader of the party, following Madsen's retirement, as head of state of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa.

After 1582, Khokharsan government introduced important economic and administrative reforms aimed to improve the productivity of the national economy. After the Tenth congress in 1583, Khokharsan's economic resources were mobilized to better satisfy consumer demand by providing a more extensive assortment of consumer goods. Some economic reform measures were introduced to integrate market mechanisms into the framework of Khokharsa's socialist economy.

===Today===

Kayode Blixen resigned as chairman of the Military Council in 1590, although he remained President of the Republic of Khokharsa until 1594. As General Secretary since 1565, and commander-in-chief following Blixen's resignation, Benedict Dacian was expected to become the next President of the Republic of Khokharsa. However, Per Madsen -late Primo Madsen's son- was surprisingly appointed President of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa.

In 1595, Dacian, aged 80, resigned as General Secretary, Awadh Maathay replacing him four month later.

==Geography==

Khokharsa is the third largest country in [[Skathia]]. It is comparable in size to [[Sequoia]], or twice the size of [[Gehenna]] or [[Valland]]. It lies mostly between lattitutes 20° and 33°S, and longitutes 22° and 40°E. Khokharsa is bordered by [[Bisica]] to the northeast, Central Tambossa to the south, and the Mandavine Sea, in the Gulf of Bisica, to the north. Khokharsa capital, Monrassa, is on the east, not far from the central region of the country.

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Geography of Khokharsa">
File:Beach of Coatinha in Benguela, Angola.jpg|Akama beach in the Erakawon Islands.
File:Miradouro da Lua (Angola).jpg|Hakemburgan on the northwestern coast of Khokharsa.
File:Epupa Falls 2.jpg|Fakame Falls, Khame River on the border of Khokharsa and Central Tambossa.
File:Black Stones Pungo Adongo.JPG|Green Rocks at Makaagi near Nowuro.
</gallery>

==Climate==

Khokharsa has a tropical climate with two seasons, a wet season from Dein to Marth and a dry season from Quartyr to Nueva. Climatic conditions, however, vary depending on altitude. Rainfall is heavy along the coast and decreases in the southern and central regions. Annual precipitation varies from 500 to 900 mm (19.7 to 35.4 in) depending on the region, with an average of 590 mm (23.2 in). Cyclones are common during the wet season. Average temperature ranges in Monrassa are from 13 to 24 °C (55.4 to 75.2 °F) on Dein and from 22 to 31 °C (71.6 to 87.8 °F) on Nueva.

There are known to be 1,321 bird species in Khokharsa, including 50 globally threatened species and sixty introduced species, and over 200 mammal species endemic to Khokharsa, including the critically endangered Tambossan zebra and 13 other endangered or vulnerable species.

Protected areas of Khokharsa include sixty-four forest reserves, twenty-two national parks, eleven nature reserves, fourteen frontier conservation areas and seven wildlife or game reserves.

==Governance and politics==

The politics of Khokharsa are defined by a single-party socialist republic framework, where the General Secretary of the Socialist Democratic Party of Khokharsa is the Party leader and head of the High Political Committee, holding the highest position in the one-party system. The President of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa is the head of state, and the Premier of the Council of Ministers is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the President and the Council of Ministers. Legislative power is vested in the People's Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive.

The President is elected by the People's Assembly for a five-year term and acts as the commander-in-chief of the Khokharsan People's Armed Forces and the Chairman of the State Security Council. The Council of Ministers or national government, the main executive state power of Khokharsa, is headed by the Premier, who has several Deputy Prime Ministers and several ministers in charge of particular activities. The executive branch is responsible for the implementation of political, economic, cultural, social, national defense, security and external activities of the state. The People's Assembly is an unicameral legislative body. The People's Assembly has 600 members, elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The legislature is, according to the constitution, the highest organ of the state. Its powers includes the enactment and amendment of the constitution and laws; the adoption of the government budget; supervising the national government and other holders of public powers responsible to the parliament; and appointing members of the judiciary.

The Democratic Republic of Khokharsa has a judicial system governed by the Constitution of Khokharsa and national legislation enacted by the People's Assembly. The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in Khokharsa.

===State ideology===

Khokharsa is a socialist republic with a one-party system led by the Socialist Democratic Party of Khokharsa. Formerly known as the Communist Party of Khokharsa, the ruling Socialist Democratic Party of Khokharsa espouses an official ideology which combines influences of Perovism, Pan-Skathian nationalism, and Martin Carlsen thought, the thoughts of the late Morten Carlsen. This ideological hybrid function as a firm ideological basis and serve as guidance for the activities of the Party and state. According to the Constitution, Khokharsa is "in the period of transition to socialism".

Perovism was introduced in Khokharsa in 1533, when the Communist Party of Khokharsa was established, and since then, Khokharsan culture has been led under the banner of patriotism and socialism. The Socialist Democratic Party of Khokharsa also claims to the ideological heir of the anti-slave revolt of 1349, which established the Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth - later renamed as Khokharsan Federal Republic, which existed between 1382 and 1485. Between 1539 and 1570, Morten Carlsen Thought -remained the official ideology of the Party and state. Morten Carlsen Thought -based on the speech and revolutionary policies of Morten Carlsen, Khokharsan leader from 1529 to 1551- is believed to have systematised by Oye Karume, who was General Secretary of the Communist Party of Khokharsa from 1536 to 1542.

In 1570, the Communist Party of Khokharsa was renamed as Socialist Democratic Party and in 1573, a new constitution was established, proclaiming that the State represented the "workers, peasants, and intellectuals". Since then, under the leadership of Benedict Dacian -the General Secretary of the Party from 1565 to 1595-, the influence of Perovism and Morten Carlsen Thought decreased as political and economic reforms were introduced. In the 1595 Party Congress, the official ideology was renamed as "Skathian socialism", and most Perovist references were removed, replacing them with a broader ideology which placed more emphasis on nationalism, developmentalism, and anti-colonialism.

==Economy==

==Demographics==
===Languages===

The two official languages of Khokharsa are Oslanburgan and Skathian Creole. Oslanburgan is the principal written and adminstratively authorized language (as well as the main language of the press) and is spoken by more than half of Khokharsan citizens. It is traditionally spoken by all educated Khokharsans, is the medium of instruction in most schools, and is used in the business sector. It is also often used in ceremonial events as weddings, graduations and church events. However, the language is widely used in the northern regions and the capital city, Monrassa, and it is more rare in the southern and western regions.

Skathian Creole, which has undergone a standardization in recent decades, is spoken by virtually the entire population of Khokharsa, with the main exception of the northwestern provinces. Skathian Creole is an Oslanburgan-based creole language. Its vocabulary is 80-90% derived from Oslanburgan, but its grammar resembles that of some Northern Skathian languages. It also has minor influences from Castlian and Geinic.

The usage of, and education in, Skathian Creole has been contentious since at least the 15th century: where some Khokharsan viewed modern standard Oslanburgan as a legacy of colonialism, Skathian Creole was maligned by Oslanburgan-speaking elites as miseducated or poor person's Oslanburgan. Until the mid-16th century, Khokharsan politicians often spoke only standard Oslanburgan to their fellow citizens, and util the 1560s, all instruction at Khokharsan elementary schools was in modern standard Oslanburgan, a second language to most of the stendts.

As well as Oslanburgan language and Skathian Creole, there are another 16 languages which are recognized as regional languages and they have a protected status. Although they are not used in the administration, their native speakers have the right to contact with their administration in their native language, and some of them are taught in local schools.

===Religion===
===Largest cities===
==Health==
==Education==
==Culture==
==See also==

KyrzAir

2019-10-01T15:25:00Z

Hadash: Created page with " '''KyrzAir''' is the flag carrier of the Democratic Republic of Kyrzbekistan, based in Ayduramazan. It operates scheduled, doemstic and international services on 70 routes fr..."

'''KyrzAir''' is the flag carrier of the Democratic Republic of Kyrzbekistan, based in Ayduramazan. It operates scheduled, doemstic and international services on 70 routes from its main hub, the Aydur Amazan International Airport, and from its secondary hub, Qendere Federal Airport. It is a state-owned company. It was incorporated in March 1576 and started commercial flights on Quartyr 1576.

==History==

The Arberian-Kyrzbek War (also known as the Kyrzbekistani Revolutionary War) affected the existing airlines in the Kingdom of Arberia. After the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Kyrzbekistan, the state-owned airine, Air-Arbere merged with two private-owned airlines which had been nationalized by the new socialist government. As a consequence, Kyrzbekistani Airlines was created, with scheduled flights from the Qendere International Airport being launched in 1569.

Kazakhstan Airlines was an airline from Kazakhstan, serving as national flag carrier of the country from its independence in 1991 until 1996, when this role was transferred to Air Kazakhstan following the disaster of Flight 1907.

===Accidents and incidents===
Kyrzbekistani Airlines was involved in the Frasheri mid-air collision, which occurred on 18 Septem 1571 and -with its 338 fatalities- marks one of the deadliest air disastrrs in history, after a Kyrzbekistani Airlines plane collided with a flight of Zargistani Airlines. Investigation into the accident revealed that the pilots of the Zargistani flight had descended from their assigned altitude, which was attributed to poor training and language skills.

On Alvan 1576, another Kyrzbekistani Airlines aircraft arriving from New Galasia crashed on landing at Elene State Airport, All 55 passengers and 7 crew members were killed. The crash resulted in the temporary closure of the airport.

There were another four accidents resulting in an aircraft of Kyrzbekistani Airlines being written-off, none of which resulted in any reported fatalities.

===Creation of KyrzAir===
The Kyrzbekistani government declared in early 1576 that Kyrzbekistani Airlines was bankrupt, transferring its assets to enwly founded KyrzAir.

==Destinations==

KyrzAir's 70 routes include most of the major cities in Kyrzbekistan and an increasing number of neighboring Near East as well as Ostaran and Brigidnan cities. Since 1578 it has launched services to Ashkabad, Tarkek, Erpheus, Ishanbal, I'balan, Cias, Gall, Agridbah, Cathedrium, and from 1590 to A'behz, Severograd, Etova, Bucharest, Bakurgrund, and Tokasa.

==Personnel==

KyrzAir has more than 5,000 employees. Despite the fact that the company directly hires staff for international offices, most of the employees are citizens of Kyrzbekistan. It employs over 600 pilots, about a fourth of whom are non-Kyrzbekistani nationals recruited principally in Brigidna. The airline's cabin crew consists of over 1,200 flight attendants (Kyrzbekistani nationals), most of them being women.

==Other activities==

Since 1582, KyrzAir is the main sponsor of the KyrzAir Cycling Team, Kyrzbekistan's main professional cycling team.

The company also sponsors the Tour of Kyrzbekistan, an one-week cycling race, as well as the men's football first division league.

Tour de Valland

2019-09-29T10:10:38Z

Hadash: /* Young rider classification */

The '''Tour de Valland''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in [[Valland]], while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1511. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily Vallish field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year.

The Tour de Valland, along the Ceribian Tour, make up cycling's prestigious, three-week-long Grand Tours; the Tour de Valland is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three by fans and riders alike. Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of Zechyr. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the mountain chains of the Vallish nation, and the finish on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren. The modern editions of the Tour de Valland consist of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

==History==

===Origins===

===The first Tour de Valland===

===1511–1539===

===1939–1960===

===1961–1970===

===1971–present===

==Classifications==
The oldest and main competition in the Tour de Valland is known as the 'general classification', for which the red jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de Valland is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's red jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "red maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the red jersey was Paul Floriot. Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Jacques Gondry has worn the yellow jersey for 41 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de Valland. Jacques Gaudin remains as the only rider to win the Tour de Valland four times (1513, 1515, 1516 and 1520).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1511
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 10'04"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1512
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1513
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe du Nord
|align=center| + 8'21"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1514
|Roger Laval
|Valland
|Nantes Sportif Club
|align=center| + 2'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1515
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe Du Nord
|align=center| + 14'01"
|align=center| 5
|-
|align=center|1516
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 29'04"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1517
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1518
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 4'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1519
|Georges Treilhard
|Valland
|Bureau National
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1520
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 8'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1521
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 3'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1522
|Randolph de Meisen
|Adwest
|Royal Adwestene
|align=center| + 1'09"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1523
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 4'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1524
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1525
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 8'42"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1526
|Basileo Tramuntana
|Castleon
|Remedios Marítimo
|align=center| + 2'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1527
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 11'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1528
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 7'12"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1529
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Le Matin-Gaumont
|align=center| + 24'24"
|align=center| 7
|-
|align=center|1530
|Franz Kelsen
|Ostland
|Mann Industries
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1531
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|National Adwestene
|align=center| + 2'50"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1532
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 8'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1533
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'21"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1534
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1535
|Alfred Simonet
|Valland
|Gaumont Cycling
|align=center| + 1'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1536
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 18'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1537
|Kurt von Althoff
|Nerysia
|Waiblinger Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1538
|Wolfgang Seipel
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1539
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 4'06"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1540
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Chartois Group
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1541
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1542
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1543
|Walter Bauer
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1544
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1545
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 4'40"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1546
|Wladislaw Adamowsky
|Biyra
|Doppel Metall AG
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1547
|Max Gaumont
|Valland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1548
|Jacques Delpy
|Valland
|Belle Èpoque
|align=center| + 1'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1549
|Matthias Koch
|Ostland
|Rause-Heine Cycling
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1550
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 4'55"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1551
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 3'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1552
|Alfred Hamon
|Eskkya
|AVG-Rause Cycling
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1553
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Belle Époque
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1554
|François Champlain
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|Telasi Bank Team
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1556
|Ludwig Magnus
|Ostland
|Verbund & Steiner
|align=center| + 0'39"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1557
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 2'32"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1558
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 5'41"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1559
|Leon Rohmer
|Kyrland
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1560
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1561
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Glockscheider Cycling
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1562
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 1'37"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1563
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 3'28"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1564
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 2'49"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet Team
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1566
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet-Haumot Cycling
|align=center| + 2'52"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1567
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|Astra Cycling
|align=center| + 1'08"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1568
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Stampharma Cycling
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1569
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 5'31"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1570
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 2'10"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|align=center| + 1'33"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1572
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 2'23"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1573
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|align=center| + 0'34"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1574
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 1'26"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1576
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|Koske Team
|align=center| + 3'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1577
|Pavel Bezbiksis
|Videjszeme
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1578
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1579
|Kieran McLucais
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 4'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1580
|Johan Van Engelen
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 5'05"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1582
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 5'35"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1584
|Kelly Rónán McCullain
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 0'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1586
|Slavoj Savincek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1587
|Mutara Gasana
|Khokharsa
|Dreher-Keszariakom
|align=center| + 1'49"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|NDM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'29"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 3'34"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1590
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 3'46"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1591
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1592
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1594
|Almas Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1595
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'13"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1596
|Zeljko Bratansek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1597
|Jaap Frisch
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|align=center| + 3'19"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1599
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 2'41"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1600
|Ulrick Vandenhof
|Soyabar
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 3'56"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1601
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'41"
|align=center| 0
|}

As of 1602, 23 cyclists have won the Tour de Valland more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the Tour de Valland general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|5
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|4
| 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineaux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1527, 1528, 1529
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gondry
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1553, 1557, 1558
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|3
| 1568, 1569, 1570
|-
!scope=row| Stavros Michelakakis
!scope=row| Mestra
| align=center|3
| 1576, 1578, 1581
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|4
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593
|-
!scope=row| Jean Galliard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1511, 1512
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1517, 1518
|-
!scope=row| Valentin Eriksen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1521, 1523
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1524, 1525
|-
!scope=row| Werner Ratzenberger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1532, 1533
|-
!scope=row| Mathieu Rozenthal
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1534, 1536
|-
!scope=row| Guillaume Bouchez
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1539, 1542
|-
!scope=row| Sebastian Makatsch
!scope=row| Kyrland
| align=center|2
| 1540, 1545
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1541, 1544
|-
!scope=row| Hans-Georg Simmel
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1550, 1551
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|2
| 1561, 1564
|-
!scope=row| Holger Andersen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1562, 1563
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1565, 1566
|-
!scope=row| Philos Thanos
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|2
| 1572, 1574
|-
!scope=row| Elton Isaksson
!scope=row| Nyland
| align=center|2
| 1582, 1583
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Valland
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|-
!scope=row|Ostland
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Gehenna
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|2
|align=center|7
|-
!scope=row|Oslanburg
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|-
!scope=row|Nerysia
|align=center|2
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Kyrland
| align=center|2
| align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Mestra
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Strathae
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Kyrzbekistan
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Batavia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Mordvania
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Ceribia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Vienland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Pythos
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Nyland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Castleon
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Biyra
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Khokharsa
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Lomarre
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Dyrheim
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Soyabar
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de Valland. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1529 and was first won by Alstarian Werner Ratzenberger. Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1530. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the ''meilleur grimpeur'' which was awarded by the organising newspaper ''Le Pays'' to a cyclist who completed each race.

The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1551, when the organizers decided to award a distinctive blue jersey to the leader. The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to hors catégorie, the hardest. During his career Ceribian climber Malkhaz Alasania won the mountains classification a record five times.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
|-
|1529
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1530
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1531
|Helmut Hörbinger
|Ostland
|-
|1532
|Vincenzo Padania
|Lomarre
|-
|1533
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|-
|1534
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1535
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1536
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1537
|Aristion Carras
|Pythos
|-
|1538
|Jean de Pizan
|Valland
|-
|1539
|Stsiapan Radionov
|Nentsia
|-
|1540
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1541
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1542
|Pierre Bonaparte
|Valland
|-
|1543
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1544
|Jean Romand
|Valland
|-
|1545
|Fabrice Montillet
|Valland
|-
|1546
|Zandor Makasz
|Keszaria
|-
|1547
|Daniel Blanco
|Castleon
|-
|1548
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1549
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1550
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1551
|Vettias Ioannu
|Pythos
|-
|1552
|Vettias Ioannu
|Ceribia
|-
|1553
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1554
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1556
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1557
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1558
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1559
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|-
|1560
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1561
|Honoré Gaumont
|Valland
|-
|1562
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1563
|Pierre Bettencourt
|Valland
|-
|1564
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1566
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|-
|1567
|Gustavo Sepúlveda
|Castleon
|-
|1568
|Friedrich Göck
|Vienland
|-
|1569
|Dodo Gabashvili
|Ceribia
|-
|1570
|Eucarpus Demopoulos
|Pythos
|-
|1571
|Jean-Pierre Métezeau
|Valland
|-
|1572
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1573
|Zaribsyan Soltangalyak
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1574
|Béla Szlávics
|Keszaria
|-
|1575
|Dô Công Quang
|Hôinôm
|-
|1576
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1578
|Lasse Mogensen
|Nyland
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|-
|1580
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|-
|1582
|Vance Jones
|Florinthus
|-
|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|-
|1584
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1586
|Amaury Servan
|Eskkya
|-
|1587
|Ryouichi Takenaka
|Kazemura
|-
|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|-
|1590
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|-
|1591
|Wulf Käufer
|Nerysia
|-
|1592
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|-
|1594
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|}

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1570 and was first won by Thomas Hardy. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From 1966 on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record six times by Florinthian Richard Malone. The most recent winner, Sven-Ole Wieth, won it in 1594.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
|-

|-
|1570
|Maurice Constant
|Valland
|Grand Vèlo
|-
|1571
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1572
|Alphonse Lavanchy
|Valland
|Groupe NDeC
|-
|1573
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|-
|1574
|Demétrio Mateus
|Drahen
|Imperial Aerospace
|-
|1575
|Zan Stepisnik
|Mordvania
|Volodya
|-
|1576
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1577
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1578
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1579
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Printemps
|-
|1580
|Immanuel Botha
|Batavia
|Lentar-Swift
|-
|1581
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1582
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1583
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1584
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1585
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1586
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Vançotte
|-
|1587
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1588
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Lentar-RIFF
|-
|1589
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Great Life
|-
|1590
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1591
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1592
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1593
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell
|-
|1594
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|}

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26. Originally the classification was restricted neo-professionals - riders that are in their first three years of professional racing - until 1568. In 1969, the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In 1570, the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today.

This classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1564, with Fabio Gaetano being the first to win the classification after placing eighth overall. The Tour de Vallad awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification. Three riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year: Kyrzbekistani climber Gjöke Kelmend (1571), Vallish all-rounder Robert Artaud (1575), and Ceribian climber Pharnavaz Undiladze (1598). Only three riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Mordvanian Joze Prezeren (1580 and 1582), Vallish Benoît Montfleury (1585 and 1587), and Ceribian Pharnavaz Undiladze (1596 and 1598).

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
!GC Position
|-
|1564
|Fabio Gaetano
|Lomarre
|Biomega Cycling
|47th
|-
|1565
|Claude Perrault
|Valland
|Fromage Team
|33th
|-
|1566
|Pierre Hollande
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|51th
|-
|1567
|Evard Archambault
|Valland
|Printemps
|21th
|-
|1568
|John Smitheen
|Florinthus
|Astra Cycling
|67th
|-
|1569
|Kieran McLucais
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|88th
|-
|1570
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|11th
|-
|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|'''1st'''
|-
|1572
|Marc Menethil
|Adwest
|Vertigo Cycling
|18th
|-
|1573
|Zurab Avakidze
|Ceribia
|Chikhura-KDK
|4th
|-
|1574
|Jonathan Keyen
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|2nd
|-
|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|'''1st'''
|-
|1576
|Oda Nakuru
|Kazemura
|Kazemura Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|3rd
|-
|1578
|Swarna Vemulakonda
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|8th
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|Le Cycle Super
|3th
|-
|1580
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|29th
|-
|1581
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|Scholden-Gulcron
|26th
|-
|1582
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|2nd
|-
|1583
|Rajko Kryzanek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|5th
|-
|1584
|Hippolyte La Chapelle
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|4th
|-
|1585
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|6th
|-
|1586
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|2nd
|-
|1587
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1588
|Inderjeet Sessions
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|5th
|-
|1589
|Hubert Salika
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|8th
|-
|1590
|Zachariah Nordfeldt
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|2nd
|-
|1591
|Germain Guimard
|Valland
|Scholden-Gulcron
|6th
|-
|1592
|Tuathal Seòras
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|6th
|-
|1593
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1594
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon
|*
|-
|1595
|Max Rémy
|Mandavine Union
|Abbott Cycling
|4th
|-
|1596
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|2nd
|-
|1597
|Enver Dushku
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|6th
|-
|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|'''1st'''
|-
|1599
|Damir Zagipur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|3rd
|-
|1600
|Irakli Maisuradze
|Ceribia
|Magram
|13th
|-
|1601
|Péťa Vacek
|Saratov
|Soyuz-Kuprin
|6th
|}

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 1574 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1570, the leading team would wear red caps. As of 1580, the riders of the leading team wear golden helmets. During the era of national teams, Valland and Nerysia won 4 times each. From 1549 up to 1962, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps.

