Khokharsa

Khokharsa, officially the Khokharsan Federal Republic, is a country on North Skathia. It is bordered by Bisica to its north, and Central Tambossa to its northeast. It has a population of many people. Oslanburgan and Khokharsian are the official languages, and over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, some of them having regional status.

The climate is equatorial, with significant rainfall during the Quartyr-Dein season and harsh winds the remainder of the year. It was an important producer of cocoa and rubber in the early 14th century, and it has an important mining industry.

Khokharsa was an Oslanburgan colony before declaring its independence on Septem 24, 1357. The Arch-Kingdom of Oslanburg did not recognize the independence until 1370, with the signing of the Treaty of Omninanberg. Magnus Bard became the first elected president in 1383, and the 1382 Constitution is one of the oldest of the continent. Khokharsa was able to maintain and keep its independence during the rest of the colonial era.

Etymology

Khokharsa derives from the word Khokhara in Ohuba language, meaning "liberty", therefore it can be translated as "Land of the Free". The name was coined by Hjalte Farfatter in 1377, and officially accepted in the 1382 Constitution. Previously, the country was named as the Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth, from 1359 to 1382.

History

Early history and colonization

The Salty Coast has been inhabited by indigenous peoples of Skathia at least as far back as the 8th century. Ohuba-speaking people expanded northward, forcing many smaller ethnic groups eastward toward the Novangian Bay. The Jami, Zambawi, Nagonian, Kukua, Akeemi were some of the earliest documented peoples in the nearby inland areas.

Between 6th and late 10th century, Lanlanian, Oslanburgan, Castlian, and Vallish traders had contacts and trading posts in the region. The Vallish named the area Côte Salé ("Salty Coast") due to the abundance of salt-tolerant mangrove trees. Brigidnan traders would barter commodities and goods with local people.

Oslanburg established several settlements in the northern coast in the early 11th century. In 1066, they founded Rimesia, in today Bisica, which became one of the most important trading posts of northern Skathia. It was founded with a hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers. It was fortified in 1071 and elevated to a township in 1080. The Castlians established other trading post in the westward coast, principally trading in Skathian slaves for Magentinian plantations. Local slave dealers provided a large number of slaves for Oslanburg as well, usually sold in exchange for manufactured goods from Brigidna. This Skathian slave trade in the area continued until late 14th century.

During the 11th and 12th centuries, Oslanburg expanded considerably inland, founding many towns and slave plantations. During that time, the region was officially known as Oslan Equatorial Skathia. In the 13th century, Castleon expanded its colonial territory southward, although its control over much of its claimed territory was minimal compared to the Oslanic colonies. Famines and epidemies were recurring in the Castlian colonies; they may kill one-fourth or one-third of the population, destroying the demographic growth of a generation and forcing colonists back into the river valleys.

A Treaty in 1269 fixed the region's borders, delineating the boundaries of Oslanburgan and Castlian claims in the area. Trade between Castleon and her Skathian territories also rapidly increased in the early 14th century as a result of protective tariffs, leading to increased development, as well as a wave of new Castlian settlers.

The 1349 Revolt

Castlian soldiers in Reyneda fighting Skathian rebels, 1354.

A late 13th century depiction of Skathian slave trade in the Oslanburgan colony.

By the late 13th century, Oslan Equatorial Skathia had become one of the main supplier of the world's cocoa. It had also, along nearby Castleon's Sierra Morana colony, an extensive coffee and sugar plantations. Cocoa production depended on extensive manual labor provided by enslaved Skathians in the harsh Oslan colonial plantation economy. Most of the slaves were northern and central Skathian natives, although Oslan also exported some slaves from northeastern Skathia.

Slaves in Oslan Equatorial Skathia had no rights, and the life of most slaves was harsh and miserable. In 1298, the Oslan settlers began passing legislation restricting the rights of other groups of people until a rigid caste system was defined. They could be classified into four different groups. One were the Oslan noblemen or royal envoys, who were the ruling class in the region. The second one were the Oslan colonists, which could be generally subdivided into the plantation owners and a lower class of whites who often served as overseers or day laborers. A third group was the free Skathians (usually mixed-race), which tended to be educated and literate and they often served in the army or as administrators on plantations. Some of them were dedicated to slave trade or even operated their own plantations and were slave owners.

The fourth group, outnumbering the others by a ratio of ten to one, was made up of Skathian slaves. There had been already a few minor slave revolts in the early 12th century. The Castlian and Oslan planters lived in fear of slave rebellion. They extensively used the threat of physical violence to maintain control in the plantations. If slaves left the plantations or disobeyed their masters, they were subject to whipping, or even death penalty. Oslan government had attempted to regulate the treatment of the enslaved population several times, but slaveholders openly and consistently ignored the law, and local legislation reversed parts of it through early 14th century.