==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1579 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres, the ''départ fictif'', are a rolling start without racing. The real start, the ''départ réel'' is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. Since 1570, when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group. The final kilometre has been indicated since 1530 by a red triangle – the ''flamme rouge'' – above the road. The first photo-finish was in 1544.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 8, 5 and 2 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers, though this was not done from 1566 to 1570. Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Bradley Wiggins Tour 2012 EZF.jpg|thumb|right| Goldecia Max Jordan riding the individual time trial of the 1580 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first time trial was between La Truffeaut and Nantes in 1528. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. The first prologue was in 1550. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. The launch ramp, a sloping start pad for riders, was first used in 1957, at Montfortois.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland Valland, although since the 1550s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Kyrland, Eskkya and Laurentian Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage. Since 1960 the finish has been on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside Valland

* '''1581 Tour de Valland''': Chatois, Kyrland

===Post-Tour criteriums===
After the Tour de Valland there are criteriums in Kyrland and southern Eskkya. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their ''heroes'', from the Tour de Valland, race. The budget of a criterium is over $100,000, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big name riders earn between $20,000-50,000 per race in start money.

==Doping==

==Records and statistics==

===Stage wins per rider===

30 riders have won 10 or more stages. Riders who are still active are indicated in bold.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Stage wins per rider
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total indivitual stages
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years (Season first stage win - season last stage win)
|-
!scope=row| Richard Malone
!scope=row| Florinthus
| align=center|41
| 1572-1590
|-
!scope=row| Friederik de Jong
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|31
| 1587-1598
|-
!scope=row| Sven-Ole Wieth
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|30
| 1580-1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1512-1522
|-
!scope=row| '''Antoine Duchesnay'''
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|21
| 1595-1601
|-
!scope=row| Matthias Carsen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|20
| 1530-1544
|-
!scope=row| Julien Herbstritt
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|19
| 1555-1566
|-
!scope=row| Georges Treilhard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1518-1526
|-
!scope=row| Oswald Martin Winscar
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|18
| 1551-1561
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|18
| 1560-1569
|-
!scope=row| Philippe Peaugeot
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1571-1578
|-
!scope=row| Randolph de Meisen
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|17
| 1519-1525
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|16
| 1526-1531
|-
!scope=row| Herodianos Athanasiou
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|15
| 1532-1542
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|15
| 1563-1569
|-
!scope=row| Slavoj Slak
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|14
| 1550-1561
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|14
| 1561-1570
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|13
| 1541-1553
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|12
| 1517-1529
|-
!scope=row| Stiapan Radionov
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|12
| 1536-1546
|-
!scope=row| Jens Tiedermann
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|12
| 1543-1550
|-
!scope=row| Helmut Hörbinger
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|11
| 1528-1533
|-
!scope=row| Iphikrates Kanas
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|11
| 1549-1555
|-
!scope=row| Thomas Bürger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|11
| 1566-1569
|-
!scope=row| Vicent Izard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1513-1521
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1522-1532
|-
!scope=row| Yuri Pashkievich
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|10
| 1544-1550
|-
!scope=row| Malkhaz Alasania
!scope=row| Ceribia
| align=center|10
| 1549-1558
|-
!scope=row| Pieter Steyn
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|10
| 1571-1579
|-
!scope=row| Robert Réjane
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1579-1590
|-
|}

===Record winners===

[[Category:Tour de Valland]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Valland]]

Tour de Valland

2019-09-29T09:59:10Z

Hadash: /* Classifications */

The '''Tour de Valland''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in [[Valland]], while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1511. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily Vallish field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year.

The Tour de Valland, along the Ceribian Tour, make up cycling's prestigious, three-week-long Grand Tours; the Tour de Valland is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three by fans and riders alike. Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of Zechyr. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the mountain chains of the Vallish nation, and the finish on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren. The modern editions of the Tour de Valland consist of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

==History==

===Origins===

===The first Tour de Valland===

===1511–1539===

===1939–1960===

===1961–1970===

===1971–present===

==Classifications==
The oldest and main competition in the Tour de Valland is known as the 'general classification', for which the red jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de Valland is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's red jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "red maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the red jersey was Paul Floriot. Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Jacques Gondry has worn the yellow jersey for 41 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de Valland. Jacques Gaudin remains as the only rider to win the Tour de Valland four times (1513, 1515, 1516 and 1520).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1511
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 10'04"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1512
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1513
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe du Nord
|align=center| + 8'21"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1514
|Roger Laval
|Valland
|Nantes Sportif Club
|align=center| + 2'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1515
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe Du Nord
|align=center| + 14'01"
|align=center| 5
|-
|align=center|1516
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 29'04"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1517
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1518
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 4'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1519
|Georges Treilhard
|Valland
|Bureau National
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1520
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 8'58"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1521
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 3'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1522
|Randolph de Meisen
|Adwest
|Royal Adwestene
|align=center| + 1'09"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1523
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 4'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1524
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1525
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 8'42"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1526
|Basileo Tramuntana
|Castleon
|Remedios Marítimo
|align=center| + 2'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1527
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 11'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1528
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 7'12"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1529
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Le Matin-Gaumont
|align=center| + 24'24"
|align=center| 7
|-
|align=center|1530
|Franz Kelsen
|Ostland
|Mann Industries
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1531
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|National Adwestene
|align=center| + 2'50"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1532
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 8'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1533
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'21"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1534
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1535
|Alfred Simonet
|Valland
|Gaumont Cycling
|align=center| + 1'22"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1536
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 18'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1537
|Kurt von Althoff
|Nerysia
|Waiblinger Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1538
|Wolfgang Seipel
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1539
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 4'06"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1540
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Chartois Group
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1541
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1542
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1543
|Walter Bauer
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1544
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1545
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 4'40"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1546
|Wladislaw Adamowsky
|Biyra
|Doppel Metall AG
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1547
|Max Gaumont
|Valland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1548
|Jacques Delpy
|Valland
|Belle Èpoque
|align=center| + 1'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1549
|Matthias Koch
|Ostland
|Rause-Heine Cycling
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1550
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 4'55"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1551
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 3'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1552
|Alfred Hamon
|Eskkya
|AVG-Rause Cycling
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1553
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Belle Époque
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1554
|François Champlain
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|Telasi Bank Team
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1556
|Ludwig Magnus
|Ostland
|Verbund & Steiner
|align=center| + 0'39"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1557
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 2'32"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1558
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 5'41"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1559
|Leon Rohmer
|Kyrland
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1560
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1561
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Glockscheider Cycling
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1562
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 1'37"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1563
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 3'28"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1564
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 2'49"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet Team
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=center|1566
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet-Haumot Cycling
|align=center| + 2'52"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1567
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|Astra Cycling
|align=center| + 1'08"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1568
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Stampharma Cycling
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1569
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 5'31"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1570
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 2'10"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|align=center| + 1'33"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1572
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 2'23"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1573
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|align=center| + 0'34"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1574
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 1'26"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1576
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|Koske Team
|align=center| + 3'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1577
|Pavel Bezbiksis
|Videjszeme
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1578
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1579
|Kieran McLucais
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 4'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1580
|Johan Van Engelen
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 5'05"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1582
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 5'35"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1584
|Kelly Rónán McCullain
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 0'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1586
|Slavoj Savincek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1587
|Mutara Gasana
|Khokharsa
|Dreher-Keszariakom
|align=center| + 1'49"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|NDM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'29"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 3'34"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1590
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 3'46"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1591
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1592
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1594
|Almas Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1595
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'13"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1596
|Zeljko Bratansek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1597
|Jaap Frisch
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|align=center| + 3'19"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1599
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 2'41"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1600
|Ulrick Vandenhof
|Soyabar
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 3'56"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1601
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'41"
|align=center| 0
|}

As of 1602, 23 cyclists have won the Tour de Valland more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the Tour de Valland general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|5
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|4
| 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineaux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1527, 1528, 1529
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gondry
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1553, 1557, 1558
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|3
| 1568, 1569, 1570
|-
!scope=row| Stavros Michelakakis
!scope=row| Mestra
| align=center|3
| 1576, 1578, 1581
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|4
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593
|-
!scope=row| Jean Galliard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1511, 1512
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1517, 1518
|-
!scope=row| Valentin Eriksen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1521, 1523
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1524, 1525
|-
!scope=row| Werner Ratzenberger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1532, 1533
|-
!scope=row| Mathieu Rozenthal
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1534, 1536
|-
!scope=row| Guillaume Bouchez
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1539, 1542
|-
!scope=row| Sebastian Makatsch
!scope=row| Kyrland
| align=center|2
| 1540, 1545
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1541, 1544
|-
!scope=row| Hans-Georg Simmel
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1550, 1551
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|2
| 1561, 1564
|-
!scope=row| Holger Andersen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1562, 1563
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1565, 1566
|-
!scope=row| Philos Thanos
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|2
| 1572, 1574
|-
!scope=row| Elton Isaksson
!scope=row| Nyland
| align=center|2
| 1582, 1583
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Valland
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|-
!scope=row|Ostland
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Gehenna
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|2
|align=center|7
|-
!scope=row|Oslanburg
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|-
!scope=row|Nerysia
|align=center|2
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Kyrland
| align=center|2
| align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Mestra
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Strathae
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Kyrzbekistan
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Batavia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Mordvania
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Ceribia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Vienland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Pythos
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Nyland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Castleon
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Biyra
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Khokharsa
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Lomarre
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Dyrheim
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Soyabar
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de Valland. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1529 and was first won by Alstarian Werner Ratzenberger. Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1530. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the ''meilleur grimpeur'' which was awarded by the organising newspaper ''Le Pays'' to a cyclist who completed each race.

The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1551, when the organizers decided to award a distinctive blue jersey to the leader. The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to hors catégorie, the hardest. During his career Ceribian climber Malkhaz Alasania won the mountains classification a record five times.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
|-
|1529
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1530
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1531
|Helmut Hörbinger
|Ostland
|-
|1532
|Vincenzo Padania
|Lomarre
|-
|1533
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|-
|1534
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1535
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1536
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1537
|Aristion Carras
|Pythos
|-
|1538
|Jean de Pizan
|Valland
|-
|1539
|Stsiapan Radionov
|Nentsia
|-
|1540
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1541
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1542
|Pierre Bonaparte
|Valland
|-
|1543
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1544
|Jean Romand
|Valland
|-
|1545
|Fabrice Montillet
|Valland
|-
|1546
|Zandor Makasz
|Keszaria
|-
|1547
|Daniel Blanco
|Castleon
|-
|1548
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1549
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1550
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1551
|Vettias Ioannu
|Pythos
|-
|1552
|Vettias Ioannu
|Ceribia
|-
|1553
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1554
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1556
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1557
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1558
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1559
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|-
|1560
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1561
|Honoré Gaumont
|Valland
|-
|1562
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1563
|Pierre Bettencourt
|Valland
|-
|1564
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1566
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|-
|1567
|Gustavo Sepúlveda
|Castleon
|-
|1568
|Friedrich Göck
|Vienland
|-
|1569
|Dodo Gabashvili
|Ceribia
|-
|1570
|Eucarpus Demopoulos
|Pythos
|-
|1571
|Jean-Pierre Métezeau
|Valland
|-
|1572
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1573
|Zaribsyan Soltangalyak
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1574
|Béla Szlávics
|Keszaria
|-
|1575
|Dô Công Quang
|Hôinôm
|-
|1576
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1578
|Lasse Mogensen
|Nyland
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|-
|1580
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|-
|1582
|Vance Jones
|Florinthus
|-
|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|-
|1584
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1586
|Amaury Servan
|Eskkya
|-
|1587
|Ryouichi Takenaka
|Kazemura
|-
|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|-
|1590
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|-
|1591
|Wulf Käufer
|Nerysia
|-
|1592
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|-
|1594
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|}

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1570 and was first won by Thomas Hardy. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From 1966 on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record six times by Florinthian Richard Malone. The most recent winner, Sven-Ole Wieth, won it in 1594.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
|-

|-
|1570
|Maurice Constant
|Valland
|Grand Vèlo
|-
|1571
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1572
|Alphonse Lavanchy
|Valland
|Groupe NDeC
|-
|1573
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|-
|1574
|Demétrio Mateus
|Drahen
|Imperial Aerospace
|-
|1575
|Zan Stepisnik
|Mordvania
|Volodya
|-
|1576
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1577
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1578
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1579
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Printemps
|-
|1580
|Immanuel Botha
|Batavia
|Lentar-Swift
|-
|1581
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1582
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1583
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1584
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1585
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1586
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Vançotte
|-
|1587
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1588
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Lentar-RIFF
|-
|1589
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Great Life
|-
|1590
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1591
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1592
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1593
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell
|-
|1594
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|}

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26. Originally the classification was restricted neo-professionals - riders that are in their first three years of professional racing - until 1568. In 1969, the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In 1570, the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today.

This classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1564, with Fabio Gaetano being the first to win the classification after placing eighth overall. The Tour de Vallad awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification. Two riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year: Kyrzbekistani climber Gjöke Kelmend (1571) and Vallish all-rounder Robert Artaud (1575). Only two riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Mordvanian Joze Prezeren (1580 and 1582) and Vallish Benoît Montfleury (1585 and 1587).

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
!GC Position
|-
|1564
|Fabio Gaetano
|Lomarre
|Biomega Cycling
|47th
|-
|1565
|Claude Perrault
|Valland
|Fromage Team
|33th
|-
|1566
|Pierre Hollande
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|51th
|-
|1567
|Evard Archambault
|Valland
|Printemps
|21th
|-
|1568
|John Smitheen
|Florinthus
|Astra Cycling
|67th
|-
|1569
|Kieran McLucais
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|88th
|-
|1570
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|11th
|-
|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|'''1st'''
|-
|1572
|Marc Menethil
|Adwest
|Vertigo Cycling
|18th
|-
|1573
|Zurab Avakidze
|Ceribia
|Chikhura-KDK
|4th
|-
|1574
|Jonathan Keyen
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|2nd
|-
|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|'''1st'''
|-
|1576
|Oda Nakuru
|Kazemura
|Kazemura Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|3rd
|-
|1578
|Swarna Vemulakonda
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|*
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|Le Cycle Super
|*
|-
|1580
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|*
|-
|1581
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|Scholden-Gulcron
|26th
|-
|1582
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|2nd
|-
|1583
|Rajko Kryzanek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|5th
|-
|1584
|Hippolyte La Chapelle
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|4th
|-
|1585
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|6th
|-
|1586
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|2nd
|-
|1587
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1588
|Inderjeet Sessions
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|5th
|-
|1589
|Hubert Salika
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|8th
|-
|1590
|Zachariah Nordfeldt
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|2nd
|-
|1591
|Germain Guimard
|Valland
|Scholden-Gulcron
|6th
|-
|1592
|Tuathal Seòras
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|6th
|-
|1593
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1594
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon
|*
|-
|1595
|Max Rémy
|Mandavine Union
|Abbott Cycling
|4th
|-
|1596
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|2nd
|-
|1597
|Enver Dushku
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|6th
|-
|1598
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1599
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|'''1st'''
|}

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 1574 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1570, the leading team would wear red caps. As of 1580, the riders of the leading team wear golden helmets. During the era of national teams, Valland and Nerysia won 4 times each. From 1549 up to 1962, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps.

==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1579 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres, the ''départ fictif'', are a rolling start without racing. The real start, the ''départ réel'' is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. Since 1570, when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group. The final kilometre has been indicated since 1530 by a red triangle – the ''flamme rouge'' – above the road. The first photo-finish was in 1544.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 8, 5 and 2 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers, though this was not done from 1566 to 1570. Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Bradley Wiggins Tour 2012 EZF.jpg|thumb|right| Goldecia Max Jordan riding the individual time trial of the 1580 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first time trial was between La Truffeaut and Nantes in 1528. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. The first prologue was in 1550. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. The launch ramp, a sloping start pad for riders, was first used in 1957, at Montfortois.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland Valland, although since the 1550s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Kyrland, Eskkya and Laurentian Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage. Since 1960 the finish has been on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside Valland

* '''1581 Tour de Valland''': Chatois, Kyrland

===Post-Tour criteriums===
After the Tour de Valland there are criteriums in Kyrland and southern Eskkya. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their ''heroes'', from the Tour de Valland, race. The budget of a criterium is over $100,000, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big name riders earn between $20,000-50,000 per race in start money.

==Doping==

==Records and statistics==

===Stage wins per rider===

30 riders have won 10 or more stages. Riders who are still active are indicated in bold.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Stage wins per rider
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total indivitual stages
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years (Season first stage win - season last stage win)
|-
!scope=row| Richard Malone
!scope=row| Florinthus
| align=center|41
| 1572-1590
|-
!scope=row| Friederik de Jong
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|31
| 1587-1598
|-
!scope=row| Sven-Ole Wieth
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|30
| 1580-1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1512-1522
|-
!scope=row| '''Antoine Duchesnay'''
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|21
| 1595-1601
|-
!scope=row| Matthias Carsen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|20
| 1530-1544
|-
!scope=row| Julien Herbstritt
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|19
| 1555-1566
|-
!scope=row| Georges Treilhard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1518-1526
|-
!scope=row| Oswald Martin Winscar
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|18
| 1551-1561
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|18
| 1560-1569
|-
!scope=row| Philippe Peaugeot
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1571-1578
|-
!scope=row| Randolph de Meisen
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|17
| 1519-1525
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|16
| 1526-1531
|-
!scope=row| Herodianos Athanasiou
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|15
| 1532-1542
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|15
| 1563-1569
|-
!scope=row| Slavoj Slak
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|14
| 1550-1561
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|14
| 1561-1570
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|13
| 1541-1553
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|12
| 1517-1529
|-
!scope=row| Stiapan Radionov
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|12
| 1536-1546
|-
!scope=row| Jens Tiedermann
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|12
| 1543-1550
|-
!scope=row| Helmut Hörbinger
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|11
| 1528-1533
|-
!scope=row| Iphikrates Kanas
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|11
| 1549-1555
|-
!scope=row| Thomas Bürger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|11
| 1566-1569
|-
!scope=row| Vicent Izard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1513-1521
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1522-1532
|-
!scope=row| Yuri Pashkievich
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|10
| 1544-1550
|-
!scope=row| Malkhaz Alasania
!scope=row| Ceribia
| align=center|10
| 1549-1558
|-
!scope=row| Pieter Steyn
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|10
| 1571-1579
|-
!scope=row| Robert Réjane
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1579-1590
|-
|}

===Record winners===

[[Category:Tour de Valland]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Valland]]

Tour de Valland

2019-09-29T09:36:45Z

Hadash: /* General classification */

The '''Tour de Valland''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in [[Valland]], while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1511. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily Vallish field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year.

The Tour de Valland, along the Ceribian Tour, make up cycling's prestigious, three-week-long Grand Tours; the Tour de Valland is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three by fans and riders alike. Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of Zechyr. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the mountain chains of the Vallish nation, and the finish on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren. The modern editions of the Tour de Valland consist of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

==History==

===Origins===

===The first Tour de Valland===

===1511–1539===

===1939–1960===

===1961–1970===

===1971–present===

==Classifications==
The oldest and main competition in the Tour de Valland is known as the 'general classification', for which the red jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de Valland is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's red jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "red maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the red jersey was Paul Floriot. Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Jacques Gondry has worn the yellow jersey for 41 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de Valland. Jacques Gaudin remains as the only rider to win the Tour de Valland four times (1513, 1515, 1516 and 1520).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1511
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 10'04"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1512
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1513
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe du Nord
|align=center| + 8'21"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1514
|Roger Laval
|Valland
|Nantes Sportif Club
|align=center| + 2'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1515
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe Du Nord
|align=center| + 14'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1516
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 29'04"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1517
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1518
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 4'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1519
|Georges Treilhard
|Valland
|Bureau National
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1520
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 8'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1521
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 3'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1522
|Randolph de Meisen
|Adwest
|Royal Adwestene
|align=center| + 1'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1523
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 4'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1524
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1525
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 8'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1526
|Basileo Tramuntana
|Castleon
|Remedios Marítimo
|align=center| + 2'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1527
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 11'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1528
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 7'12"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1529
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Le Matin-Gaumont
|align=center| + 24'24"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1530
|Franz Kelsen
|Ostland
|Mann Industries
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1531
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|National Adwestene
|align=center| + 2'50"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1532
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 8'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1533
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'21"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1534
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1535
|Alfred Simonet
|Valland
|Gaumont Cycling
|align=center| + 1'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1536
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 18'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1537
|Kurt von Althoff
|Nerysia
|Waiblinger Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1538
|Wolfgang Seipel
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1539
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 4'06"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1540
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Chartois Group
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1541
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1542
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1543
|Walter Bauer
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1544
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1545
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 4'40"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1546
|Wladislaw Adamowsky
|Biyra
|Doppel Metall AG
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1547
|Max Gaumont
|Valland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1548
|Jacques Delpy
|Valland
|Belle Èpoque
|align=center| + 1'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1549
|Matthias Koch
|Ostland
|Rause-Heine Cycling
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1550
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 4'55"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1551
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 3'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1552
|Alfred Hamon
|Eskkya
|AVG-Rause Cycling
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1553
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Belle Époque
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1554
|François Champlain
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|Telasi Bank Team
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1556
|Ludwig Magnus
|Ostland
|Verbund & Steiner
|align=center| + 0'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1557
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 2'32"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1558
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 5'41"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1559
|Leon Rohmer
|Kyrland
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1560
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1561
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Glockscheider Cycling
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1562
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 1'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1563
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 3'28"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1564
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 2'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet Team
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1566
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet-Haumot Cycling
|align=center| + 2'52"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1567
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|Astra Cycling
|align=center| + 1'08"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1568
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Stampharma Cycling
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1569
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 5'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1570
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 2'10"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|align=center| + 1'33"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1572
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 2'23"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1573
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|align=center| + 0'34"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1574
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 1'26"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1576
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|Koske Team
|align=center| + 3'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1577
|Pavel Bezbiksis
|Videjszeme
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1578
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1579
|Kieran McLucais
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 4'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1580
|Johan Van Engelen
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 5'05"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1582
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 5'35"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1584
|Kelly Rónán McCullain
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 0'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1586
|Slavoj Savincek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1587
|Mutara Gasana
|Khokharsa
|Dreher-Keszariakom
|align=center| + 1'49"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|NDM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'29"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 3'34"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1590
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 3'46"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1591
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1592
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1594
|Almas Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1595
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'13"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1596
|Zeljko Bratansek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1597
|Jaap Frisch
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|align=center| + 3'19"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1599
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 2'41"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1600
|Ulrick Vandenhof
|Soyabar
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 3'56"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1601
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'41"
|align=center| 0
|}

As of 1602, 23 cyclists have won the Tour de Valland more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the Tour de Valland general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|5
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|4
| 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineaux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1527, 1528, 1529
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gondry
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1553, 1557, 1558
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|3
| 1568, 1569, 1570
|-
!scope=row| Stavros Michelakakis
!scope=row| Mestra
| align=center|3
| 1576, 1578, 1581
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|4
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593
|-
!scope=row| Jean Galliard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1511, 1512
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1517, 1518
|-
!scope=row| Valentin Eriksen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1521, 1523
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1524, 1525
|-
!scope=row| Werner Ratzenberger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1532, 1533
|-
!scope=row| Mathieu Rozenthal
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1534, 1536
|-
!scope=row| Guillaume Bouchez
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1539, 1542
|-
!scope=row| Sebastian Makatsch
!scope=row| Kyrland
| align=center|2
| 1540, 1545
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1541, 1544
|-
!scope=row| Hans-Georg Simmel
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1550, 1551
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|2
| 1561, 1564
|-
!scope=row| Holger Andersen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1562, 1563
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1565, 1566
|-
!scope=row| Philos Thanos
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|2
| 1572, 1574
|-
!scope=row| Elton Isaksson
!scope=row| Nyland
| align=center|2
| 1582, 1583
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Valland
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|-
!scope=row|Ostland
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Gehenna
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|2
|align=center|7
|-
!scope=row|Oslanburg
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|-
!scope=row|Nerysia
|align=center|2
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Kyrland
| align=center|2
| align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Mestra
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Strathae
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Kyrzbekistan
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Batavia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Mordvania
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Ceribia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Vienland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Pythos
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Nyland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Castleon
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Biyra
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Khokharsa
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Lomarre
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Dyrheim
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Soyabar
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de Valland. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1529 and was first won by Alstarian Werner Ratzenberger. Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1530. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the ''meilleur grimpeur'' which was awarded by the organising newspaper ''Le Pays'' to a cyclist who completed each race.

The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1551, when the organizers decided to award a distinctive blue jersey to the leader. The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to hors catégorie, the hardest. During his career Ceribian climber Malkhaz Alasania won the mountains classification a record five times.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
|-
|1529
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1530
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1531
|Helmut Hörbinger
|Ostland
|-
|1532
|Vincenzo Padania
|Lomarre
|-
|1533
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|-
|1534
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1535
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1536
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1537
|Aristion Carras
|Pythos
|-
|1538
|Jean de Pizan
|Valland
|-
|1539
|Stsiapan Radionov
|Nentsia
|-
|1540
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1541
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1542
|Pierre Bonaparte
|Valland
|-
|1543
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1544
|Jean Romand
|Valland
|-
|1545
|Fabrice Montillet
|Valland
|-
|1546
|Zandor Makasz
|Keszaria
|-
|1547
|Daniel Blanco
|Castleon
|-
|1548
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1549
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1550
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1551
|Vettias Ioannu
|Pythos
|-
|1552
|Vettias Ioannu
|Ceribia
|-
|1553
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1554
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1556
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1557
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1558
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1559
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|-
|1560
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1561
|Honoré Gaumont
|Valland
|-
|1562
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1563
|Pierre Bettencourt
|Valland
|-
|1564
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1566
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|-
|1567
|Gustavo Sepúlveda
|Castleon
|-
|1568
|Friedrich Göck
|Vienland
|-
|1569
|Dodo Gabashvili
|Ceribia
|-
|1570
|Eucarpus Demopoulos
|Pythos
|-
|1571
|Jean-Pierre Métezeau
|Valland
|-
|1572
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1573
|Zaribsyan Soltangalyak
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1574
|Béla Szlávics
|Keszaria
|-
|1575
|Dô Công Quang
|Hôinôm
|-
|1576
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1578
|Lasse Mogensen
|Nyland
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|-
|1580
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|-
|1582
|Vance Jones
|Florinthus
|-
|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|-
|1584
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1586
|Amaury Servan
|Eskkya
|-
|1587
|Ryouichi Takenaka
|Kazemura
|-
|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|-
|1590
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|-
|1591
|Wulf Käufer
|Nerysia
|-
|1592
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|-
|1594
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|}

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1570 and was first won by Thomas Hardy. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From 1966 on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record six times by Florinthian Richard Malone. The most recent winner, Sven-Ole Wieth, won it in 1594.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
|-

|-
|1570
|Maurice Constant
|Valland
|Grand Vèlo
|-
|1571
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1572
|Alphonse Lavanchy
|Valland
|Groupe NDeC
|-
|1573
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|-
|1574
|Demétrio Mateus
|Drahen
|Imperial Aerospace
|-
|1575
|Zan Stepisnik
|Mordvania
|Volodya
|-
|1576
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1577
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1578
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1579
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Printemps
|-
|1580
|Immanuel Botha
|Batavia
|Lentar-Swift
|-
|1581
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1582
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1583
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1584
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1585
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1586
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Vançotte
|-
|1587
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1588
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Lentar-RIFF
|-
|1589
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Great Life
|-
|1590
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1591
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1592
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1593
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell
|-
|1594
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|}

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26. Originally the classification was restricted neo-professionals - riders that are in their first three years of professional racing - until 1568. In 1969, the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In 1570, the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today.

This classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1564, with Fabio Gaetano being the first to win the classification after placing eighth overall. The Tour de Vallad awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification. Two riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year: Kyrzbekistani climber Gjöke Kelmend (1571) and Vallish all-rounder Robert Artaud (1575). Only two riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Mordvanian Joze Prezeren (1580 and 1582) and Vallish Benoît Montfleury (1585 and 1587).

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
!GC Position
|-
|1564
|Fabio Gaetano
|Lomarre
|Biomega Cycling
|47th
|-
|1565
|Claude Perrault
|Valland
|Fromage Team
|33th
|-
|1566
|Pierre Hollande
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|51th
|-
|1567
|Evard Archambault
|Valland
|Printemps
|21th
|-
|1568
|John Smitheen
|Florinthus
|Astra Cycling
|67th
|-
|1569
|Kieran McLucais
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|88th
|-
|1570
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|11th
|-
|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|'''1st'''
|-
|1572
|Marc Menethil
|Adwest
|Vertigo Cycling
|18th
|-
|1573
|Zurab Avakidze
|Ceribia
|Chikhura-KDK
|4th
|-
|1574
|Jonathan Keyen
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|2nd
|-
|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|'''1st'''
|-
|1576
|Oda Nakuru
|Kazemura
|Kazemura Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|3rd
|-
|1578
|Swarna Vemulakonda
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|*
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|Le Cycle Super
|*
|-
|1580
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|*
|-
|1581
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|Scholden-Gulcron
|26th
|-
|1582
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|2nd
|-
|1583
|Rajko Kryzanek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|5th
|-
|1584
|Hippolyte La Chapelle
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|4th
|-
|1585
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|6th
|-
|1586
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|2nd
|-
|1587
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1588
|Inderjeet Sessions
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|5th
|-
|1589
|Hubert Salika
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|8th
|-
|1590
|Zachariah Nordfeldt
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|2nd
|-
|1591
|Germain Guimard
|Valland
|Scholden-Gulcron
|6th
|-
|1592
|Tuathal Seòras
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|6th
|-
|1593
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1594
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon
|*
|-
|1595
|Max Rémy
|Mandavine Union
|Abbott Cycling
|4th
|-
|1596
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|2nd
|-
|1597
|Enver Dushku
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|6th
|-
|1598
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1599
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|'''1st'''
|}

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 1574 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1570, the leading team would wear red caps. As of 1580, the riders of the leading team wear golden helmets. During the era of national teams, Valland and Nerysia won 4 times each. From 1549 up to 1962, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps.

==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1579 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres, the ''départ fictif'', are a rolling start without racing. The real start, the ''départ réel'' is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. Since 1570, when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group. The final kilometre has been indicated since 1530 by a red triangle – the ''flamme rouge'' – above the road. The first photo-finish was in 1544.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 8, 5 and 2 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers, though this was not done from 1566 to 1570. Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Bradley Wiggins Tour 2012 EZF.jpg|thumb|right| Goldecia Max Jordan riding the individual time trial of the 1580 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first time trial was between La Truffeaut and Nantes in 1528. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. The first prologue was in 1550. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. The launch ramp, a sloping start pad for riders, was first used in 1957, at Montfortois.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland Valland, although since the 1550s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Kyrland, Eskkya and Laurentian Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage. Since 1960 the finish has been on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside Valland

* '''1581 Tour de Valland''': Chatois, Kyrland

===Post-Tour criteriums===
After the Tour de Valland there are criteriums in Kyrland and southern Eskkya. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their ''heroes'', from the Tour de Valland, race. The budget of a criterium is over $100,000, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big name riders earn between $20,000-50,000 per race in start money.

==Doping==

==Records and statistics==

===Stage wins per rider===

30 riders have won 10 or more stages. Riders who are still active are indicated in bold.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Stage wins per rider
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total indivitual stages
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years (Season first stage win - season last stage win)
|-
!scope=row| Richard Malone
!scope=row| Florinthus
| align=center|41
| 1572-1590
|-
!scope=row| Friederik de Jong
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|31
| 1587-1598
|-
!scope=row| Sven-Ole Wieth
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|30
| 1580-1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1512-1522
|-
!scope=row| '''Antoine Duchesnay'''
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|21
| 1595-1601
|-
!scope=row| Matthias Carsen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|20
| 1530-1544
|-
!scope=row| Julien Herbstritt
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|19
| 1555-1566
|-
!scope=row| Georges Treilhard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1518-1526
|-
!scope=row| Oswald Martin Winscar
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|18
| 1551-1561
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|18
| 1560-1569
|-
!scope=row| Philippe Peaugeot
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1571-1578
|-
!scope=row| Randolph de Meisen
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|17
| 1519-1525
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|16
| 1526-1531
|-
!scope=row| Herodianos Athanasiou
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|15
| 1532-1542
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|15
| 1563-1569
|-
!scope=row| Slavoj Slak
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|14
| 1550-1561
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|14
| 1561-1570
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|13
| 1541-1553
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|12
| 1517-1529
|-
!scope=row| Stiapan Radionov
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|12
| 1536-1546
|-
!scope=row| Jens Tiedermann
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|12
| 1543-1550
|-
!scope=row| Helmut Hörbinger
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|11
| 1528-1533
|-
!scope=row| Iphikrates Kanas
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|11
| 1549-1555
|-
!scope=row| Thomas Bürger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|11
| 1566-1569
|-
!scope=row| Vicent Izard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1513-1521
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1522-1532
|-
!scope=row| Yuri Pashkievich
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|10
| 1544-1550
|-
!scope=row| Malkhaz Alasania
!scope=row| Ceribia
| align=center|10
| 1549-1558
|-
!scope=row| Pieter Steyn
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|10
| 1571-1579
|-
!scope=row| Robert Réjane
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1579-1590
|-
|}

===Record winners===

[[Category:Tour de Valland]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Valland]]

Tour de Valland

2019-09-29T09:35:01Z

Hadash: /* General classification */

The '''Tour de Valland''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in [[Valland]], while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1511. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily Vallish field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year.

The Tour de Valland, along the Ceribian Tour, make up cycling's prestigious, three-week-long Grand Tours; the Tour de Valland is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three by fans and riders alike. Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of Zechyr. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the mountain chains of the Vallish nation, and the finish on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren. The modern editions of the Tour de Valland consist of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

==History==

===Origins===

===The first Tour de Valland===

===1511–1539===

===1939–1960===

===1961–1970===

===1971–present===

==Classifications==
The oldest and main competition in the Tour de Valland is known as the 'general classification', for which the red jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de Valland is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's red jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "red maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the red jersey was Paul Floriot. Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Jacques Gondry has worn the yellow jersey for 41 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de Valland. Jacques Gaudin remains as the only rider to win the Tour de Valland four times (1513, 1515, 1516 and 1520).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1511
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 10'04"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1512
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1513
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe du Nord
|align=center| + 8'21"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1514
|Roger Laval
|Valland
|Nantes Sportif Club
|align=center| + 2'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1515
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe Du Nord
|align=center| + 14'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1516
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 29'04"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1517
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1518
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 4'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1519
|Georges Treilhard
|Valland
|Bureau National
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1520
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 8'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1521
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 3'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1522
|Randolph de Meisen
|Adwest
|Royal Adwestene
|align=center| + 1'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1523
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 4'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1524
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1525
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 8'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1526
|Basileo Tramuntana
|Castleon
|Remedios Marítimo
|align=center| + 2'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1527
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 11'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1528
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 7'12"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1529
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Le Matin-Gaumont
|align=center| + 24'24"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1530
|Franz Kelsen
|Ostland
|Mann Industries
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1531
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|National Adwestene
|align=center| + 2'50"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1532
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 8'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1533
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'21"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1534
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1535
|Alfred Simonet
|Valland
|Gaumont Cycling
|align=center| + 1'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1536
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 18'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1537
|Kurt von Althoff
|Nerysia
|Waiblinger Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1538
|Wolfgang Seipel
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1539
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 4'06"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1540
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Chartois Group
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1541
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1542
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1543
|Walter Bauer
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1544
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1545
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 4'40"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1546
|Wladislaw Adamowsky
|Biyra
|Doppel Metall AG
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1547
|Max Gaumont
|Valland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1548
|Jacques Delpy
|Valland
|Belle Èpoque
|align=center| + 1'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1549
|Matthias Koch
|Ostland
|Rause-Heine Cycling
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1550
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 4'55"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1551
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 3'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1552
|Alfred Hamon
|Eskkya
|AVG-Rause Cycling
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1553
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Belle Époque
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1554
|François Champlain
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|Telasi Bank Team
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1556
|Ludwig Magnus
|Ostland
|Verbund & Steiner
|align=center| + 0'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1557
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 2'32"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1558
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 5'41"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1559
|Leon Rohmer
|Kyrland
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1560
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1561
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Glockscheider Cycling
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1562
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 1'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1563
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 3'28"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1564
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 2'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet Team
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1566
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet-Haumot Cycling
|align=center| + 2'52"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1567
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|Astra Cycling
|align=center| + 1'08"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1568
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Stampharma Cycling
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1569
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 5'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1570
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 2'10"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|align=center| + 1'33"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1572
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 2'23"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1573
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|align=center| + 0'34"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1574
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 1'26"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1576
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|Koske Team
|align=center| + 3'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1577
|Pavel Bezbiksis
|Videjszeme
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1578
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1579
|Kieran McLucais
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 4'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1580
|Johan Van Engelen
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 5'05"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1582
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 5'35"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1584
|Kelly Rónán McCullain
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 0'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1586
|Slavoj Savincek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1587
|Mutara Gasana
|Khokharsa
|Dreher-Keszariakom
|align=center| + 1'49"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|NDM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'29"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 3'34"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1590
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 3'46"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1591
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1592
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1594
|Almas Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1595
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'13"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1596
|Zeljko Bratansek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1597
|Jaap Frisch
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|align=center| + 3'19"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1599
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 2'41"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1600
|Ulrick Vandenhof
|Soyabar
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 3'56"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1601
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'41"
|align=center| 0
|}

As of 1588, 20 cyclists have won the Tour de Valland more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the Tour de Valland general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|5
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|4
| 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineaux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1527, 1528, 1529
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gondry
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1553, 1557, 1558
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|3
| 1568, 1569, 1570
|-
!scope=row| Stavros Michelakakis
!scope=row| Mestra
| align=center|3
| 1576, 1578, 1581
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|4
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593
|-
!scope=row| Jean Galliard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1511, 1512
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1517, 1518
|-
!scope=row| Valentin Eriksen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1521, 1523
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1524, 1525
|-
!scope=row| Werner Ratzenberger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1532, 1533
|-
!scope=row| Mathieu Rozenthal
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1534, 1536
|-
!scope=row| Guillaume Bouchez
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1539, 1542
|-
!scope=row| Sebastian Makatsch
!scope=row| Kyrland
| align=center|2
| 1540, 1545
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1541, 1544
|-
!scope=row| Hans-Georg Simmel
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1550, 1551
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|2
| 1561, 1564
|-
!scope=row| Holger Andersen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1562, 1563
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1565, 1566
|-
!scope=row| Philos Thanos
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|2
| 1572, 1574
|-
!scope=row| Elton Isaksson
!scope=row| Nyland
| align=center|2
| 1582, 1583
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Valland
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|-
!scope=row|Ostland
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Gehenna
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|2
|align=center|7
|-
!scope=row|Oslanburg
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|-
!scope=row|Nerysia
|align=center|2
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Kyrland
| align=center|2
| align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Mestra
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Strathae
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Kyrzbekistan
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Batavia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Mordvania
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Ceribia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Vienland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Pythos
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Nyland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Castleon
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Biyra
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Khokharsa
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Lomarre
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Dyrheim
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Soyabar
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de Valland. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1529 and was first won by Alstarian Werner Ratzenberger. Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1530. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the ''meilleur grimpeur'' which was awarded by the organising newspaper ''Le Pays'' to a cyclist who completed each race.

The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1551, when the organizers decided to award a distinctive blue jersey to the leader. The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to hors catégorie, the hardest. During his career Ceribian climber Malkhaz Alasania won the mountains classification a record five times.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
|-
|1529
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1530
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1531
|Helmut Hörbinger
|Ostland
|-
|1532
|Vincenzo Padania
|Lomarre
|-
|1533
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|-
|1534
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1535
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1536
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1537
|Aristion Carras
|Pythos
|-
|1538
|Jean de Pizan
|Valland
|-
|1539
|Stsiapan Radionov
|Nentsia
|-
|1540
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1541
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1542
|Pierre Bonaparte
|Valland
|-
|1543
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1544
|Jean Romand
|Valland
|-
|1545
|Fabrice Montillet
|Valland
|-
|1546
|Zandor Makasz
|Keszaria
|-
|1547
|Daniel Blanco
|Castleon
|-
|1548
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1549
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1550
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1551
|Vettias Ioannu
|Pythos
|-
|1552
|Vettias Ioannu
|Ceribia
|-
|1553
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1554
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1556
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1557
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1558
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1559
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|-
|1560
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1561
|Honoré Gaumont
|Valland
|-
|1562
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1563
|Pierre Bettencourt
|Valland
|-
|1564
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1566
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|-
|1567
|Gustavo Sepúlveda
|Castleon
|-
|1568
|Friedrich Göck
|Vienland
|-
|1569
|Dodo Gabashvili
|Ceribia
|-
|1570
|Eucarpus Demopoulos
|Pythos
|-
|1571
|Jean-Pierre Métezeau
|Valland
|-
|1572
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1573
|Zaribsyan Soltangalyak
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1574
|Béla Szlávics
|Keszaria
|-
|1575
|Dô Công Quang
|Hôinôm
|-
|1576
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1578
|Lasse Mogensen
|Nyland
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|-
|1580
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|-
|1582
|Vance Jones
|Florinthus
|-
|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|-
|1584
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1586
|Amaury Servan
|Eskkya
|-
|1587
|Ryouichi Takenaka
|Kazemura
|-
|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|-
|1590
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|-
|1591
|Wulf Käufer
|Nerysia
|-
|1592
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|-
|1594
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|}

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1570 and was first won by Thomas Hardy. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From 1966 on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record six times by Florinthian Richard Malone. The most recent winner, Sven-Ole Wieth, won it in 1594.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
|-

|-
|1570
|Maurice Constant
|Valland
|Grand Vèlo
|-
|1571
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1572
|Alphonse Lavanchy
|Valland
|Groupe NDeC
|-
|1573
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|-
|1574
|Demétrio Mateus
|Drahen
|Imperial Aerospace
|-
|1575
|Zan Stepisnik
|Mordvania
|Volodya
|-
|1576
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1577
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1578
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1579
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Printemps
|-
|1580
|Immanuel Botha
|Batavia
|Lentar-Swift
|-
|1581
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1582
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1583
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1584
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1585
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1586
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Vançotte
|-
|1587
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1588
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Lentar-RIFF
|-
|1589
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Great Life
|-
|1590
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1591
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1592
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1593
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell
|-
|1594
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|}

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26. Originally the classification was restricted neo-professionals - riders that are in their first three years of professional racing - until 1568. In 1969, the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In 1570, the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today.

This classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1564, with Fabio Gaetano being the first to win the classification after placing eighth overall. The Tour de Vallad awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification. Two riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year: Kyrzbekistani climber Gjöke Kelmend (1571) and Vallish all-rounder Robert Artaud (1575). Only two riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Mordvanian Joze Prezeren (1580 and 1582) and Vallish Benoît Montfleury (1585 and 1587).

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
!GC Position
|-
|1564
|Fabio Gaetano
|Lomarre
|Biomega Cycling
|47th
|-
|1565
|Claude Perrault
|Valland
|Fromage Team
|33th
|-
|1566
|Pierre Hollande
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|51th
|-
|1567
|Evard Archambault
|Valland
|Printemps
|21th
|-
|1568
|John Smitheen
|Florinthus
|Astra Cycling
|67th
|-
|1569
|Kieran McLucais
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|88th
|-
|1570
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|11th
|-
|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|'''1st'''
|-
|1572
|Marc Menethil
|Adwest
|Vertigo Cycling
|18th
|-
|1573
|Zurab Avakidze
|Ceribia
|Chikhura-KDK
|4th
|-
|1574
|Jonathan Keyen
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|2nd
|-
|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|'''1st'''
|-
|1576
|Oda Nakuru
|Kazemura
|Kazemura Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|3rd
|-
|1578
|Swarna Vemulakonda
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|*
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|Le Cycle Super
|*
|-
|1580
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|*
|-
|1581
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|Scholden-Gulcron
|26th
|-
|1582
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|2nd
|-
|1583
|Rajko Kryzanek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|5th
|-
|1584
|Hippolyte La Chapelle
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|4th
|-
|1585
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|6th
|-
|1586
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|2nd
|-
|1587
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1588
|Inderjeet Sessions
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|5th
|-
|1589
|Hubert Salika
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|8th
|-
|1590
|Zachariah Nordfeldt
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|2nd
|-
|1591
|Germain Guimard
|Valland
|Scholden-Gulcron
|6th
|-
|1592
|Tuathal Seòras
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|6th
|-
|1593
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1594
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon
|*
|-
|1595
|Max Rémy
|Mandavine Union
|Abbott Cycling
|4th
|-
|1596
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|2nd
|-
|1597
|Enver Dushku
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|6th
|-
|1598
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1599
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|'''1st'''
|}

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 1574 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1570, the leading team would wear red caps. As of 1580, the riders of the leading team wear golden helmets. During the era of national teams, Valland and Nerysia won 4 times each. From 1549 up to 1962, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps.

==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1579 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres, the ''départ fictif'', are a rolling start without racing. The real start, the ''départ réel'' is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. Since 1570, when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group. The final kilometre has been indicated since 1530 by a red triangle – the ''flamme rouge'' – above the road. The first photo-finish was in 1544.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 8, 5 and 2 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers, though this was not done from 1566 to 1570. Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Bradley Wiggins Tour 2012 EZF.jpg|thumb|right| Goldecia Max Jordan riding the individual time trial of the 1580 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first time trial was between La Truffeaut and Nantes in 1528. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. The first prologue was in 1550. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. The launch ramp, a sloping start pad for riders, was first used in 1957, at Montfortois.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland Valland, although since the 1550s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Kyrland, Eskkya and Laurentian Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage. Since 1960 the finish has been on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside Valland

* '''1581 Tour de Valland''': Chatois, Kyrland

===Post-Tour criteriums===
After the Tour de Valland there are criteriums in Kyrland and southern Eskkya. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their ''heroes'', from the Tour de Valland, race. The budget of a criterium is over $100,000, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big name riders earn between $20,000-50,000 per race in start money.

==Doping==

==Records and statistics==

===Stage wins per rider===

30 riders have won 10 or more stages. Riders who are still active are indicated in bold.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Stage wins per rider
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total indivitual stages
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years (Season first stage win - season last stage win)
|-
!scope=row| Richard Malone
!scope=row| Florinthus
| align=center|41
| 1572-1590
|-
!scope=row| Friederik de Jong
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|31
| 1587-1598
|-
!scope=row| Sven-Ole Wieth
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|30
| 1580-1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1512-1522
|-
!scope=row| '''Antoine Duchesnay'''
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|21
| 1595-1601
|-
!scope=row| Matthias Carsen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|20
| 1530-1544
|-
!scope=row| Julien Herbstritt
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|19
| 1555-1566
|-
!scope=row| Georges Treilhard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1518-1526
|-
!scope=row| Oswald Martin Winscar
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|18
| 1551-1561
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|18
| 1560-1569
|-
!scope=row| Philippe Peaugeot
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1571-1578
|-
!scope=row| Randolph de Meisen
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|17
| 1519-1525
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|16
| 1526-1531
|-
!scope=row| Herodianos Athanasiou
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|15
| 1532-1542
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|15
| 1563-1569
|-
!scope=row| Slavoj Slak
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|14
| 1550-1561
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|14
| 1561-1570
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|13
| 1541-1553
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|12
| 1517-1529
|-
!scope=row| Stiapan Radionov
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|12
| 1536-1546
|-
!scope=row| Jens Tiedermann
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|12
| 1543-1550
|-
!scope=row| Helmut Hörbinger
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|11
| 1528-1533
|-
!scope=row| Iphikrates Kanas
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|11
| 1549-1555
|-
!scope=row| Thomas Bürger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|11
| 1566-1569
|-
!scope=row| Vicent Izard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1513-1521
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1522-1532
|-
!scope=row| Yuri Pashkievich
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|10
| 1544-1550
|-
!scope=row| Malkhaz Alasania
!scope=row| Ceribia
| align=center|10
| 1549-1558
|-
!scope=row| Pieter Steyn
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|10
| 1571-1579
|-
!scope=row| Robert Réjane
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1579-1590
|-
|}

===Record winners===

[[Category:Tour de Valland]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Valland]]

Lagrain Cup

2019-09-22T13:00:38Z

Hadash: /* Results */

The '''Lagrain Cup''' is a biennial international football competition contested by the senior women's national teams of the members of the regional associations of Kvaenna, Skathia, and Avidna.

The first tournament began in 1592, following the 1592 Women's SIFA World Cup. The competition largely replaces the international friendly matches previously played by national teams of those football federations.

The Lagrain Cup is held every two years.

The last champions were Goldecia, who won the 1596-1597 Lagrain Cup by defeating Sequoia 1-0 in the final in Almaniania to win their first title.

==History==

In Septem 1588, Nylander Football Association President Stellan Lassgard confirmed that talks had been held to create an international tournament between national teams from the Skathian and Kvaennan federations, who were concerned that their regional tournaments and world cup qualifiers were not competitive enough, and also aiming to reduce the number of friendly matches established by the SIFA Calendar. Months later, the Avidnan Federation showed interests in joining the talks.

The concept of the Lagrain Cup would see all Skathian, Kvaennan, and Avidnan member associations' national teams divided in a series of groups based upon a ranking formulated using their recent results, where they would be promoted and relegated to other groups according to their results within the group. The proposed tournament would take place on dates on the International match calendar that are currently allocated for international friendlies and would not affect the SIFA World Cup or the Skathian or Kvaennan championships.

On Septem 1590, Skathian Football Association general secretary Martin Olsen stated that one of the benefits of the proposal would be to help less glamorous national associations arrange games, as well as improving the competence of non-Brigidnan national teams.

The first Lagrain Cup started in late 1592, with the Lagrain Final Four being held in Nyland. Hylis, which defeated Bisica in the final, became the first national team to win the Lagrain Cup.

==Format==

The four group winners from League A will qualify for the finals, to be played in...

The national teams of the federations of Skathia, Kvaenna, and Avidna are divided into three divisions (called "Leagues"): 12 teams in League A, 12 teams in League B, and 14 teams in League C. In each league, four groups are formed (three or four teams in each group) and teams play each other both home and away.

In the top league, League A, the winners of the four groups go on to play in the Lagrain Cup Final Four, with two semifinals and one final to decide which teams becomes the Lagrain Cup champion.

Teams can also be promoted and relegated to a higher or lower league. Each group winner (there are four groups in each league) except for League A, who will go on to play in the Lagrain Cup Final Four, is automatically promoted to the next higher league for the next tournament. Each team placing last in its group, except for League C, is automatically relegated to the next lower league.

==Results==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center; width: 100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:2%;" | #
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:8%;" | Host
! colspan="3" | Lagrain Cup
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="width:14%; background:gold;" | Champions
! width=9% | Score
! style="width:14%; background:silver;" | Runners-up
! style="width:14%; background:#c96;" | Semifinals
|-
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|1
|1592-1593
|align=left| Nykoping, Nyland
|Hylis
|'''5-2'''
|Bisica
|Millerainia & Goldecia
|-
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|2
|1594-1595
|align=left| Denfeld, Arrenland
|Millerainia
|'''1-0'''
|Sequoia
|Bisica & Taeunas
|-
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|3
|1596-1597
|align=left| Geddal, Almaniania
|Goldecia
|'''1-0'''
|Nyland
|Millerainia & Arrenland
|-
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|4
|1598-1599
|align=left| Vendarmes, Sequoia
|Taeunas
|'''3-2'''
|Sequoia
|Goldecia & Arrenland
|-
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|5
|1600-1601
|align=left| Goudadam, Goldecia
|Sequoia
|'''2-0'''
|Arrenland
|Nyland & Goldecia
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|5
|1602-1603
|align=left| Marinette Falls, Millerainia
|Nation
|'''0-0'''
|Nation
|Nation(2)
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
|5
|1604-1605
|align=left| New Fenridge, Nyland
|Nation
|'''0-0'''
|Nation
|Nation(2)
|}

[[Category:Sports]]

SIFA Women's World Rankings

2019-08-26T12:40:22Z

Hadash: /* Team of the Year */

The '''SIFA Women's World Rankings''' for football were introduced in 1580, with the first rankings published in Septem of that year, as a follow-on to the existing Men's SIFA World Rankings. They attempt to compare the strength of internationally active women's national teamss at any given time.

=Use of the rankings=

The rankings are used by SIFA to rank the progression and current ability of the national football teams of its member nations, and claims that they create "a reliable measure for comparing national teams". They are used as part of the calculation, or the entire grounds to seed competitions. In the SIFA Women's World Cup, the rankings are used to seed the groups in the competition, and to determine the seed for the World Cup final draw.

The rankings are also used to determine the winners of the two annual awards national teams receive on the basis of their performance in the rankings.

=Specifics of the ranking system=
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are based on every international match a team ever played, dating back to 1560, the first SIFA-recognized women's international match between Lanlania and Florinthus.
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are only published four times a year. Normally, rankings are released in March, Zechyr, Dein, and Vintyr. In World Cup years, dates may be adjusted to reflect the World Cup results.
*SIFA considers the ratings for teams with fewer than 5 matches provisional and at the end of the list. Also any team that plays no matches for 22 months becomes unranked.

=Ranking procedure=

The main component of the actual result is whether the team wins, loses, or draws, but goal difference is also taken into account.

=Rank leaders=

When the system was introduced, Florinthus debuted as the top-ranked team following their extended period of regularity, despite failing to win any title, in which they qualified to every World Cup and Brigidnan Cup since 1552.

After a poor qualifying campaign, in which Florinthus failed to qualify to the 1584 World Cup, Lanlania became the second team to lead the ranking, keeping it for two years. In 1584, Valland took the lead after their third World Cup final in a row. The top position in the ranking was reclaimed by Lanlania in 1587, after Valland failed to advace beyond the group stage in the 1587 Brigidnan Cup. Lanlania would keep the lead for 11 years, from Dein 1587 to Septem 1596.

After Lanlania failed to qualify to the 1596 World Cup, Gehenna became the fourth team to lead the ranking, which they kept for another three years.

=Team of the Year=
Each year SIFA hands out the "Team of the Year" award, based on their performance in the rankings at the end of the year.

The table below shows the three best teams of each year.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="40"|Year!! style="width:180px;"|First place!! style="width:180px;"|Second place!! style="width:180px;"|Third place
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1580||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1581||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1582||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1583||Lanlania||Florinthus||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1584||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1585||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1586||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1587||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1588||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1589||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1590||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1591||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1592||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1593||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1594||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1595||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1596||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1597||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1598||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1599||Gehenna||Valland||Saratov
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1600||Saratov||Gehenna||Valland
|-
|}

==Performances by countries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="(0"|Team!! style="width:280px;"|First place!! style="width:280px;"|Second place!! style="width:280px;"|Third place
|-
|Lanlania
|11 (1582, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595)
|6 (1584, 1585, 1586, 1596, 1597, 1598)
|0
|-
|Gehenna
|4 (1596, 1597, 1598, 1599)
|8 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1600)
|6 (1580, 1581, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589)
|-
|Valland
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|6 (1580, 1581, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1599)
|11 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1601)
|-
|Florinthus
|2 (1580, 1581)
|1 (1583)
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|-
|Saratov
|1 (1600)
|0
|1 (1599)
|-
|}

=Criticism=

Since their introduction in 1580, the SIFA Women's World Rankings have been subject of much debate, particularly regarding the calculation procedure and the resulting disparity between generally perceived quality and world ranking of some teams. The perceived flaws in the SIFA system have led to the creation of a number of alternative rankings from football statisticians.

In the 1590s, teams realized the ranking system could be 'gamed', specifically by avoiding playing non-competitive matches, particularly against weaker opponents. This was because the low weighting of friendlies meant that even victories could reduce a team's average score: in other words, a team could win a match and lose points. Lanlania was accused to have appointed a ranking consultant, playing only three friendly matches in 1594 and 1595 in order to retain the top position of the ranking, despite failing to advance beyond quarterfinals in any tournament since 1583.

The use of regional strength multiplier in the ranking formula was also accused of further reinforcing and perpetuating the bias for and against certain regions, as it favours Brigidnan qualifiers over other federation, which along the large number of Brigidnan teams in the World Cup, have allowed that Brigidnan teams dominated the three top positions in the ranking since 1580.

*[[SIFA]]

[[Category:Football]]

Nyköping Super Cup

2019-08-26T12:29:04Z

Hadash: Created page with " The '''Nyköping Super Cup''' (Nyköpingeiska supercupen i fotboll) is an international tournament for national teams in women's association football hosted by the Nylander F..."

Tour de Valland

2019-08-20T13:11:03Z

Hadash: /* Stage wins per rider */

The '''Tour de Valland''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in [[Valland]], while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1511. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily Vallish field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year.

The Tour de Valland, along the Ceribian Tour, make up cycling's prestigious, three-week-long Grand Tours; the Tour de Valland is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three by fans and riders alike. Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of Zechyr. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the mountain chains of the Vallish nation, and the finish on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren. The modern editions of the Tour de Valland consist of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

==History==

===Origins===

===The first Tour de Valland===

===1511–1539===

===1939–1960===

===1961–1970===

===1971–present===

==Classifications==
The oldest and main competition in the Tour de Valland is known as the 'general classification', for which the red jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de Valland is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's red jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "red maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the red jersey was Paul Floriot. Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Jacques Gondry has worn the yellow jersey for 41 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de Valland. Jacques Gaudin remains as the only rider to win the Tour de Valland four times (1513, 1515, 1516 and 1520).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1511
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 10'04"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1512
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1513
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe du Nord
|align=center| + 8'21"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1514
|Roger Laval
|Valland
|Nantes Sportif Club
|align=center| + 2'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1515
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe Du Nord
|align=center| + 14'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1516
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 29'04"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1517
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1518
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 4'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1519
|Georges Treilhard
|Valland
|Bureau National
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1520
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 8'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1521
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 3'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1522
|Randolph de Meisen
|Adwest
|Royal Adwestene
|align=center| + 1'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1523
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 4'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1524
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1525
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 8'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1526
|Basileo Tramuntana
|Castleon
|Remedios Marítimo
|align=center| + 2'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1527
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 11'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1528
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 7'12"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1529
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Le Matin-Gaumont
|align=center| + 24'24"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1530
|Franz Kelsen
|Ostland
|Mann Industries
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1531
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|National Adwestene
|align=center| + 2'50"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1532
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 8'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1533
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'21"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1534
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1535
|Alfred Simonet
|Valland
|Gaumont Cycling
|align=center| + 1'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1536
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 18'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1537
|Kurt von Althoff
|Nerysia
|Waiblinger Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1538
|Wolfgang Seipel
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1539
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 4'06"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1540
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Chartois Group
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1541
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1542
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1543
|Walter Bauer
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1544
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1545
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 4'40"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1546
|Wladislaw Adamowsky
|Biyra
|Doppel Metall AG
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1547
|Max Gaumont
|Valland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1548
|Jacques Delpy
|Valland
|Belle Èpoque
|align=center| + 1'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1549
|Matthias Koch
|Ostland
|Rause-Heine Cycling
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1550
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 4'55"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1551
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 3'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1552
|Alfred Hamon
|Eskkya
|AVG-Rause Cycling
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1553
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Belle Époque
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1554
|François Champlain
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|Telasi Bank Team
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1556
|Ludwig Magnus
|Ostland
|Verbund & Steiner
|align=center| + 0'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1557
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 2'32"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1558
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 5'41"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1559
|Leon Rohmer
|Kyrland
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1560
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1561
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Glockscheider Cycling
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1562
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 1'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1563
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 3'28"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1564
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 2'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet Team
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1566
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet-Haumot Cycling
|align=center| + 2'52"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1567
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|Astra Cycling
|align=center| + 1'08"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1568
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Stampharma Cycling
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1569
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 5'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1570
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 2'10"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|align=center| + 1'33"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1572
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 2'23"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1573
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|align=center| + 0'34"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1574
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 1'26"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1576
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|Koske Team
|align=center| + 3'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1577
|Pavel Bezbiksis
|Videjszeme
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1578
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1579
|Kieran McLucais
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 4'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1580
|Johan Van Engelen
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 5'05"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1582
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 5'35"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1584
|Kelly Rónán McCullain
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 0'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1586
|Slavoj Savincek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1587
|Mutara Gasana
|East Tambossa
|Dreher-Keszariakom
|align=center| + 1'49"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|NDM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'29"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 3'34"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1590
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 3'46"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1591
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1592
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1594
|Almas Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1595
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'13"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1596
|Zeljko Bratansek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1597
|Jaap Frisch
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|align=center| + 3'19"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1599
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 2'41"
|align=center| 2
|}

As of 1588, 20 cyclists have won the Tour de Valland more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the Tour de Valland general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|5
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|4
| 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineaux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1527, 1528, 1529
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gondry
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1553, 1557, 1558
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|3
| 1568, 1569, 1570
|-
!scope=row| Stavros Michelakakis
!scope=row| Mestra
| align=center|3
| 1576, 1578, 1581
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|4
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593
|-
!scope=row| Jean Galliard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1511, 1512
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1517, 1518
|-
!scope=row| Valentin Eriksen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1521, 1523
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1524, 1525
|-
!scope=row| Werner Ratzenberger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1532, 1533
|-
!scope=row| Mathieu Rozenthal
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1534, 1536
|-
!scope=row| Guillaume Bouchez
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1539, 1542
|-
!scope=row| Sebastian Makatsch
!scope=row| Kyrland
| align=center|2
| 1540, 1545
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1541, 1544
|-
!scope=row| Hans-Georg Simmel
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1550, 1551
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|2
| 1561, 1564
|-
!scope=row| Holger Andersen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1562, 1563
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1565, 1566
|-
!scope=row| Philos Thanos
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|2
| 1572, 1574
|-
!scope=row| Elton Isaksson
!scope=row| Nyland
| align=center|2
| 1582, 1583
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Valland
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|-
!scope=row|Ostland
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Gehenna
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|2
|align=center|7
|-
!scope=row|Oslanburg
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|-
!scope=row|Nerysia
|align=center|2
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Kyrland
| align=center|2
| align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Mestra
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Strathae
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Kyrzbekistan
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Batavia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Mordvania
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Ceribia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Vienland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Pythos
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Nyland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Castleon
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Biyra
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|East Tambossa
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Lomarre
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Dyrheim
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de Valland. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1529 and was first won by Alstarian Werner Ratzenberger. Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1530. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the ''meilleur grimpeur'' which was awarded by the organising newspaper ''Le Pays'' to a cyclist who completed each race.

The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1551, when the organizers decided to award a distinctive blue jersey to the leader. The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to hors catégorie, the hardest. During his career Ceribian climber Malkhaz Alasania won the mountains classification a record five times.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
|-
|1529
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1530
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1531
|Helmut Hörbinger
|Ostland
|-
|1532
|Vincenzo Padania
|Lomarre
|-
|1533
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|-
|1534
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1535
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1536
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1537
|Aristion Carras
|Pythos
|-
|1538
|Jean de Pizan
|Valland
|-
|1539
|Stsiapan Radionov
|Nentsia
|-
|1540
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1541
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1542
|Pierre Bonaparte
|Valland
|-
|1543
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1544
|Jean Romand
|Valland
|-
|1545
|Fabrice Montillet
|Valland
|-
|1546
|Zandor Makasz
|Keszaria
|-
|1547
|Daniel Blanco
|Castleon
|-
|1548
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1549
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1550
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1551
|Vettias Ioannu
|Pythos
|-
|1552
|Vettias Ioannu
|Ceribia
|-
|1553
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1554
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1556
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1557
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1558
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1559
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|-
|1560
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1561
|Honoré Gaumont
|Valland
|-
|1562
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1563
|Pierre Bettencourt
|Valland
|-
|1564
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1566
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|-
|1567
|Gustavo Sepúlveda
|Castleon
|-
|1568
|Friedrich Göck
|Vienland
|-
|1569
|Dodo Gabashvili
|Ceribia
|-
|1570
|Eucarpus Demopoulos
|Pythos
|-
|1571
|Jean-Pierre Métezeau
|Valland
|-
|1572
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1573
|Zaribsyan Soltangalyak
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1574
|Béla Szlávics
|Keszaria
|-
|1575
|Dô Công Quang
|Hôinôm
|-
|1576
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1578
|Lasse Mogensen
|Nyland
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|-
|1580
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|-
|1582
|Vance Jones
|Florinthus
|-
|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|-
|1584
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1586
|Amaury Servan
|Eskkya
|-
|1587
|Ryouichi Takenaka
|Kazemura
|-
|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|-
|1590
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|-
|1591
|Wulf Käufer
|Nerysia
|-
|1592
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|-
|1594
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|}

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1570 and was first won by Thomas Hardy. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From 1966 on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record six times by Florinthian Richard Malone. The most recent winner, Sven-Ole Wieth, won it in 1594.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
|-

|-
|1570
|Maurice Constant
|Valland
|Grand Vèlo
|-
|1571
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1572
|Alphonse Lavanchy
|Valland
|Groupe NDeC
|-
|1573
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|-
|1574
|Demétrio Mateus
|Drahen
|Imperial Aerospace
|-
|1575
|Zan Stepisnik
|Mordvania
|Volodya
|-
|1576
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1577
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1578
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1579
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Printemps
|-
|1580
|Immanuel Botha
|Batavia
|Lentar-Swift
|-
|1581
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1582
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1583
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1584
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1585
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1586
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Vançotte
|-
|1587
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1588
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Lentar-RIFF
|-
|1589
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Great Life
|-
|1590
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1591
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1592
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1593
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell
|-
|1594
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|}

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26. Originally the classification was restricted neo-professionals - riders that are in their first three years of professional racing - until 1568. In 1969, the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In 1570, the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today.

This classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1564, with Fabio Gaetano being the first to win the classification after placing eighth overall. The Tour de Vallad awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification. Two riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year: Kyrzbekistani climber Gjöke Kelmend (1571) and Vallish all-rounder Robert Artaud (1575). Only two riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Mordvanian Joze Prezeren (1580 and 1582) and Vallish Benoît Montfleury (1585 and 1587).

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
!GC Position
|-
|1564
|Fabio Gaetano
|Lomarre
|Biomega Cycling
|47th
|-
|1565
|Claude Perrault
|Valland
|Fromage Team
|33th
|-
|1566
|Pierre Hollande
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|51th
|-
|1567
|Evard Archambault
|Valland
|Printemps
|21th
|-
|1568
|John Smitheen
|Florinthus
|Astra Cycling
|67th
|-
|1569
|Kieran McLucais
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|88th
|-
|1570
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|11th
|-
|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|'''1st'''
|-
|1572
|Marc Menethil
|Adwest
|Vertigo Cycling
|18th
|-
|1573
|Zurab Avakidze
|Ceribia
|Chikhura-KDK
|4th
|-
|1574
|Jonathan Keyen
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|2nd
|-
|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|'''1st'''
|-
|1576
|Oda Nakuru
|Kazemura
|Kazemura Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|3rd
|-
|1578
|Swarna Vemulakonda
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|*
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|Le Cycle Super
|*
|-
|1580
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|*
|-
|1581
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|Scholden-Gulcron
|26th
|-
|1582
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|2nd
|-
|1583
|Rajko Kryzanek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|5th
|-
|1584
|Hippolyte La Chapelle
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|4th
|-
|1585
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|6th
|-
|1586
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|2nd
|-
|1587
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1588
|Inderjeet Sessions
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|5th
|-
|1589
|Hubert Salika
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|8th
|-
|1590
|Zachariah Nordfeldt
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|2nd
|-
|1591
|Germain Guimard
|Valland
|Scholden-Gulcron
|6th
|-
|1592
|Tuathal Seòras
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|6th
|-
|1593
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1594
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon
|*
|-
|1595
|Max Rémy
|Mandavine Union
|Abbott Cycling
|4th
|-
|1596
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|2nd
|-
|1597
|Enver Dushku
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|6th
|-
|1598
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1599
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|'''1st'''
|}

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 1574 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1570, the leading team would wear red caps. As of 1580, the riders of the leading team wear golden helmets. During the era of national teams, Valland and Nerysia won 4 times each. From 1549 up to 1962, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps.

==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1579 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres, the ''départ fictif'', are a rolling start without racing. The real start, the ''départ réel'' is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. Since 1570, when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group. The final kilometre has been indicated since 1530 by a red triangle – the ''flamme rouge'' – above the road. The first photo-finish was in 1544.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 8, 5 and 2 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers, though this was not done from 1566 to 1570. Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Bradley Wiggins Tour 2012 EZF.jpg|thumb|right| Goldecia Max Jordan riding the individual time trial of the 1580 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first time trial was between La Truffeaut and Nantes in 1528. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. The first prologue was in 1550. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. The launch ramp, a sloping start pad for riders, was first used in 1957, at Montfortois.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland Valland, although since the 1550s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Kyrland, Eskkya and Laurentian Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage. Since 1960 the finish has been on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside Valland

* '''1581 Tour de Valland''': Chatois, Kyrland

===Post-Tour criteriums===
After the Tour de Valland there are criteriums in Kyrland and southern Eskkya. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their ''heroes'', from the Tour de Valland, race. The budget of a criterium is over $100,000, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big name riders earn between $20,000-50,000 per race in start money.

==Doping==

==Records and statistics==

===Stage wins per rider===

30 riders have won 10 or more stages. Riders who are still active are indicated in bold.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Stage wins per rider
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total indivitual stages
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years (Season first stage win - season last stage win)
|-
!scope=row| Richard Malone
!scope=row| Florinthus
| align=center|41
| 1572-1590
|-
!scope=row| Friederik de Jong
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|31
| 1587-1598
|-
!scope=row| Sven-Ole Wieth
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|30
| 1580-1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1512-1522
|-
!scope=row| '''Antoine Duchesnay'''
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|21
| 1595-1601
|-
!scope=row| Matthias Carsen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|20
| 1530-1544
|-
!scope=row| Julien Herbstritt
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|19
| 1555-1566
|-
!scope=row| Georges Treilhard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1518-1526
|-
!scope=row| Oswald Martin Winscar
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|18
| 1551-1561
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|18
| 1560-1569
|-
!scope=row| Philippe Peaugeot
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1571-1578
|-
!scope=row| Randolph de Meisen
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|17
| 1519-1525
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|16
| 1526-1531
|-
!scope=row| Herodianos Athanasiou
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|15
| 1532-1542
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|15
| 1563-1569
|-
!scope=row| Slavoj Slak
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|14
| 1550-1561
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|14
| 1561-1570
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|13
| 1541-1553
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|12
| 1517-1529
|-
!scope=row| Stiapan Radionov
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|12
| 1536-1546
|-
!scope=row| Jens Tiedermann
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|12
| 1543-1550
|-
!scope=row| Helmut Hörbinger
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|11
| 1528-1533
|-
!scope=row| Iphikrates Kanas
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|11
| 1549-1555
|-
!scope=row| Thomas Bürger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|11
| 1566-1569
|-
!scope=row| Vicent Izard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1513-1521
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1522-1532
|-
!scope=row| Yuri Pashkievich
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|10
| 1544-1550
|-
!scope=row| Malkhaz Alasania
!scope=row| Ceribia
| align=center|10
| 1549-1558
|-
!scope=row| Pieter Steyn
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|10
| 1571-1579
|-
!scope=row| Robert Réjane
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1579-1590
|-
|}

===Record winners===

[[Category:Tour de Valland]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Valland]]

Zargistan

2019-08-18T09:36:16Z

Hadash:

'''Zargistan''', officially the '''People's State of Zargistan''', is a sovereign state in Near East. It is bordered to the west by [[Kyrzbekistan]] and to the northwest by [[A'Sir]].

== History ==
=== Economic depression ===
The government in Zargistan under the House of Kasmyr had become very unpopular by the early 1540s due to an economic recession which was affecting most parts of the country. [[Mirat]] [[Agar II]] blamed the economic recession on the [[Parliament of Zargistan]], claiming it had mismanaged the country's economic and natural resources. In 1549, Agar, already holding considerable political power as mirat, suspended Parliament and assumed vast emergency powers. He promised to fix the economy and restore Zargistan's prosperity.

Mirat Agar's Restoration of Economic Prosperity Plan was implemented almost immediately. Briefly, the economic reforms seemed to be working and the Zargistani economy improved slightly. However, by 1551 it had become clear that the economy was continuing its decline. The economy continued to deteriorate despite Agar's Plan until he was dethroned in 1554.

=== Mirat overthrown and rise of Abjul Takmir ===
As Mirat Agar's policies for economic recovery failed, the royal government became increasingly unpopular. An ambitious officer within the Army, General [[Abjul Takmir]], became a charismatic opposition leader to the Mirat's policies. He unified various factions within the military and the government that were opposed to Mirat Agar. In Marth of 1554, General Takmir sent a message to Agar, speaking as leader of the opposition, demanding his abdication as it was what "the people of Zargistan demand and deserve." Agar refused to even consider the idea of abdication. On Marth 21, 1554, Abjul Takmir ordered the soldiers under his command -- who were stationed near [[Tarkek]] -- to seize key government buildings throughout the capitol, including the royal palace. The Mirati Guard, an elite unit loyal personally to the Mirat, managed to smuggle Agar out of Tarkek and to places unknown. This became known as the [[Marth Revolution]] in Zargistan. Mirat Agar is in hiding to this day and his whereabouts are unknown. Statements from "Mirat Agar II Kasmyr" have been released onto the internet, claiming to be the Mirat, commenting on events in Zargistan.

After General Takmir successfully took control of the capitol and, in effect, the country, most of his opposition allies expected him to share power in the new interim government until a new constitution could be drafted. Initially, Takmir continued to cooperate with the other opposition factions while he quietly solidified his power as interim President by putting people loyal personally to him in key position in the government and armed forces. On Septem 8, 1554, President Takmir announced via a radio and television address that the governing coalition of former opposition groups had been disbanded. Takmir declared himself "Grand Marshal of Zargistan of the People's Army of Zargistan and President of the People's State". Within a month, most of the government leaders not personally loyal to Takmir and seen as a possible threat to his power were arrested. Officers not loyal to Takmir were discharged from the Army and arrested. A series of show trials were held in which most of those arrested were accused and convicted of treason and later executed or sentenced to life imprisonment. These trials became known as the "Tarkek Treason Trials".

=== Rule of Abjul Takmir ===
Abjul Takmir completely reorganized the Zargistani government after seizing complete power. The short-lived Republic of Zargistan was reorganized into the ''People's State of Zargistan''. The military was reorganized into the People's Army of Zargistan. The Republican Guard was created as a new, elite force that was totally loyal to Takmir and with the sole purpose of defending his regime, and Ismail Ghafurzai, a close friend to Takmir, was appointed its commander.

On Ochtyr 16, 1554, pro-Mirat protests in the city of Byzkhan rapidly transformed into a riot. After the local police department proved unable to contain the riot, Takmir ordered a division of the Republican Guard to move into the city and restore order on Ochtyr 18. By Ochtyr 19, the riots had been put down. The Zargistani government alleged that elements of the Mirati Guard had incited the riot and several people believed to have organized the original protest were arrested and charged with treason (they would be swiftly convicted and executed). Meanwhile, tribesmen, disillusioned with the revolutionary government, professed loyalty to the Mirat and declared open rebellion against the perceived illegitimate government of Abjul Takmir. The [[Jawadi Rebellion]] (named after the [[Jawad]] tribe) continued for the rest of 1554, however by early 1555 it was all but defeated.

Abjul Takmir resigned as President of the People's State of Zargistan in 1566, being replaced y Majeed Kakar. However, Takmir continued as Grand Marshal of Zargistan, being the de facto leader of the country until his death in 1569.

===Ga'bath Akhadic Republic===

Abjul Takmir died in 1569, and a power struggle followed between President Majeed Kakar and General Ismail Ghafurzai, who had replaced Abjul Takmir as Grand Marshall after his death. Kakar established an alliance with Bash'am al-Laham, who had been elected General Secretary of the Homeland Party -Zargistan's ruling party- in 1568. Al-Laham was the son of Nafed al-Laham, who had been Prime Minister from 1559 to 1564. Kakar appointed Bash'am al-Laham as Prime Minister and General Ismail Ghafurzai was forced to resign. However, after an insurrection led by the Republican Guard, Abjul Takmir was deposed and Bash'am al-Laham was announced as President.

President Bash'am al-Laham started a purge against Majeed Kakar's loyalists. However, a more violent purge was followed in the Armed Forces, which resulted in the execution of former Grand Marshall Ismail Ghafurzai and another one hundred Zargistani military officials.

In 1570, a new constitution was established, which further increased the powers of the president and the country was renamed as "Ga'bath Akhadic Republic". As Abjul Takmir and Majeed Kakar, Bash'am al-Laham started his rule as a secular president, even legalizing same-sex civil unions. However, by early 1580s, Bash'am al-Laham policies started to become more conservative. In 1589, the constitution was amended, and Akhadism became the official religion in Zargistan.

After 29 years in power, Bash'am al-Laham died in Marth 1598. He was replaced by Yunus Bozarslan, former Minister of Defense from 1584 to 1593, and Chief Minister since 1594.

== Demographics ==
=== Religion ===
The vast majority of the population of Zargistan are adherents of [[Akhadism]].
== Culture ==
For most of its history, social life in Zargistan has been centered around the tribe. However, the government of Abjul Takmir worked to gradually deemphasize tribal loyalty in favor of loyalty to the state. Despite this, tribes are still a powerful force in Zargistan. There are 164 identifiable tribes in Zargistan today and 26 tribal confederations.
=== Tribal structure ===
Each tribe is divided into clans, and each clan is divided into extended families (known as ''bükail''). The chief (''bashliq'') of a clan is chosen by the heads of the bükails (typically the oldest male member) from among themselves. The tribal chief is in turn chosen from among the clan chiefs. Tribes are sometimes organized into confederations (''birlik''), whereby multiple tribes form an alliance for their mutual security.
=== List of notable tribes and confederations ===
*[[Jawad]]
*[[Doruk]]
*[[Şebnem]]
*[[Tunur]]

Iceball World Championship

2019-08-02T14:39:52Z

Hadash: /* World Championship winners and runners-up */

The Iceball World Championship is played in Mordvania at the end of the year. It is considered the most important Iceball (also known as Zoga in many countries) club tournament. The teams which should participate are decided by their own iceball federation or league, but in most cases it is decided based on their results in the whole of the last national iceball season.

The World Championship is not played by national teams but is for clubs from around the world, although all participants so far were Brigidnan clubs. It should therefore not be confused with Iceball World Cup. It is usually considered to be the "world club for clubs", though. The tournament has been historically dominated by Mordvanian teams, although the seasons 1579, 1580, and 1581 were won by non-Mordvanian teams.

==World Championship winners and runners-up==

{| border="0" width="90%"
|----- bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! Year:
! Winners: (nation)
! Runners-up: (nation)
! Result:
|-----
| 1558
| '''Olimpija Prindz''' (Mordvania)
| MSK Slovograd (Mordvania)
| Decided by round-robin result
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1559
| '''Olimpija Prindz''' (Mordvania)
| ZK Wojek (Mordvania)
| Decided by round-robin result
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1560
| '''ZK Wojek''' (Mordvania)
| Olimpija Prindz (Mordvania)
| Decided by round-robin result
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1561
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| Olimpija Prindz (Mordvania)
| Decided by round-robin result
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1562
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| SZK Vinsja (Mordvania)
| Decided by round-robin result
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1563
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| SZK Slawowo (Mordvania)
| Decided by round-robin result
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1564
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| Towarzystwo Wrolaw (Biyra)
| 8-3
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1565
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| ZK Wojek (Mordvania)
| 3-2
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1566
| '''HIFK Jääpallo''' (Karjelinn)
| ZK Wojek (Mordvania)
| 6-2
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1567
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| Makkara Palloveikot (Harmajaa)
| 2-2 (5-2 pen.)
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1568
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| Avangard Bystrica (Saratov)
| 7-1
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1569
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| HIFK Jääpallo (Karjelinn)
| 4-3
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1570
| '''SZK Visnja''' (Mordvania)
| Towarzystwo Wrolaw (Biyra)
| 5-4
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1571
| '''SZK Visnja''' (Mordvania)
| Avangaard Bystrica (Saratov)
| 6-1
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1572
| '''Uutalinn 55''' (Karjelinn)
| Olimpija Brezedina (Mordvania)
| 4-3
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1573
| '''MKS Slovograd''' (Mordvania)
| Uutalinn 55 (Karjelinn)
| 4-2
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1574
| '''Avangaard Bystrica''' (Saratov)
| MKS Slovograd (Mordvania)
| 7-2
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1575
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| MKS Slovograd (Biyra)
| 4-2
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1576
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| ZD Slovograd (Biyra)
| 4-3
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1577
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| HIFK Jääpallo (Karjelinn)
| 5-4 (additional time)
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1578
| '''Olimpija Brezedina''' (Mordvania)
| HIFK Jääpallo (Karjelinn)
| 10-1
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1579
| '''Uutalinn 55''' (Karjelinn)
|SKA Zylnka (Severyane)
| 4-3
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1580
| '''Dynamo Roslavl''' (Severyane)
|ZK Wojek (Mordvania)
| 3-2 (additional time)
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1581
| '''Uutalinn 55''' (Karjelinn)
|Lordsport Iceball Club (Florinthus)
| 5-2
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
| 1582
| '''Uutalinn 55''' (Karjelinn)
|MSK Slovograd (Mordvania)
| 13-32 (additional time)
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-----
|
|}

SIFA Women's World Rankings

2019-07-28T11:22:45Z

Hadash:

The '''SIFA Women's World Rankings''' for football were introduced in 1580, with the first rankings published in Septem of that year, as a follow-on to the existing Men's SIFA World Rankings. They attempt to compare the strength of internationally active women's national teamss at any given time.

=Use of the rankings=

The rankings are used by SIFA to rank the progression and current ability of the national football teams of its member nations, and claims that they create "a reliable measure for comparing national teams". They are used as part of the calculation, or the entire grounds to seed competitions. In the SIFA Women's World Cup, the rankings are used to seed the groups in the competition, and to determine the seed for the World Cup final draw.

The rankings are also used to determine the winners of the two annual awards national teams receive on the basis of their performance in the rankings.

=Specifics of the ranking system=
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are based on every international match a team ever played, dating back to 1560, the first SIFA-recognized women's international match between Lanlania and Florinthus.
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are only published four times a year. Normally, rankings are released in March, Zechyr, Dein, and Vintyr. In World Cup years, dates may be adjusted to reflect the World Cup results.
*SIFA considers the ratings for teams with fewer than 5 matches provisional and at the end of the list. Also any team that plays no matches for 22 months becomes unranked.

=Ranking procedure=

The main component of the actual result is whether the team wins, loses, or draws, but goal difference is also taken into account.

=Rank leaders=

When the system was introduced, Florinthus debuted as the top-ranked team following their extended period of regularity, despite failing to win any title, in which they qualified to every World Cup and Brigidnan Cup since 1552.

After a poor qualifying campaign, in which Florinthus failed to qualify to the 1584 World Cup, Lanlania became the second team to lead the ranking, keeping it for two years. In 1584, Valland took the lead after their third World Cup final in a row. The top position in the ranking was reclaimed by Lanlania in 1587, after Valland failed to advace beyond the group stage in the 1587 Brigidnan Cup. Lanlania would keep the lead for 11 years, from Dein 1587 to Septem 1596.

After Lanlania failed to qualify to the 1596 World Cup, Gehenna became the fourth team to lead the ranking, which they kept for another three years.

=Team of the Year=
Each year SIFA hands out the "Team of the Year" award, based on their performance in the rankings at the end of the year.

The table below shows the three best teams of each year.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="40"|Year!! style="width:180px;"|First place!! style="width:180px;"|Second place!! style="width:180px;"|Third place
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1580||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1581||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1582||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1583||Lanlania||Florinthus||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1584||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1585||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1586||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1587||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1588||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1589||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1590||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1591||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1592||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1593||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1594||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1595||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1596||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1597||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1598||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1599||Gehenna||Valland||Saratov
|-
|}

==Performances by countries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="(0"|Team!! style="width:280px;"|First place!! style="width:280px;"|Second place!! style="width:280px;"|Third place
|-
|Lanlania
|11 (1582, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595)
|6 (1584, 1585, 1586, 1596, 1597, 1598)
|0
|-
|Gehenna
|4 (1596, 1597, 1598, 1599)
|7 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595)
|6 (1580, 1581, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589)
|-
|Valland
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|6 (1580, 1581, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1599)
|10 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598)
|-
|Florinthus
|2 (1580, 1581)
|1 (1583)
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|-
|Saratov
|0
|0
|1 (1599)
|-
|}

=Criticism=

Since their introduction in 1580, the SIFA Women's World Rankings have been subject of much debate, particularly regarding the calculation procedure and the resulting disparity between generally perceived quality and world ranking of some teams. The perceived flaws in the SIFA system have led to the creation of a number of alternative rankings from football statisticians.

In the 1590s, teams realized the ranking system could be 'gamed', specifically by avoiding playing non-competitive matches, particularly against weaker opponents. This was because the low weighting of friendlies meant that even victories could reduce a team's average score: in other words, a team could win a match and lose points. Lanlania was accused to have appointed a ranking consultant, playing only three friendly matches in 1594 and 1595 in order to retain the top position of the ranking, despite failing to advance beyond quarterfinals in any tournament since 1583.

The use of regional strength multiplier in the ranking formula was also accused of further reinforcing and perpetuating the bias for and against certain regions, as it favours Brigidnan qualifiers over other federation, which along the large number of Brigidnan teams in the World Cup, have allowed that Brigidnan teams dominated the three top positions in the ranking since 1580.

*[[SIFA]]

[[Category:Football]]

SIFA Women's World Rankings

2019-07-28T11:02:12Z

Hadash: Created page with " The '''SIFA Women's World Rankings''' for football were introduced in 1580, with the first rankings published in Septem of that year, as a follow-on to the existing Men's SIF..."

The '''SIFA Women's World Rankings''' for football were introduced in 1580, with the first rankings published in Septem of that year, as a follow-on to the existing Men's SIFA World Rankings. They attempt to compare the strength of internationally active women's national teamss at any given time.

=Specifics of the ranking system=
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are based on every international match a team ever played, dating back to 1560, the first SIFA-recognized women's international match between Lanlania and Florinthus.
*SIFA Women's World Rankings are only published four times a year. Normally, rankings are released in March, Zechyr, Dein, and Vintyr. In World Cup years, dates may be adjusted to reflect the World Cup results.
*SIFA considers the ratings for teams with fewer than 5 matches provisional and at the end of the list. Also any team that plays no matches for 22 months becomes unranked.

=Ranking procedure=

The main component of the actual result is whether the team wins, loses, or draws, but goal difference is also taken into account.

=Use of the rankings=

The rankings are used by SIFA to rank the progression and current ability of the national football teams of its member nations, and claims that they create "a reliable measure for comparing national teams". They are used as part of the calculation, or the entire grounds to seed competitions. In the SIFA Women's World Cup, the rankings are used to seed the groups in the competition, and to determine the seed for the World Cup final draw.

The rankings are also used to determine the winners of the two annual awards national teams receive on the basis of their performance in the rankings.

=Team of the Year=
Each year SIFA hands out the "Team of the Year" award, based on their performance in the rankings at the end of the year.

The table below shows the three best teams of each year.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="40"|Year!! style="width:180px;"|First place!! style="width:180px;"|Second place!! style="width:180px;"|Third place
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1580||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1581||Florinthus||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1582||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1583||Lanlania||Florinthus||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1584||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1585||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1586||Valland||Lanlania||Florinthus
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1587||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1588||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1589||Lanlania||Valland||Gehenna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1590||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1591||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1592||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1593||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1594||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1595||Lanlania||Gehenna||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1596||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1597||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1598||Gehenna||Lanlania||Valland
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1599||Gehenna||Valland||Saratov
|-
|}

==Performances by countries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="(0"|Team!! style="width:280px;"|First place!! style="width:280px;"|Second place!! style="width:280px;"|Third place
|-
|Lanlania
|11 (1582, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595
|6 (1584, 1585, 1586, 1596, 1597, 1598)
|0
|-
|Gehenna
|4 (1596, 1597, 1598, 1599)
|7 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595)
|6 (1580, 1581, 1583, 1587, 1588, 1589)
|-
|Valland
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|6 (1580, 1581, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1599)
|10 (1582, 1590, 1591, 1592 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598)
|-
|Florinthus
|2 (1580, 1581)
|1 (1583)
|3 (1584, 1585, 1586)
|-
|Saratov
|0
|0
|1 (1599)
|-
|}

=Criticism=

Since their introduction in 1580, the SIFA Women's World Rankings have been subject of much debate, particularly regarding the calculation procedure and the resulting disparity between generally perceived quality and world ranking of some teams. The perceived flaws in the SIFA system have led to the creation of a number of alternative rankings from football statisticians.

In the 1590s, teams realized the ranking system could be 'gamed', specifically by avoiding playing non-competitive matches, particularly against weaker opponents. This was because the low weighting of friendlies meant that even victories could reduce a team's average score: in other words, a team could win a match and lose points. Lanlania was accused to have appointed a ranking consultant, playing only three friendly matches in 1594 and 1595 in order to retain the top position of the ranking, despite failing to advance beyond quarterfinals in any tournament since 1583.

The use of regional strength multiplier in the ranking formula was also accused of further reinforcing and perpetuating the bias for and against certain regions, as it favours Brigidnan qualifiers over other federation, which along the large number of Brigidnan teams in the World Cup, have allowed that Brigidnan teams dominated the three top positions in the ranking since 1580.

*[[SIFA]]

[[Category:Football]]

Sadik Bal-Yeniden

2019-07-27T00:48:58Z

Hadash: Created page with " '''Sadik Bal-Yeniden''' (born 1541) is a Florinthian Akhadic scholar. He is the founder of the Mayada School, the first Akhadic college established in Florinthus, and he is..."

'''Sadik Bal-Yeniden''' (born 1541) is a Florinthian Akhadic scholar.

He is the founder of the Mayada School, the first Akhadic college established in Florinthus, and he is the co-founder and president of the Center of Akhadic Studies. He has also served as advisor of the Aricca-based Forum for Akhadic Dialogue, as well advising several Brigidnan governments on religious issues.

He is considered both the most influencial Brigidnan Akhadic scholar and the most well-known Akhadic scholar in Western Brigidna.

=Early life and education=

Bal-Yeniden was born as Thomas Bruce Dunbar in Lordsport, Florinthus. He grew up a practicing Sentric Christian and attended Messanic schools. In 1563, at age 23, he converted to Akhadism. Bal-Yeniden has Florinthian, Vienlander and Ostland ancestry.

In 1567, he lived in several Near East countries for a few months, visiting Aricca, Khanid, A'Sir and Zargistan. In 1569, he went to Selnas, where he studied for six years under the guidance of Grand Kuzhe Enes Yilmaz.

Bal-Yeniden became fluent in Askhed, Kyrzbek, and A'Sirian languages, and studied Akhadic theology and religious law. He came back to Florinthus in 1575, where he completed his studies of theology in Denil.

In 1574, Bal-Yeniden was granted the honorific title of çamarat, warded to one how has memorized the entire Setgvek. In 1594, he was also granted the title of Tetkem (the lowest rank for Akhadic scholars) during a stay in Selnas under the guidance of Grand Kuzhe Meli Ertegün, for his knowledge of Zokuk or Akhadic religious law.

=Mayada School=

Bal-Yeniden became a close associate of Saaed Mahmoudi, an Akhadic scholar established in Florinthus. Bal-Yeniden also worked as editor for the Journal of Akhadic Studies, from 1575 to 1582.

In 1586, he and other collegues founded the Mayada School in Lordsport, Florinthus, dedicated to the revival of traditional study methods and the sciences of Akhadism. The Mayada School became the first Akhadic liberal arts college in Florinthus. It incorporated Bal-Yenedi's vision of combining the classical liberal arts with rigorous training in traditional Akhadic disciplines.

In the spring of 1591, Bal-Yeniden helped to establish the Center of Akhadic Studies, based in Denil. The Center of Akhadic Studies is an academic center aimed to "educate and prepare morally commited scholars and spiritual leaders", according to a manifesto that Bal-Yeniden co-wrote.

=Teachings=

Sadik Bal-Yeniden is considered a non-denominational Akhadic believer, as he was studied and worked alongside both Bu'kha and Zokukyar Akhadic scholars and literature. In 1580, he wrote a biography on Bal-Jawadi, which was the first biography of the prominent Akhadic scholar published in Florinthian language.

Bal-Yeniden advocates adherence to the original legal schools of Akhadism, as he considers this the primal formulation of Akhadic society and a necessity for the strengthenment of Akhadism in the current age.

Bal-Yeniden has also taken a stance against religious justifications for terrorist attacks. Following Grand Kuzhe Ahmet Ozbekhan, he has declared that suicide terrorism is forbidden under Akhadic religious law, and was born in a "materialist interpretation of religion".

He has declared that West Brigidna is on "the edge of terminal moral decline" and that Florinthian Akhadic population can "can revitalise this Brigidnan region". During the 1580s, he wrote several books about the importance of monarchy and personal rule in historical Akhadic thought.

=Criticism=

His conservative outlook has gained Bal-Yeniden criticism from Florinthian politicians and media but also by Akhadist authors. In 1576, he stated in an article written for the Journal of Akhadic Studies, regarding the 1576 terror attack, that "Akhadism was another innocent victim in the Florinthian Swan".

=See also=
*[[Akhadism]]

[[Category:Akhadism]]
[[Category:Florinthus]]
[[Category:West Brigidna]]

Tour de Valland

2019-07-25T17:02:53Z

Hadash: /* General classification */

The '''Tour de Valland''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in [[Valland]], while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1511. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily Vallish field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year.

The Tour de Valland, along the Ceribian Tour, make up cycling's prestigious, three-week-long Grand Tours; the Tour de Valland is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three by fans and riders alike. Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of Zechyr. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the mountain chains of the Vallish nation, and the finish on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren. The modern editions of the Tour de Valland consist of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

==History==

===Origins===

===The first Tour de Valland===

===1511–1539===

===1939–1960===

===1961–1970===

===1971–present===

==Classifications==
The oldest and main competition in the Tour de Valland is known as the 'general classification', for which the red jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de Valland is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's red jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "red maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the red jersey was Paul Floriot. Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Jacques Gondry has worn the yellow jersey for 41 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de Valland. Jacques Gaudin remains as the only rider to win the Tour de Valland four times (1513, 1515, 1516 and 1520).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1511
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 10'04"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1512
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1513
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe du Nord
|align=center| + 8'21"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1514
|Roger Laval
|Valland
|Nantes Sportif Club
|align=center| + 2'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1515
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe Du Nord
|align=center| + 14'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1516
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 29'04"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1517
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1518
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 4'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1519
|Georges Treilhard
|Valland
|Bureau National
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1520
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 8'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1521
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 3'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1522
|Randolph de Meisen
|Adwest
|Royal Adwestene
|align=center| + 1'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1523
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 4'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1524
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1525
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 8'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1526
|Basileo Tramuntana
|Castleon
|Remedios Marítimo
|align=center| + 2'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1527
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 11'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1528
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 7'12"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1529
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Le Matin-Gaumont
|align=center| + 24'24"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1530
|Franz Kelsen
|Ostland
|Mann Industries
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1531
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|National Adwestene
|align=center| + 2'50"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1532
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 8'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1533
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'21"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1534
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1535
|Alfred Simonet
|Valland
|Gaumont Cycling
|align=center| + 1'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1536
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 18'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1537
|Kurt von Althoff
|Nerysia
|Waiblinger Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1538
|Wolfgang Seipel
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1539
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 4'06"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1540
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Chartois Group
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1541
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1542
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1543
|Walter Bauer
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1544
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1545
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 4'40"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1546
|Wladislaw Adamowsky
|Biyra
|Doppel Metall AG
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1547
|Max Gaumont
|Valland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1548
|Jacques Delpy
|Valland
|Belle Èpoque
|align=center| + 1'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1549
|Matthias Koch
|Ostland
|Rause-Heine Cycling
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1550
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 4'55"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1551
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 3'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1552
|Alfred Hamon
|Eskkya
|AVG-Rause Cycling
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1553
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Belle Époque
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1554
|François Champlain
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|Telasi Bank Team
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1556
|Ludwig Magnus
|Ostland
|Verbund & Steiner
|align=center| + 0'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1557
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 2'32"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1558
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 5'41"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1559
|Leon Rohmer
|Kyrland
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1560
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1561
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Glockscheider Cycling
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1562
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 1'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1563
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 3'28"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1564
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 2'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet Team
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1566
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet-Haumot Cycling
|align=center| + 2'52"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1567
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|Astra Cycling
|align=center| + 1'08"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1568
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Stampharma Cycling
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1569
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 5'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1570
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 2'10"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|align=center| + 1'33"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1572
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 2'23"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1573
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|align=center| + 0'34"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1574
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 1'26"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1576
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|Koske Team
|align=center| + 3'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1577
|Pavel Bezbiksis
|Videjszeme
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1578
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1579
|Kieran McLucais
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 4'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1580
|Johan Van Engelen
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 5'05"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1582
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 5'35"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1584
|Kelly Rónán McCullain
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 0'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1586
|Slavoj Savincek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1587
|Mutara Gasana
|East Tambossa
|Dreher-Keszariakom
|align=center| + 1'49"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|NDM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'29"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 3'34"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1590
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 3'46"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1591
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1592
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1594
|Almas Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1595
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'13"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1596
|Zeljko Bratansek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1597
|Jaap Frisch
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=center|1598
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|align=center| + 3'19"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1599
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 2'41"
|align=center| 2
|}

As of 1588, 20 cyclists have won the Tour de Valland more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the Tour de Valland general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|5
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|4
| 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineaux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1527, 1528, 1529
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gondry
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1553, 1557, 1558
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|3
| 1568, 1569, 1570
|-
!scope=row| Stavros Michelakakis
!scope=row| Mestra
| align=center|3
| 1576, 1578, 1581
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|4
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593
|-
!scope=row| Jean Galliard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1511, 1512
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1517, 1518
|-
!scope=row| Valentin Eriksen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1521, 1523
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1524, 1525
|-
!scope=row| Werner Ratzenberger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1532, 1533
|-
!scope=row| Mathieu Rozenthal
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1534, 1536
|-
!scope=row| Guillaume Bouchez
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1539, 1542
|-
!scope=row| Sebastian Makatsch
!scope=row| Kyrland
| align=center|2
| 1540, 1545
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1541, 1544
|-
!scope=row| Hans-Georg Simmel
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1550, 1551
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|2
| 1561, 1564
|-
!scope=row| Holger Andersen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1562, 1563
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1565, 1566
|-
!scope=row| Philos Thanos
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|2
| 1572, 1574
|-
!scope=row| Elton Isaksson
!scope=row| Nyland
| align=center|2
| 1582, 1583
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Valland
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|-
!scope=row|Ostland
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Gehenna
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|2
|align=center|7
|-
!scope=row|Oslanburg
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|-
!scope=row|Nerysia
|align=center|2
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Kyrland
| align=center|2
| align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Mestra
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Strathae
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Kyrzbekistan
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Batavia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Mordvania
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Ceribia
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Vienland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Pythos
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Nyland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Castleon
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Biyra
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|East Tambossa
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Lomarre
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Dyrheim
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de Valland. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1529 and was first won by Alstarian Werner Ratzenberger. Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1530. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the ''meilleur grimpeur'' which was awarded by the organising newspaper ''Le Pays'' to a cyclist who completed each race.

The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1551, when the organizers decided to award a distinctive blue jersey to the leader. The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to hors catégorie, the hardest. During his career Ceribian climber Malkhaz Alasania won the mountains classification a record five times.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
|-
|1529
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1530
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1531
|Helmut Hörbinger
|Ostland
|-
|1532
|Vincenzo Padania
|Lomarre
|-
|1533
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|-
|1534
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1535
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1536
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1537
|Aristion Carras
|Pythos
|-
|1538
|Jean de Pizan
|Valland
|-
|1539
|Stsiapan Radionov
|Nentsia
|-
|1540
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1541
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1542
|Pierre Bonaparte
|Valland
|-
|1543
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1544
|Jean Romand
|Valland
|-
|1545
|Fabrice Montillet
|Valland
|-
|1546
|Zandor Makasz
|Keszaria
|-
|1547
|Daniel Blanco
|Castleon
|-
|1548
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1549
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1550
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1551
|Vettias Ioannu
|Pythos
|-
|1552
|Vettias Ioannu
|Ceribia
|-
|1553
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1554
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1556
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1557
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1558
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1559
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|-
|1560
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1561
|Honoré Gaumont
|Valland
|-
|1562
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1563
|Pierre Bettencourt
|Valland
|-
|1564
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1566
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|-
|1567
|Gustavo Sepúlveda
|Castleon
|-
|1568
|Friedrich Göck
|Vienland
|-
|1569
|Dodo Gabashvili
|Ceribia
|-
|1570
|Eucarpus Demopoulos
|Pythos
|-
|1571
|Jean-Pierre Métezeau
|Valland
|-
|1572
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1573
|Zaribsyan Soltangalyak
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1574
|Béla Szlávics
|Keszaria
|-
|1575
|Dô Công Quang
|Hôinôm
|-
|1576
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1578
|Lasse Mogensen
|Nyland
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|-
|1580
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|-
|1582
|Vance Jones
|Florinthus
|-
|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|-
|1584
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1586
|Amaury Servan
|Eskkya
|-
|1587
|Ryouichi Takenaka
|Kazemura
|-
|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|-
|1590
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|-
|1591
|Wulf Käufer
|Nerysia
|-
|1592
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|-
|1594
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|}

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1570 and was first won by Thomas Hardy. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From 1966 on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record six times by Florinthian Richard Malone. The most recent winner, Sven-Ole Wieth, won it in 1594.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
|-

|-
|1570
|Maurice Constant
|Valland
|Grand Vèlo
|-
|1571
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1572
|Alphonse Lavanchy
|Valland
|Groupe NDeC
|-
|1573
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|-
|1574
|Demétrio Mateus
|Drahen
|Imperial Aerospace
|-
|1575
|Zan Stepisnik
|Mordvania
|Volodya
|-
|1576
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1577
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1578
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1579
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Printemps
|-
|1580
|Immanuel Botha
|Batavia
|Lentar-Swift
|-
|1581
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1582
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1583
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1584
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1585
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1586
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Vançotte
|-
|1587
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1588
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Lentar-RIFF
|-
|1589
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Great Life
|-
|1590
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1591
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1592
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1593
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell
|-
|1594
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|}

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26. Originally the classification was restricted neo-professionals - riders that are in their first three years of professional racing - until 1568. In 1969, the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In 1570, the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today.

This classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1564, with Fabio Gaetano being the first to win the classification after placing eighth overall. The Tour de Vallad awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification. Two riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year: Kyrzbekistani climber Gjöke Kelmend (1571) and Vallish all-rounder Robert Artaud (1575). Only two riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Mordvanian Joze Prezeren (1580 and 1582) and Vallish Benoît Montfleury (1585 and 1587).

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
!GC Position
|-
|1564
|Fabio Gaetano
|Lomarre
|Biomega Cycling
|47th
|-
|1565
|Claude Perrault
|Valland
|Fromage Team
|33th
|-
|1566
|Pierre Hollande
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|51th
|-
|1567
|Evard Archambault
|Valland
|Printemps
|21th
|-
|1568
|John Smitheen
|Florinthus
|Astra Cycling
|67th
|-
|1569
|Kieran McLucais
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|88th
|-
|1570
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|11th
|-
|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|'''1st'''
|-
|1572
|Marc Menethil
|Adwest
|Vertigo Cycling
|18th
|-
|1573
|Zurab Avakidze
|Ceribia
|Chikhura-KDK
|4th
|-
|1574
|Jonathan Keyen
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|2nd
|-
|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|'''1st'''
|-
|1576
|Oda Nakuru
|Kazemura
|Kazemura Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|3rd
|-
|1578
|Swarna Vemulakonda
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|*
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|Le Cycle Super
|*
|-
|1580
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|*
|-
|1581
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|Scholden-Gulcron
|26th
|-
|1582
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|2nd
|-
|1583
|Rajko Kryzanek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|5th
|-
|1584
|Hippolyte La Chapelle
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|4th
|-
|1585
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|6th
|-
|1586
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|2nd
|-
|1587
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1588
|Inderjeet Sessions
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|5th
|-
|1589
|Hubert Salika
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|8th
|-
|1590
|Zachariah Nordfeldt
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|2nd
|-
|1591
|Germain Guimard
|Valland
|Scholden-Gulcron
|6th
|-
|1592
|Tuathal Seòras
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|6th
|-
|1593
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1594
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon
|*
|-
|1595
|Max Rémy
|Mandavine Union
|Abbott Cycling
|4th
|-
|1596
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|2nd
|-
|1597
|Enver Dushku
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|6th
|-
|1598
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1599
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|'''1st'''
|}

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 1574 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1570, the leading team would wear red caps. As of 1580, the riders of the leading team wear golden helmets. During the era of national teams, Valland and Nerysia won 4 times each. From 1549 up to 1962, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps.

==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1579 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres, the ''départ fictif'', are a rolling start without racing. The real start, the ''départ réel'' is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. Since 1570, when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group. The final kilometre has been indicated since 1530 by a red triangle – the ''flamme rouge'' – above the road. The first photo-finish was in 1544.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 8, 5 and 2 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers, though this was not done from 1566 to 1570. Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Bradley Wiggins Tour 2012 EZF.jpg|thumb|right| Goldecia Max Jordan riding the individual time trial of the 1580 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first time trial was between La Truffeaut and Nantes in 1528. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. The first prologue was in 1550. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. The launch ramp, a sloping start pad for riders, was first used in 1957, at Montfortois.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland Valland, although since the 1550s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Kyrland, Eskkya and Laurentian Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage. Since 1960 the finish has been on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside Valland

* '''1581 Tour de Valland''': Chatois, Kyrland

===Post-Tour criteriums===
After the Tour de Valland there are criteriums in Kyrland and southern Eskkya. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their ''heroes'', from the Tour de Valland, race. The budget of a criterium is over $100,000, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big name riders earn between $20,000-50,000 per race in start money.

==Doping==

==Records and statistics==

===Stage wins per rider===

30 riders have won 10 or more stages. Riders who are still active are indicated in bold.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Stage wins per rider
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total indivitual stages
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years (Season first stage win - season last stage win)
|-
!scope=row| Richard Malone
!scope=row| Florinthus
| align=center|41
| 1572-1590
|-
!scope=row| Friederik de Jong
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|31
| 1587-1598
|-
!scope=row| Sven-Ole Wieth
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|30
| 1580-1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1512-1522
|-
!scope=row| Matthias Carsen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|20
| 1530-1544
|-
!scope=row| '''Antoine Duchesnay'''
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|20
| 1595-1600
|-
!scope=row| Julien Herbstritt
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|19
| 1555-1566
|-
!scope=row| Georges Treilhard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1518-1526
|-
!scope=row| Oswald Martin Winscar
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|18
| 1551-1561
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|18
| 1560-1569
|-
!scope=row| Philippe Peaugeot
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1571-1578
|-
!scope=row| Randolph de Meisen
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|17
| 1519-1525
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|16
| 1526-1531
|-
!scope=row| Herodianos Athanasiou
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|15
| 1532-1542
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|15
| 1563-1569
|-
!scope=row| Slavoj Slak
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|14
| 1550-1561
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|14
| 1561-1570
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|13
| 1541-1553
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|12
| 1517-1529
|-
!scope=row| Stiapan Radionov
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|12
| 1536-1546
|-
!scope=row| Jens Tiedermann
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|12
| 1543-1550
|-
!scope=row| Helmut Hörbinger
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|11
| 1528-1533
|-
!scope=row| Iphikrates Kanas
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|11
| 1549-1555
|-
!scope=row| Thomas Bürger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|11
| 1566-1569
|-
!scope=row| Vicent Izard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1513-1521
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1522-1532
|-
!scope=row| Yuri Pashkievich
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|10
| 1544-1550
|-
!scope=row| Malkhaz Alasania
!scope=row| Ceribia
| align=center|10
| 1549-1558
|-
!scope=row| Pieter Steyn
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|10
| 1571-1579
|-
!scope=row| Robert Réjane
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1579-1590
|-
|}

===Record winners===

[[Category:Tour de Valland]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Valland]]

Tour of West Brigidna

2019-07-25T15:53:45Z

Hadash: /* General classification */

The '''Tour of West Brigidna''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in the nations of West Brigidnan Union, while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The Tour of West Brigidna replaced the Tour of Florinthus, which was held between 1556 and 1594. The Tour of Florinthus, originally an one-week race, was lengthened to a eleven-day race in 1594. The same season, FDT Sport announced that the race would be renamed as "Tour of West Brigidna" and turned in a three-week-long Grand Tour, aiming to compete with the Tour de Valland and the Ceribian Tour.

The Tour of West Brigidna is the third three-week-long Grand Tour, along the [[Tour de Valland]] and the [[Ceribian Tour]]. The Tour of West Brigidna is organized by [[FDT Sport]], which aims that the Tour of West Brigidna eventually replace the [[Ceribian Tour]] as the second most prestigious Grand Tour after the Tour de Valland. It is the first Grand Tour in the cycling calendar, two months before the Tour de Valland.

While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the West Brigidnan hills, and a long number of stage and hilly stages to attract sprinters. Unlike the Tour de Valland, the last stage is not always a flat stage on the country's capital city, ending very often as a mountain or time-trial which is likely to decide the winner the last day. The Tour of West Brigidna consists of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 18 and 20, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

===Origins===
===Tour of Florinthus===
===The first Tour of West Bridigna, 1595===

==History==
===1595–present===

==Classifications==
The main competition in the Tour of West Brigidna is known as the 'general classification', for which the pink jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The main and most sought after classification in the Tour of West Brigidna is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's pink jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "flamingo maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the general classification jersey was Keszarian Ferenc Racz. Each team brings multiple golden jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Cyclist has worn the yellow jersey for number stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Ceribian. Adwestene Eden Grace Weatherhead and Videjszeme's Jevgenijs Kalnins remain as the only riders to win the Ceribian Tour twice (1597 and 1598; and 1596 and 1599, respectively).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Ceribian Tour general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1596
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1597
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 3'31"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1598
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 1'20"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1599
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1600
|Adam Sandor
|Keszaria
|Velomax
|align=center| + 0'38"
|align=center| 1
|-
|}
|}

As of 1600, 2 cyclists have won the Tour of West Brigidna more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the West Brigidnan general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Jevgenijs Kalnins
!scope=row| Videjszeme
| align=center|2
| 1596, 1599
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|2
| 1597, 1598
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Ceribian Tour general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Keszaria
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour of West Brigidna. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs.

The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to category A, the hardest.

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

The cyclists are awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification.

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 25.

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day.
==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1596 Tour of West Brigidna]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres are a rolling start without racing. The real start is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. When riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 12, 8 and 3 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Grand_départ_2017_102.jpg|thumb|right| Adwestene champion Eden Grace Weatherhead at the beginning of 1597 Tour of West Brigidna]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland West Brigidnan Union, although the organizers have declared their interest that the Tour visits nearby countries: so far Ostland, Kave, Gehenna, and Aurentina have all hosted stages or part of a stage.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside West Brigidnan Union:

* '''1599 Tour of West Brigidna''': Vaxholm, Ostland
* '''1606 Tour of West Brigidna''': Hamfurt, Gehenna

==See also==
* [[FDT Sport]]
* [[Cycling in Siora]]

[[Category:Tour of West Brigidna]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Ceribia]]

Tour de Valland

2019-07-21T23:43:28Z

Hadash: /* Young rider classification */

The '''Tour de Valland''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in [[Valland]], while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1511. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily Vallish field, as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year.

The Tour de Valland, along the Ceribian Tour, make up cycling's prestigious, three-week-long Grand Tours; the Tour de Valland is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three by fans and riders alike. Traditionally, the race is held primarily in the month of Zechyr. While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the mountain chains of the Vallish nation, and the finish on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren. The modern editions of the Tour de Valland consist of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

==History==

===Origins===

===The first Tour de Valland===

===1511–1539===

===1939–1960===

===1961–1970===

===1971–present===

==Classifications==
The oldest and main competition in the Tour de Valland is known as the 'general classification', for which the red jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de Valland is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's red jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "red maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the red jersey was Paul Floriot. Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Jacques Gondry has worn the yellow jersey for 41 stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de Valland. Jacques Gaudin remains as the only rider to win the Tour de Valland four times (1513, 1515, 1516 and 1520).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1511
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 10'04"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1512
|Jean Galliard
|Valland
|Mid'est
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1513
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe du Nord
|align=center| + 8'21"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1514
|Roger Laval
|Valland
|Nantes Sportif Club
|align=center| + 2'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1515
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Équipe Du Nord
|align=center| + 14'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1516
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 29'04"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1517
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1518
|Wilhelm Kirschen
|Ostland
|Ostland Team
|align=center| + 4'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1519
|Georges Treilhard
|Valland
|Bureau National
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1520
|Jacques Gaudin
|Valland
|Grand Lauren
|align=center| + 8'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1521
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 3'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1522
|Randolph de Meisen
|Adwest
|Royal Adwestene
|align=center| + 1'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1523
|Valentin Eriksen
|Oslanburg
|Oslanburg International
|align=center| + 4'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1524
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1525
|Pierre Signoret
|Valland
|Maréchal
|align=center| + 8'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1526
|Basileo Tramuntana
|Castleon
|Remedios Marítimo
|align=center| + 2'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1527
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 11'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1528
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Galeries Gaumont
|align=center| + 7'12"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1529
|Jean-Claude Molineaux
|Valland
|Le Matin-Gaumont
|align=center| + 24'24"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1530
|Franz Kelsen
|Ostland
|Mann Industries
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1531
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|National Adwestene
|align=center| + 2'50"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1532
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 8'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1533
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|ADM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'21"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1534
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1535
|Alfred Simonet
|Valland
|Gaumont Cycling
|align=center| + 1'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1536
|Mathieu Rozenthal
|Valland
|Laboratoires Filipacchi
|align=center| + 18'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1537
|Kurt von Althoff
|Nerysia
|Waiblinger Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1538
|Wolfgang Seipel
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1539
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 4'06"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1540
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Chartois Group
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1541
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1542
|Guillaume Bouchez
|Valland
|Hollande Automobiles
|align=center| + 3'53"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1543
|Walter Bauer
|Vienland
|Weiner Team
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1544
|Reinhard Kaiser
|Ostland
|Ungar Team
|align=center| + 2'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1545
|Sebastian Makatsch
|Kyrland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 4'40"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1546
|Wladislaw Adamowsky
|Biyra
|Doppel Metall AG
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1547
|Max Gaumont
|Valland
|Banque de Saint-Salomon
|align=center| + 2'22"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1548
|Jacques Delpy
|Valland
|Belle Èpoque
|align=center| + 1'58"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1549
|Matthias Koch
|Ostland
|Rause-Heine Cycling
|align=center| + 0'44"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1550
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 4'55"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1551
|Hans-Georg Simmel
|Gehenna
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 3'42"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1552
|Alfred Hamon
|Eskkya
|AVG-Rause Cycling
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1553
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Belle Époque
|align=center| + 1'51"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1554
|François Champlain
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 0'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|Telasi Bank Team
|align=center| + 2'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1556
|Ludwig Magnus
|Ostland
|Verbund & Steiner
|align=center| + 0'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1557
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 2'32"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1558
|Jacques Gondry
|Valland
|Casino Cycling
|align=center| + 5'41"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1559
|Leon Rohmer
|Kyrland
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1560
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|align=center| + 1'48"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1561
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Glockscheider Cycling
|align=center| + 3'03"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1562
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 1'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1563
|Holger Andersen
|Oslanburg
|Carnegun Cycling
|align=center| + 3'28"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1564
|Jan Schrieber
|Nerysia
|Gesaffelstein Cycling
|align=center| + 2'49"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet Team
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1566
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|Gourmet-Haumot Cycling
|align=center| + 2'52"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1567
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|Astra Cycling
|align=center| + 1'08"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1568
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Stampharma Cycling
|align=center| + 1'59"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1569
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 5'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1570
|Hans Weltsch
|Gehenna
|Printemps
|align=center| + 2'10"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|align=center| + 1'33"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1572
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 2'23"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1573
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|align=center| + 0'34"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1574
|Philos Thanos
|Pythos
|Vertigo Cycling
|align=center| + 1'26"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|align=center| + 1'01"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1576
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|Koske Team
|align=center| + 3'39"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1577
|Pavel Bezbiksis
|Videjszeme
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1578
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1579
|Kieran McLucais
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 4'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1580
|Johan Van Engelen
|Batavia
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 2'05"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|MTS Team
|align=center| + 5'05"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1582
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|align=center| + 5'35"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1584
|Kelly Rónán McCullain
|North Strathae
|United Strathae
|align=center| + 0'09"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|align=center| + 1'02"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1586
|Slavoj Savincek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|align=center| + 0'25"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1587
|Mutara Gasana
|East Tambossa
|Dreher-Keszariakom
|align=center| + 1'49"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|NDM Cycling
|align=center| + 3'29"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|BataVelo
|align=center| + 3'34"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1590
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 3'46"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1591
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1592
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'28"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|align=center| + 0'31"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1594
|Almas Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|align=center| + 0'37"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1595
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 0'13"
|align=center| 0
|}

As of 1588, 20 cyclists have won the Tour de Valland more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the Tour de Valland general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|5
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|4
| 1513, 1515, 1516, 1520
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineaux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1527, 1528, 1529
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gondry
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|3
| 1553, 1557, 1558
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|3
| 1568, 1569, 1570
|-
!scope=row| Stavros Michelakakis
!scope=row| Mestra
| align=center|3
| 1576, 1578, 1581
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|4
| 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593
|-
!scope=row| Jean Galliard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1511, 1512
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1517, 1518
|-
!scope=row| Valentin Eriksen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1521, 1523
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1524, 1525
|-
!scope=row| Werner Ratzenberger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1532, 1533
|-
!scope=row| Mathieu Rozenthal
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1534, 1536
|-
!scope=row| Guillaume Bouchez
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1539, 1542
|-
!scope=row| Sebastian Makatsch
!scope=row| Kyrland
| align=center|2
| 1540, 1545
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|2
| 1541, 1544
|-
!scope=row| Hans-Georg Simmel
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|2
| 1550, 1551
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|2
| 1561, 1564
|-
!scope=row| Holger Andersen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|2
| 1562, 1563
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|2
| 1565, 1566
|-
!scope=row| Philos Thanos
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|2
| 1572, 1574
|-
!scope=row| Elton Isaksson
!scope=row| Nyland
| align=center|2
| 1582, 1583
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Tour de Valland general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Valland
|align=center|18
|align=center|30
|-
!scope=row|Ostland
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Gehenna
|align=center|4
|align=center|8
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|2
|align=center|7
|-
!scope=row|Oslanburg
|align=center|2
|align=center|4
|-
!scope=row|Nerysia
|align=center|2
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Kyrland
| align=center|2
| align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Mestra
|align=center|1
|align=center|3
|-
!scope=row|Strathae
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Kyrzbekistan
|align=center|2
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Vienland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Pythos
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Nyland
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Castleon
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Biyra
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Ceribia
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Eskkya
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Batavia
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Mordvania
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|East Tambossa
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
!scope=row|Lomarre
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de Valland. The mountains classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1529 and was first won by Alstarian Werner Ratzenberger. Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1530. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs. The classification was preceded by the ''meilleur grimpeur'' which was awarded by the organising newspaper ''Le Pays'' to a cyclist who completed each race.

The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1551, when the organizers decided to award a distinctive blue jersey to the leader. The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to hors catégorie, the hardest. During his career Ceribian climber Malkhaz Alasania won the mountains classification a record five times.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
|-
|1529
|Werner Ratzenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1530
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1531
|Helmut Hörbinger
|Ostland
|-
|1532
|Vincenzo Padania
|Lomarre
|-
|1533
|Hubert Rodinger
|Adwest
|-
|1534
|Serge Fouroux
|Valland
|-
|1535
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1536
|Antoine Chumay
|Eskkya
|-
|1537
|Aristion Carras
|Pythos
|-
|1538
|Jean de Pizan
|Valland
|-
|1539
|Stsiapan Radionov
|Nentsia
|-
|1540
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1541
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1542
|Pierre Bonaparte
|Valland
|-
|1543
|Noe Sakaadze
|Ceribia
|-
|1544
|Jean Romand
|Valland
|-
|1545
|Fabrice Montillet
|Valland
|-
|1546
|Zandor Makasz
|Keszaria
|-
|1547
|Daniel Blanco
|Castleon
|-
|1548
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1549
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1550
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1551
|Vettias Ioannu
|Pythos
|-
|1552
|Vettias Ioannu
|Ceribia
|-
|1553
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1554
|Vladislav Kerzhakov
|Severyane
|-
|1555
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1556
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1557
|Malkhaz Alasania
|Ceribia
|-
|1558
|Carlo Ladino
|Lomarre
|-
|1559
|Julien Lacroix
|Valland
|-
|1560
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1561
|Honoré Gaumont
|Valland
|-
|1562
|Janos Horvath
|Keszaria
|-
|1563
|Pierre Bettencourt
|Valland
|-
|1564
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1565
|Jean-Jacques Debussy
|Valland
|-
|1566
|Andreas Strasser
|Ostland
|-
|1567
|Gustavo Sepúlveda
|Castleon
|-
|1568
|Friedrich Göck
|Vienland
|-
|1569
|Dodo Gabashvili
|Ceribia
|-
|1570
|Eucarpus Demopoulos
|Pythos
|-
|1571
|Jean-Pierre Métezeau
|Valland
|-
|1572
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1573
|Zaribsyan Soltangalyak
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1574
|Béla Szlávics
|Keszaria
|-
|1575
|Dô Công Quang
|Hôinôm
|-
|1576
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1578
|Lasse Mogensen
|Nyland
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|-
|1580
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1581
|Stavros Michelakakis
|Mestra
|-
|1582
|Vance Jones
|Florinthus
|-
|1583
|Elton Isaksson
|Nyland
|-
|1584
|Kelly R. McCullain
|North Strathae
|-
|1585
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|-
|1586
|Amaury Servan
|Eskkya
|-
|1587
|Ryouichi Takenaka
|Kazemura
|-
|1588
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|-
|1589
|Alessio Gagliardi
|Lomarre
|-
|1590
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|-
|1591
|Wulf Käufer
|Nerysia
|-
|1592
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|-
|1593
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|-
|1594
|Almus Cingur
|Kyrzbekistan
|}

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. It was introduced in the 1570 and was first won by Thomas Hardy. The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

In the first years, the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place, so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey. From 1966 on, the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification. The classification has been won a record six times by Florinthian Richard Malone. The most recent winner, Sven-Ole Wieth, won it in 1594.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
|-

|-
|1570
|Maurice Constant
|Valland
|Grand Vèlo
|-
|1571
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1572
|Alphonse Lavanchy
|Valland
|Groupe NDeC
|-
|1573
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|-
|1574
|Demétrio Mateus
|Drahen
|Imperial Aerospace
|-
|1575
|Zan Stepisnik
|Mordvania
|Volodya
|-
|1576
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1577
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1578
|Philippe Peaugeot
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|-
|1579
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Printemps
|-
|1580
|Immanuel Botha
|Batavia
|Lentar-Swift
|-
|1581
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1582
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1583
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1584
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Dreher
|-
|1585
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1586
|Robert Réjane
|Valland
|Rolareux-Vançotte
|-
|1587
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|-
|1588
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Lentar-RIFF
|-
|1589
|Richard Malone
|Florinthus
|Dido-Great Life
|-
|1590
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1591
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1592
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell-RIFF
|-
|1593
|Frederik de Jong
|Batavia
|Anzcell
|-
|1594
|Sven-Ole Wieth
|Oslanburg
|Scholden-Gulcron
|}

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26. Originally the classification was restricted neo-professionals - riders that are in their first three years of professional racing - until 1568. In 1969, the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification. In 1570, the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today.

This classification was added to the Tour de Valland in 1564, with Fabio Gaetano being the first to win the classification after placing eighth overall. The Tour de Vallad awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification. Two riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year: Kyrzbekistani climber Gjöke Kelmend (1571) and Vallish all-rounder Robert Artaud (1575). Only two riders have won the young rider classification twice in their respective careers: Mordvanian Joze Prezeren (1580 and 1582) and Vallish Benoît Montfleury (1585 and 1587).

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Rider
!Nation
!Team
!GC Position
|-
|1564
|Fabio Gaetano
|Lomarre
|Biomega Cycling
|47th
|-
|1565
|Claude Perrault
|Valland
|Fromage Team
|33th
|-
|1566
|Pierre Hollande
|Valland
|Amaury Team
|51th
|-
|1567
|Evard Archambault
|Valland
|Printemps
|21th
|-
|1568
|John Smitheen
|Florinthus
|Astra Cycling
|67th
|-
|1569
|Kieran McLucais
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|88th
|-
|1570
|Jean-Pierre Thanisse
|Valland
|Groupe NDEC
|11th
|-
|1571
|Gjöke Kelmend
|Kyrzbekistan
|Kyrzbekistan-Malek
|'''1st'''
|-
|1572
|Marc Menethil
|Adwest
|Vertigo Cycling
|18th
|-
|1573
|Zurab Avakidze
|Ceribia
|Chikhura-KDK
|4th
|-
|1574
|Jonathan Keyen
|Florinthus
|Air Florinthus
|2nd
|-
|1575
|Robert Artaud
|Valland
|Printemps
|'''1st'''
|-
|1576
|Oda Nakuru
|Kazemura
|Kazemura Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1577
|Henri Honnecourt
|Valland
|Crédit Blondel
|3rd
|-
|1578
|Swarna Vemulakonda
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|*
|-
|1579
|Christophe Malletze
|Sequoia
|Le Cycle Super
|*
|-
|1580
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|*
|-
|1581
|Jan Daxenberger
|Gehenna
|Scholden-Gulcron
|26th
|-
|1582
|Joze Prezeren
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|2nd
|-
|1583
|Rajko Kryzanek
|Mordvania
|Mordvelo
|5th
|-
|1584
|Hippolyte La Chapelle
|Valland
|Télecon Team
|4th
|-
|1585
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|6th
|-
|1586
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|2nd
|-
|1587
|Benoît Montfleury
|Valland
|NDM Cycling
|3rd
|-
|1588
|Inderjeet Sessions
|Goldecia
|Ogo Cycling
|5th
|-
|1589
|Hubert Salika
|Adwest
|Tyrus-Empire
|8th
|-
|1590
|Zachariah Nordfeldt
|Nyland
|ZMG-Nissen
|2nd
|-
|1591
|Germain Guimard
|Valland
|Scholden-Gulcron
|6th
|-
|1592
|Tuathal Seòras
|Strathae
|United Strathae
|6th
|-
|1593
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1594
|Roman Herzogenrath
|Dyrheim
|Télecon
|*
|-
|1595
|Max Rémy
|Mandavine Union
|Abbott Cycling
|4th
|-
|1596
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|2nd
|-
|1597
|Enver Dushku
|Kyrzbekistan
|KyrzAir
|6th
|-
|1598
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|5th
|-
|1599
|Pharnavaz Undiladze
|Ceribia
|Bagdati
|'''1st'''
|}

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day. The competition does not have its own jersey but since 1574 the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until 1570, the leading team would wear red caps. As of 1580, the riders of the leading team wear golden helmets. During the era of national teams, Valland and Nerysia won 4 times each. From 1549 up to 1962, there was also a team classification based on points (stage classification); members of the leading team would wear green caps.

==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1579 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres, the ''départ fictif'', are a rolling start without racing. The real start, the ''départ réel'' is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. Since 1570, when riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group. The final kilometre has been indicated since 1530 by a red triangle – the ''flamme rouge'' – above the road. The first photo-finish was in 1544.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 8, 5 and 2 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers, though this was not done from 1566 to 1570. Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Bradley Wiggins Tour 2012 EZF.jpg|thumb|right| Goldecia Max Jordan riding the individual time trial of the 1580 Tour de Valland]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first time trial was between La Truffeaut and Nantes in 1528. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. The first prologue was in 1550. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. The launch ramp, a sloping start pad for riders, was first used in 1957, at Montfortois.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland Valland, although since the 1550s it has become common to visit nearby countries: Kyrland, Eskkya and Laurentian Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage. Since 1960 the finish has been on the Chabon Avenue in Lauren.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside Valland

* '''1581 Tour de Valland''': Chatois, Kyrland

===Post-Tour criteriums===
After the Tour de Valland there are criteriums in Kyrland and southern Eskkya. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their ''heroes'', from the Tour de Valland, race. The budget of a criterium is over $100,000, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big name riders earn between $20,000-50,000 per race in start money.

==Doping==

==Records and statistics==

===Stage wins per rider===

30 riders have won 10 or more stages. Riders who are still active are indicated in bold.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Stage wins per rider
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total indivitual stages
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years (Season first stage win - season last stage win)
|-
!scope=row| Richard Malone
!scope=row| Florinthus
| align=center|41
| 1572-1590
|-
!scope=row| Friederik de Jong
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|31
| 1587-1598
|-
!scope=row| Sven-Ole Wieth
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|30
| 1580-1595
|-
!scope=row| Jacques Gaudin
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|29
| 1512-1522
|-
!scope=row| Matthias Carsen
!scope=row| Oslanburg
| align=center|20
| 1530-1544
|-
!scope=row| '''Antoine Duchesnay'''
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|20
| 1595-1600
|-
!scope=row| Julien Herbstritt
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|19
| 1555-1566
|-
!scope=row| Georges Treilhard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1518-1526
|-
!scope=row| Oswald Martin Winscar
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|18
| 1551-1561
|-
!scope=row| Jan Schrieber
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|18
| 1560-1569
|-
!scope=row| Philippe Peaugeot
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|18
| 1571-1578
|-
!scope=row| Randolph de Meisen
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|17
| 1519-1525
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Claude Molineux
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|16
| 1526-1531
|-
!scope=row| Herodianos Athanasiou
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|15
| 1532-1542
|-
!scope=row| Jean-Jacques Debussy
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|15
| 1563-1569
|-
!scope=row| Slavoj Slak
!scope=row| Mordvania
| align=center|14
| 1550-1561
|-
!scope=row| Hans Weltsch
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|14
| 1561-1570
|-
!scope=row| Reinhard Kaiser
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|13
| 1541-1553
|-
!scope=row| Wilhelm Kirschen
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|12
| 1517-1529
|-
!scope=row| Stiapan Radionov
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|12
| 1536-1546
|-
!scope=row| Jens Tiedermann
!scope=row| Nerysia
| align=center|12
| 1543-1550
|-
!scope=row| Helmut Hörbinger
!scope=row| Ostland
| align=center|11
| 1528-1533
|-
!scope=row| Iphikrates Kanas
!scope=row| Pythos
| align=center|11
| 1549-1555
|-
!scope=row| Thomas Bürger
!scope=row| Gehenna
| align=center|11
| 1566-1569
|-
!scope=row| Vicent Izard
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1513-1521
|-
!scope=row| Pierre Signoret
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1522-1532
|-
!scope=row| Yuri Pashkievich
!scope=row| Nentsia
| align=center|10
| 1544-1550
|-
!scope=row| Malkhaz Alasania
!scope=row| Ceribia
| align=center|10
| 1549-1558
|-
!scope=row| Pieter Steyn
!scope=row| Batavia
| align=center|10
| 1571-1579
|-
!scope=row| Robert Réjane
!scope=row| Valland
| align=center|10
| 1579-1590
|-
|}

===Record winners===

[[Category:Tour de Valland]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Valland]]

Sources of Akhadism

2019-07-19T14:32:42Z

Hadash:

There are three types of sources that establish the teachings of [[Akhadism]]: primary sources, secondary sources, and "mevzvat" or legal literature.

The primary sources are considered direct relevations of Akhad, and are free from error and alterations. They are the Setgvek, the Akhadic holy book, and the life of Prophet Jorchek and his direct disciples.

The secondary sources are the Zokuk religious law derived from the Setgvek, which every Akhadic believer must abide to, the oral literature, and the historical legal literature or "Galannek".

The Mevzvat or legal literature is derived from the other two, consisting in the application of fundamental principles and metholodogies that jurists and scholars implement to address contemporary matters not mentioned explicitly in the Setgvek or the secondary sources. This include the application of rational principles that are based on logic to the primary sources. This general principle is applied in situations where the jurist does not find a proof in the Setgvek or Zokuk on the prohibition of something, hence it is deemed lawful.

=The Setgvek=

The '''Setgvek''' (literally meaning "the revelation") is the holy book of Akhadism, which Akhadic believers believe to the directly inspired from God (Akhad). The Setvgek is divided into nine books, which are subdivided into chapters and verses.

Akhadic believers claim that the Setgvek was inspired by Akhad to Prophet Jorchek. Although most of their verses are attributed to Prophet Jorchek, the Setgvek was compiled and written down after Jorchek's death, under the reign of Umrid I the Great, the first ruler of the Umirid Empire.

===Content===

====Myshal====
The '''Myshal''' is the first book of the Setgvek. Although one of the two Setgvek books which are not considered a direct inspiration of Akhad's word, it has a great importance for Akhadic believers, as it related the life of Prophet Jorchek since his peregrination from Akhabad to his death and martyrdom in Ashar.

The Myshal starts with the first and second peregrination of Jorchek (1 Myshal, chapters 1-4). The bulk of the remainder of the 1 Myshal is concerned with the reign of Umir in Askhabad and the reasons why Akhad called Jorchek to further spread his word. The next long section concerns to the third, fourth, and fifth peregrinations of Jorchek, and the final part is concrned with the final peregrination to Ashar, finishing just before his martyrdom. In the last chapter, it is described how Ashar is destroyed and the many ways their inhabitants were able to escape death.

It has four broad divisions: the narration of Jorchek peregrination in chapters 1-4, 5-8, and 10-19; the reasons why Prophet Jorchek was inspired by Akhad to abdicate political power in chapters 1 and 9; the chapters in which are described the teachings of Jorchek during his peregrinations, and how witnesses reacted and converted to Akhadism; and story of the reign of Umir and the destruction of Ashar.

Within this broad structure there are signs that the author has used various devices to structure his work, notably the drawing of parallels between Jorchek and Umir (the first becomes ruler, establishes the worship of Akhad in Ashkabad, and spread the word of Akhad through the world, then Umir replaces Jorchek, fights the wars that will enable him to destroy Ashar and built the Kutsal Peyabes, and further spread the faith and reaps the benefits of prosperity and holiness.

====Qunashet====
The '''Qunashet''' is the second book of the Setgvek; historians and scholars generally agree that it was probably developed following the Ashkabad revolt in 783 BE.

Most of its chapters consist of descriptions of Jorchek's visions, in which Akhad inspires Jorchek to repeat to Ashkabad population. In the Qunashet, it is described to priests and believers how to conduct themselves in the temple.

The instructions in the Qunashet emphasize ritual, legal and moral practices rather than beliefs. Nevertheless, it has a great importance for Akhadism, as the book teaches the importance of faithful performance of the sanctuary rituals for salvation, so long as the people avoid sin and impurity whenever possible, and it has a great importance for the Zokuk or Akhadic religious law.

====Aghrabab and Mekal====
The Aghrabab and the Mekal are the third and fourth, respectively, books of the Setgvek. They consist of sermons given by Jorchek during his reign in Askhabab. They are considered inspired directly by Akhad after Jorchek received his second vision. The verses of the sermons mostly deal about the importance of religious law and authority, and reaises questions of values, moral behavior, the meaning of human life, and right conduct. The repeated theme is that "the fear of Akhad (meaning submission to the will of Akhad) is the beginning of wisdom". Seeking wisdom through the observance of religious law is therefore the essence and goal of the religious life.

====Kuyat====
The '''Kuyat''' is fhte fifth book of the Setgvek. The first ten chapters of the book consist of sermons or speeches delivered to Akhadic believers by Jorchek on the plains of Askhabad. The most important sermons of the Kuyat are the second, which ends with an exhortation to observe the law (or teachings), later referred to as "Akhad's Law" or "Zokuk"; and the eight sermon which reminds believers of the need to follow Akhad and the laws that he has given them, on which their possession of the land depends.

====Ishak====
The Ishak is the sixth book of the Setgvek and it is the longest book of the Setgvek. It is a long sermon given by Jorchek after returning to Askhabad from his first military campaign in foreign lands. After the introduction, a long exhortation about the laws of war, the sermon narrates the challenges of religious life. Everything is ordered in time and people are subject to time in contrast to Akhad's eternal character. Akhad and humans do not belong in the same realm and its therefore necessary to have a right attitude before Akhad. People should enjoy life, but should not be greedy; all people face injustice and death, and death is better than a life without Akhad, but we should enjoy life when we can. At the end, the sermon warns, only Akhad's word is good for humanity; righteousness and wisdom escapes the human beings, who can only achieve it through the strict adherence to religious law. The sermon finishes with imagery of nature languishing and humanity marching to the grave without a purpose or meaning in the case of believers do not adhere to the law given by Akhad to the people.

The Ishak ends with an epilogue: the religious life is hard, but it is the only right way that leads to salvation. The epilogue ends with the following verses, some of the most quoted from the Setgvek by Akhadic believers: "Fear Akhad and keep his commitments, for Akhad will bring every deed to judgement".

====Selay====
The '''Selay''' is the seventh book of the Setgvek. It consists in a long soliloquy given by Jorchek, following three visions he received during a peregrination in the Mount Gizla, nearby today Gallia. The first vision takes place as Jorchek starts his peregrination. He asks Akhad how Akhadic believers being persecuted by infidels if Akhad is just. He receives his first vision, in which he is inspired by Akhad to declare that Akhad's will cannot be understood by the human mind. Soon, however, Akhad's justice would be made manifest. Then, it is described a second vision, in which the Jorchek asks himself whether the righteous may intercede for the unrighteous, but he concedes that "Akhad's judgement is final".

The next vision is more symbolic in nature. In the vision, the Prophet sees himself breathing fire on a crowd that is attacking him. Then, he turns to another peaceful multitude, which accepts him.

The Selay continues with another chapter in which it is described Jorchek's first vision in Ashkabad. It described how Jorchek was inspired by Akhad to restore the religious law. Jorchek gathers six scribes and begins to dictate ritual norms to follow in case of the sacrifice of animals. One week later, as the enemy is defeated, people started to accept Jorchek as the true Prophet.

In the following chapter, it is described how Jorchek had his second vision in Askhabad. In the vision, it is described how Prophet Jorchek had a vision of the heavenly city, which he explores and describes during his vision. In the chapter, it is described many characteristics of a holy city, in which Akhadic religious law is based.

In the final chapter, Jorchek predict wars and rebuke sinners. It is described how believers should conduct themselves during the battlefield, what to do after they conquest a city, and the cases where holy war is justified. It finishes with a exhortation how to build a temple and a description of how judges should conduct themselves with newly convert believers.

====Suzep====
The '''Suzep''' is eighth book of the Setgvek. It is considered to be the last book of the Setgvek to be known by Jorchek's supporters. The Suzep calls Akhadic believers to preach the true faith, and it describes them how to conduct themselves in foreign lands where Akhadism is not the main established religion yet.

====The Prayer of Hakhmet====
The Prayer of Hakhmet, also known as '''Sharafkhanyam''', is a short work of 222 verses recording a penitential prayer attributed to Umir the Great, and it is considered the ninth and last book of the Setgvek. The majority of scholars believe that the Hakhmet was written, in Ashked language, between twenty to fifty years after Jorchek's martyrdom. Along the Myshal, is the second of the two books of the Setgvek which are not considered directly inspired by Akhad.

The Prayer of Hakhmet describes the tale of Sharafkhan, one of the earliest converts to Akhadism. A former judge in Askhabad, after the 783 BCE revolt Sharafkhan becomes a military leader leading Akhadic forces. Under his command, they conquested Ketysil -a town nearby Takar-, the prayer describes, and Sharafkhan becomes the ruler of the city. Then, the population converts to Akhadism, but Sharafkhan becomes a capricious ruler, forgets to abide by the religious law himself, and turns to be more and more idolatrous. Then, when the city is attacked by a foreign army, and Sharafkhan is taken captive. While a prisoner, Sharafkhan prayed for mercy, and upon being freed by Akhadic armies and restored as ruler of the city, he turned from his idolatrous ways and proved to be a fair ruler.

=Zokuk or religious law=

The are two primary sources for Zokuk, or Akhadic religious law: the precepts sets forth in the Setgvek, the Akhadic sacred book, and the comments by the six historical “Grand Kuzhe”. Where it has officially status, Zokuk is interpreted by Akhadic judges (ozman or, in some cases, dakime) with varying responsabilities for the religious leaders (Kuzhe). For questions not directly addressed in the primary sources, the application of Zokuk is extended through consensus of the religious experts throught to embody the consensus of the Akhadic Community. Religious jurisprudence will also sometimes incorporate more recent analogies from the Setgvek, though many scholars also prefer reasoning to analogy.

Zokuk deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics, and economics, as well as personal matters such as sexual intercourse, hygiene, diet, prayer, everyday etiquette and fasting. Adherence to the Zokuk has served as one of the distinghishing characteristics of the Akhadic faith historically, specially considering the lack of a centralized Akhadic Church, and through the centuries Akhadic believers have devoted much scholarly time and effort on its elaboration. Practical interpretations of the Zokuk vary between the several Akhadic sects and respective schools of jurisprudence, yet in its strictest and most historically coherent, religious law is considered the infallible law of Akhad. However, the several Akhadic traditions may look not only different but contradictory, going for the literalist and more conservative traditions to the secular and more “liberal” ones.

The most important and recognized principles or rules of the Zozuk are recollected in the “Anlatma'zaz Kitar” (“Commentary of the commentary”), and more modern texts which summarize the teachings and interpretations of the six historical Grand Kuzhe in 199 basic principles or norms called “kafim”. It is important to note that not every Akhadic school of jurisprudence accept all of these principles, but at least each of the principles is recognized by one or two of those religious schools. The application and interpretation of each principle can vary considerably as well, even in the same jurisprudence tradition.

=See also=
*[[Akhadism]]

[[Category:Akhadism]]
[[Category:Religion]]

Tour of West Brigidna

2019-07-18T08:01:21Z

Hadash: /* General classification */

The '''Tour of West Brigidna''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in the nations of West Brigidnan Union, while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The Tour of West Brigidna replaced the Tour of Florinthus, which was held between 1556 and 1594. The Tour of Florinthus, originally an one-week race, was lengthened to a eleven-day race in 1594. The same season, FDT Sport announced that the race would be renamed as "Tour of West Brigidna" and turned in a three-week-long Grand Tour, aiming to compete with the Tour de Valland and the Ceribian Tour.

The Tour of West Brigidna is the third three-week-long Grand Tour, along the [[Tour de Valland]] and the [[Ceribian Tour]]. The Tour of West Brigidna is organized by [[FDT Sport]], which aims that the Tour of West Brigidna eventually replace the [[Ceribian Tour]] as the second most prestigious Grand Tour after the Tour de Valland. It is the first Grand Tour in the cycling calendar, two months before the Tour de Valland.

While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the West Brigidnan hills, and a long number of stage and hilly stages to attract sprinters. Unlike the Tour de Valland, the last stage is not always a flat stage on the country's capital city, ending very often as a mountain or time-trial which is likely to decide the winner the last day. The Tour of West Brigidna consists of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 18 and 20, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

===Origins===
===Tour of Florinthus===
===The first Tour of West Bridigna, 1595===

==History==
===1595–present===

==Classifications==
The main competition in the Tour of West Brigidna is known as the 'general classification', for which the pink jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The main and most sought after classification in the Tour of West Brigidna is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's pink jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "flamingo maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the general classification jersey was Keszarian Ferenc Racz. Each team brings multiple golden jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Cyclist has worn the yellow jersey for number stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Ceribian. Adwestene Eden Grace Weatherhead and Videjszeme's Jevgenijs Kalnins remain as the only riders to win the Ceribian Tour twice (1597 and 1598; and 1596 and 1599, respectively).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Ceribian Tour general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1596
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'57"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1597
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 3'31"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1598
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 1'20"
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=center|1599
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 0'46"
|align=center| 2
|-
|}

As of 1600, 2 cyclists have won the Tour of West Brigidna more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the West Brigidnan general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Jevgenijs Kalnins
!scope=row| Videjszeme
| align=center|2
| 1596, 1599
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|2
| 1597, 1598
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Ceribian Tour general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour of West Brigidna. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs.

The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to category A, the hardest.

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

The cyclists are awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification.

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 25.

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day.
==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1596 Tour of West Brigidna]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres are a rolling start without racing. The real start is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. When riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 12, 8 and 3 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Grand_départ_2017_102.jpg|thumb|right| Adwestene champion Eden Grace Weatherhead at the beginning of 1597 Tour of West Brigidna]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland West Brigidnan Union, although the organizers have declared their interest that the Tour visits nearby countries: so far Ostland, Kave, Gehenna, and Aurentina have all hosted stages or part of a stage.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside West Brigidnan Union:

* '''1599 Tour of West Brigidna''': Vaxholm, Ostland
* '''1606 Tour of West Brigidna''': Hamfurt, Gehenna

==See also==
* [[FDT Sport]]
* [[Cycling in Siora]]

[[Category:Tour of West Brigidna]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Ceribia]]

Tour of West Brigidna

2019-07-16T00:59:56Z

Hadash: /* General classification */

The '''Tour of West Brigidna''' is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in the nations of West Brigidnan Union, while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries. The Tour of West Brigidna replaced the Tour of Florinthus, which was held between 1556 and 1594. The Tour of Florinthus, originally an one-week race, was lengthened to a eleven-day race in 1594. The same season, FDT Sport announced that the race would be renamed as "Tour of West Brigidna" and turned in a three-week-long Grand Tour, aiming to compete with the Tour de Valland and the Ceribian Tour.

The Tour of West Brigidna is the third three-week-long Grand Tour, along the [[Tour de Valland]] and the [[Ceribian Tour]]. The Tour of West Brigidna is organized by [[FDT Sport]], which aims that the Tour of West Brigidna eventually replace the [[Ceribian Tour]] as the second most prestigious Grand Tour after the Tour de Valland. It is the first Grand Tour in the cycling calendar, two months before the Tour de Valland.

While the route changes each year, the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials, the passage through the West Brigidnan hills, and a long number of stage and hilly stages to attract sprinters. Unlike the Tour de Valland, the last stage is not always a flat stage on the country's capital city, ending very often as a mountain or time-trial which is likely to decide the winner the last day. The Tour of West Brigidna consists of 20 day-long segments (stages) over a 22-day period and cover around {{convert|3400|km}}.

The number of teams usually varies between 18 and 20, with seven riders in each. All of the stages are timed to the finish; the riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times. The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted red jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour: the Points classification for the sprinters, the Mountain classification for the climbers, the young rider classification for riders under the age of 26, and the Team classification forr the fastest teams. Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition, fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team.

===Origins===
===Tour of Florinthus===
===The first Tour of West Bridigna, 1595===

==History==
===1595–present===

==Classifications==
The main competition in the Tour of West Brigidna is known as the 'general classification', for which the pink jersey is awarded: the winner of this is said to have won the race. A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties: points, mountains, and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations. The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey, with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads. In addition to these four classifications, there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race.

===General classification===

The main and most sought after classification in the Tour of West Brigidna is the general classification. All of the stages are timed to the finish. The riders' times are compounded with their previous stage times; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race. The leader is determined after each stage's conclusion. The leader of the race also has the privilege to wear the race leader's pink jersey. The jersey is presented to the leader rider on a podium in the stage's finishing town. If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey, he wears the "flamingo maillot", since the general classification is the most important one in the race. The lead can change after each stage.

The first rider to wear the general classification jersey was Keszarian Ferenc Racz. Each team brings multiple golden jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race. Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and the sponsor(s) of the team. Cyclist has worn the yellow jersey for number stages, which is more than any other rider in the history of the Ceribian. Adwestene Eden Grace Weatherhead and Videjszeme's Jevgenijs Kalnins remain as the only riders to win the Ceribian Tour twice (1597 and 1598; and 1596 and 1599, respectively).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#D0F0C0"|
|Winner won points classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FBCEB1"|
|Winner won King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#FFFF99"|
|Winner won young rider classification in the same year
|-
|align=center width=40px style="background-color:#cedff2"|
|Winner won points and King of the Mountains classification in the same year
|}

* The "Year" column refers to the year the competition was held.
* The "Margin" column refers to the margin of time by which the winner defeated the runner-up.
* The "Stage wins" column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Ceribian Tour general classification winners
|-
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Sponsor/team
!scope=col|Time
!scope=col|Stage wins
|-
|align=center|1596
|Jevgenijs Kalnins
|Videjszeme
|Magram
|align=center| + 57"
|align=center| 0
|-
|align=center|1597
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 3'31"
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=center|1598
|Eden Grace Weatherhead
|Adwest
|Scholden-Gulcron
|align=center| + 1'20"
|align=center| 1
|-
|}

As of 1600, 2 cyclists have won the Tour of West Brigidna more than once.

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Multiple winners of the West Brigidnan general classification
|-
!scope=col|Cyclist
!scope=col|Nation
!scope=col|Total
!scope=col class="unsortable"|Years
|-
!scope=row| Jevgenijs Kalnins
!scope=row| Videjszeme
| align=center|2
| 1596, 1599
|-
!scope=row| Eden Grace Weatherhead
!scope=row| Adwest
| align=center|2
| 1597, 1598
|-
|}

'''By nationality'''

{| class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+Ceribian Tour general classification winners by nationality
!scope=col|Country
!scope=col|No. of winning cyclists
!scope=col|No. of wins
|-
!scope=row|Adwest
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
!scope=row|Videjszeme
|align=center|1
|align=center|2
|-
|}

===Mountains classification===
The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour of West Brigidna. During stages of the race containing climbs, points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb, with points available for up to the first 10 riders, depending on the classification of the climb. Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill, with more points available for harder climbs.

The climbers' jersey is worn by the rider who, at the start of each stage, has the largest amount of climbing points. If a rider leads two or more of classifications, the climbers' jersey is worn by the rider in second, or third, place in that contest. At the end of the Tour, the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification. Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition, while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race. The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers. The scale ranges from category 4, the easiest, to category A, the hardest.

===Points classification===

The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications. Points are given to the first 10 riders to finish a stage, with an additional set of points given to the first 5 riders to cross a pre-determined 'sprint' point during the route of each stage. The point classification leader blue jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage, has the greatest number of points.

The cyclists are awarded points for high place finishes (with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points), so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey. The amount of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage, with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the least amount of points at the finish. This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification, though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high-place finishes.

The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour. In case of a tie, the leader is determined by the number of stage wins, then the number of intermediate sprint victories, and finally, the rider's standing in the general classification.

===Young rider classification===

The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification, with the riders' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader. The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 25.

===Team classifications and prizes===

The Team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team's best three riders each day.
==Stages==
The modern tour typically has 20 stages, one per day.

===Mass-start stages===
[[File:Tour de France 2006.JPG|thumb|A collected peloton in the 1596 Tour of West Brigidna]]
Riders in most stages start together. The first kilometres are a rolling start without racing. The real start is announced by the Tour director waving a white flag. Riders are permitted to touch, but not push or nudge, each other. The first to cross the stage finish line wins the stage. Riders are given a time based on the group that they finish in. All riders in a group finish in the same time as the lead rider. This avoids dangerous mass sprints. It is not unusual for the entire field to finish in a group, taking time to cross the line but being credited with the same time. When riders fall or crash within the final 3 kilometres of a stage with a flat finish, they are awarded the same time as the group they were in. This change encourages riders to sprint to the finish for points awards without fear of losing time to the group.

The Tour directors categorise mass-stage starts into 'flat', 'hilly' or 'mountain'. This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification, whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational, and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish (which is the winners' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time). Time bonuses of 12, 8 and 3 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers.

On flat stages, most riders can stay in the peloton to the finish, and sprint finishes are common. Crosswinds, the difficulty of long cobbled sections or crashes are often the major challenges of these stages. On hilly and particularly mountain stages, there can be major shifts in the general classification, particularly where stages finish at the tops of climbs. It is not uncommon for riders to lose 30 minutes or to be eliminated after finishing outside the time limit.

===Individual time trials===
[[File:Grand_départ_2017_102.jpg|thumb|right| Adwestene champion Eden Grace Weatherhead at the beginning of 1597 Tour of West Brigidna]]
Riders in a time trial compete individually against the clock, each starting at a different time. The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial, a ''prologue'', to decide who wears yellow on the opening day. There are usually two or three time trials. The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage.

===Team time trial===
A team time trial (TTT) is a race against the clock in which each team rides alone. The time is that of the fifth rider of each team: riders more than a bike-length behind their team's fifth rider are awarded their own times. The TTT has been criticised for favouring strong teams and handicapping strong riders in weak teams.

===Time limits===
Riders completing a stage may be eliminated if their time exceeds the time limit for the stage. The limit is defined as the winner's time plus a percentage, which depends on the type of stage and the winner's average speed. The time limit can be extended or the elimination can be waived if more than 20% of riders exceed the limit or for other reasons such as collisions or foul weather.

==The start and finish of the Tour==
Most stages are in mainland West Brigidnan Union, although the organizers have declared their interest that the Tour visits nearby countries: so far Ostland, Kave, Gehenna, and Aurentina have all hosted stages or part of a stage.

===Starts abroad===
The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside West Brigidnan Union:

* '''1599 Tour of West Brigidna''': Vaxholm, Ostland
* '''1606 Tour of West Brigidna''': Hamfurt, Gehenna

==See also==
* [[FDT Sport]]
* [[Cycling in Siora]]

[[Category:Tour of West Brigidna]]
[[Category:Cycling]]
[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:Ceribia]]

MERSEK

2019-07-15T21:48:51Z

Hadash: Created page with " '''MERŠEK''' (acronym of "Mordvanian Republican Service of Intelligence and Security" in Mordvanian language) is the central, overarching military intelligence body of the M..."

'''MERŠEK''' (acronym of "Mordvanian Republican Service of Intelligence and Security" in Mordvanian language) is the central, overarching military intelligence body of the Mordvanian Republican Armed Forces. MERSEK was created in 1544, following the creation of the Mordvanian Republican Armed Forces by the Council of Defense.

It is the main entity (and the largest component) of the Mordvanian Intelligence Community. It is currently headed by General Dalibor Senk, who was appointed Chairman of the MERSEK in 1597.

=Roles and jurisdiction=

MERSEK is responsible for intelligence collection, covert operations, and counterterrorism. Although it is officially under the Ministry of Defense, no law defines its purpose, objectives, roles, missions, powers or budget, and its chairman only answers directly to the President of the Republic. Its annual budget is estimated to be around 4 billion and it is estimated that it employs around 10,000 people directly, making it one of the largest intelligence agencies in Brigidna.

Some of the MERSEK's official principal roles consist of:
*Intelligence evaluation for security policy, military planning, and the dissemination of intelligence to the Armed Forces and the Mordvanian government.
*Field security at the level of the General Staff, and the training and operation of field security in general (all levels).
*The development of "special measures" for intelligence work.
*The development of intelligence doctrine in the realms of research, collection, and field security.
*Staff responsibility for military attachés overseas.
*The operation of military censorship.

Besides national security, MERSEK is reputedly Mordvania's' largest foreign-intelligence agency.

It is claimed that MERSEK carried out at least 12 assassinations in foreign soil between 1545 and 1566, mostly of alleged monarchists, separatists, and terrorist suspects. The Mordvanian government has denied such claims.

=Units and divisions=

MERSEK consists of the following subordinate and professionally subordinate units:
*Intelligence Corps
*Research Department
*Information Security Department
*Supervision Department
*External Relations Department
*Air Intelligence Group: the intelligence unit of the Mordvanian Air Force
*Naval Intelligence Division: the intelligence unit of the Mordvanian Navy
*Combat Intelligence Corps: the intelligence unit of Ground Armed Forces
*The intelligence units of the Regional Commands
*Agency for Consciousness Operations: a psychological warfare unit
*Military Censor

=Chairman of the MERSEK=
The head of the MERSEK is the senior intelligence officer in the Mordvanian Republican Armed Forces focusing on the military and domestic security.

The Chairman of the MERSEK is appointed by the President of the Republic of Mordvania, and reports directly to the president (although it officially belongs to the Ministry of Defense).

List of Chairmen of the MERSEK:
{|class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:left"
|-
! #
! Head !! Term !! President(s) / head(s) of state served under
|-
| '''1''' || Miroslav Wolinsky || 1544-1566 || Bozidar Strnad Milan Kravanja
|-
| '''2''' || Darko Pahor || 1566-1569 || Milan Kravanja
|-
| '''3''' || Slavoj Usenicnik || 1569-1579 || Milan Kravanja Bozidar Strnad 
|-
| '''4''' || Mladen Slomsek || 1579-1588 || Bozidar Strnad [[Zvezdana Serebryak]] 
|-
| '''5''' || Wieslaw Lubanowsky || 1588-1591 || [[Zvezdana Serebryak]] Aljaz Martelj
|-
| '''6''' || Slavko Potrk || 1591-1597 || Aljaz Martelj Agnieszka Szczepanska
|-
| '''7''' || Dalibor Senk || 1597- || Agnieszka Szczepanska
|-
|}