There had been already a revolt of Skathian slaves in parts of the Castlian territory of Sierra Bella on Vintyr 2-6, 1331. The conditions in the sugar plantations in the Castlian colony were, in some cases, even harsher than those in the nearby Oslan colonies. While the start and causes of the revolt remain unknown, on Vintyr 2 between 80 and 200 enslaved men marched from sugar plantations toward the city of Chingudi. They collected more men along the way. Some accounts claimed a total of 800-1000 slaves participated. During their three-day march, they burned nine plantation houses (six completely), several sugarhouses, and crops. They were armed mostly with hand tools. They were led by Mwame Mbossa, a slave from Tambossa. Although only eleven Castlian settlers were murdered by the insurgents, the insurrection created a great panic and chaos in the nearby provinces. Castlian settlers led by officials formed a militia company to hunt down and kill the insurgents. Over the next month, about 100 aditional insurgents were executed after a public trial. Executions were by hanging or decapitation, and the bodies of the executed were displayed as a warning to intimidate other slaves. The heads of some were put on the pikes and displayed at nearby plantations.

Many in Oslan Equatorial Skathia saw the revolt in the Castlian colony as an ominous sign. Laurent Thumerelle, a Vallish military officer and explorer, was one of them. He had married the daughter of an Oslan settler, and wrote several books about his travels in Equatorial Skathia, the Mandavines, and the Castlian colonies. He predicted a general slave revolt in the colonies, if there were no serious social reform. Thumerelle's prediction came true on the night of 22 Dein 1349, when the slaves of Oslan Equatorial Skathia rose in revolt and began to kill their masters and plunged the colony into civil war.

Battle of Opar, 1356.

The revolt started in Alnhagen, a town five miles from the Gulf of Bisica, and expanded quickly inland and eastward. Within the next three weeks, slaves had taken control of the entire northwestern province and much of the south in an unprecedented and violent slave revolt. By late Elva, the number of slaves who joined the revolt reached about 50,000. Several thousands of Oslan settlers were murdered, and about 100 plantations were destroyed or burned. Oslan settlers kept control of only a few isolated, fortified camps. By mid-1350, the slaves took the province of Ligeria, effectively isolated all the southern and eastern territories from the coastal settlements. About 5,000 Oslan settlers were murdered in the next month only in that central province. After that, several Oslan expeditinary forces from the Mandavines arrived to Bisica.

Kean Siljberg, a self-educated former domestic slave, proved to be a successful Skathian commander. In 1351, his forces were able to take over Monraunberg, today Monrassa, after defeating Oslan troops led by Colonel Jens Mogensen. He proclaimed the abolition of slavery in all the continent, and proclaimed himself Governor of Equatorial Skathia. More slaves joined the insurrection, specially in southeastern provinces. At the end of the year, the slave army had between 100,000-200,000 men, according to several sources. In 1353, he led an invasion of neighboring Sierra Morena, and fought against Castlian forces for nine months.

Independence

Kean Siljberg, independence leader and first president of the Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth.

The war, known as War of Independence in Khokharsa, lasted for eight years. In 1356, in the Battle of Opar, Siljberg's army was able to force the Oslan army to withdraw further to the northeast, but it suffered a high cost: about 90,000-120,000 Skathian soldiers died, while the Oslan forces only lost about 15,000-20,000 soldiers in the battle. Several weeks later, the Castlian army launched an offensive, forcing the rebel army to withdraw from Sierra Morena, and kept advancing unopposed. They also seized most of southwestern Oslan Equatorial Skathia, which had been mostly unaffected by the slave revolt, where they were received as liberators by white Oslan settlers.

The Skathians abandoned convential warfare and reverted back to guerrilla tactics, making the Castlians hold over much of western Equatorial Skathia. Oslanburg offered Castleon an alliance to completely crush the slave revolt in Equatorial Skathia. However, the Kingdom of Castleon rejected the Oslan offer, as they aimed to annex much of the former Oslan colonies than their armies now controlled. The Castlian army attacked several Oslan ports in the Mandavines, threatening Oslanburg supply to their Skathian colonies. By late 1356, Oslanburg decided to sign a treaty with Castleon, known as the Peace of Skoven, in which Oslanburg ceded large possessions of Oslan Equatorial Skathia to the Kingdom of Castleon.

The Castlian army kept advancing but epidemies during the rainy season caused many casualties in their forces. In 1358, Castleon decided to offer a peace to the Skathian leadership, which had declared officially its independence only six months before. On 26 Nueva 1358, the Treaty of Fuencaliente was signed between both sides, which established a buffer state between both countries, as Castleon was not willing that their slaves fled to the new state. As consequence, Equatorial Skathia lost about 1/3 of their territory before the war.

Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth

Kean Siljberg became President for life, and a Skathian Council -mostly formed by a group of Skathians military commanders and notables- was selected as legislative body. The Declaration of Independence had abolished slavery, and declared that all lands would be under state ownership, while peasants would be attached to a plantation, based on an open-field system administered by the military authority. This established a form of serfdom in practice, although this was not always established in practice in those areas with a smaller population or far away to the main urban centers.

Equatorial Skathian economy had been completely destroyed by the war, and Oslanburg kept a blockade along the Gulf of Bisica, which isolated the country from world trade and forced it to develop a subsistence agriculture.

President Siljberg died in 1361, and the following years were years of political instability, with six presidents between 1361 and 1365. In 1364, it was promulgated the Basic Law, which established a more clear and rational state organization, including the creation of detailed judiciary system and the abolition of military courts. During that time there were created community schools, although the progress on literacy were very slow.

Per Kvium, founder of the Moderate Party and the longest serving president of the Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth. He played an important role in the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1368, and the transition toward a representative government.

In 1368, it was approved the Bill of Rights, which granted some political rights, such as the abolition of corporal punishment - although this was barely imposed in practice. It also banned non-Skathians to own land in the territory of the Commonwealth, and banned the death penalty.

Eastward Expansion

During the late 1360s, the economic situation was dire, and there was rural unrest in many provinces of the new state. At that time, Equatorial Skathia was surrounded by a large group of tribal societies and small kingdoms, some of them still undiscovered by Brigidnan explorers. After minor clashes, the Commonwealth government approved the annexation of nearby lands, in order to secure the borders of the nation.

In 1367, under the initative of Secretary of Treasury Hjalte Farfatter, it was approved the Purchasing Land Act, which allowed the state to sell land and individual citizens to buy land, effectively ending the practice of peasants to be forcely attached to the land, and therefore abolishing serfdom. Although this was aimed to the quickly development of lands sparcely inhabited and recently annexed, it were military and political officials along urban merchants the main ones which beneficted of this measure, contributing to the creation of a new economic elite.

The Eastward expansion also contributed to create alternative commercial route from the Tambossan region to the Gulf of Bisica. The annexation of lands were done through several methods. In some cases, they lands were simply annexed, and the natives were invited to join the new lands as labourers. In other cases, the local inhabitants were forced to escape further east, while in other cases tribes were decimated and hunted down for allegedly security reasons. In less than a decade, the Commonwealth expanded considerably its territory, more than three times by 1380.

The expansion of the Commonwealth created concern to some Brigidnan powers. Oslanburg and Castleon opened talks for a joint invasion of the Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth, as some slaves from their colonies were trying to cross into the Commonwealth territory in order to be hired as labourers. This, however, was avoided as the Castleon-Nyland war unleashed in the 1370s.

The Constitution of 1382

The Constitution of 1382 was the first constitution of Khokharsa, still in force although amended several times during the last two centuries. Although the constitution was aimed to integrate constitutional agreements such as the Declaration of Independence, the Basic Law of 1364, and the Bill of Rights of 1368, it was largely modeled on the Constitution of the Nylander Republic. It was mostly written by Hjalte Farfatter, a Khokharsan politician who had visited Nyland to establish diplomatic relations and study the education system there. The constitution officially changed the name of the country from Equatorial Skathia to Khokharsa, officially known as the Khokharsan Federal Republic. It was proclaimed on 4 Septem 1382, shortly after the first elections to the Khokharsan Senate.

The Constitution created a federal state governed by three branches of government: the executive, legislative and judicial branches. The executive branch was led by the President of Khokharsan, elected by popular vote of all land-owning citizens to a three-year term. Legislative power was held by the Federal Assembly of Khokharsa, a bicameral body made up of a Khokharsan Assembly and a Senate. The judicial branch consisted of the Supreme Court of Khokharsa, made up of a chief justice and four associate justices, and circuit courts created by the Legislature. Article One of the Constitution enshrined civil liberties similar to those protected by the Nylander Constitution.

Nikolaine Maude, one of the few women who played an important public role at the time. A former domestic slave, she married Hjalte Farfatter in 1374. She wrote widely on social reform and women's rights.

The Constitution, however, limited voting rights to the economic and political elite, formed by urban merchants and land-owning citizens. Only 5% of the male population had right to vote until 1440.

Magnus Bard was the first elected President of Khokharsa, and Hjalte Farfatter became Vice President, an office created by the Constitution. Previously, from 1370 to 1382, the president was elected by an electoral college formed by military commanders and rural political appointees.

Politically, the Khokharsan Federal Republic was soon dominated by two political parties. The Moderate Party was supported primarily by mixed-race Skathians from urban backgrounds and rural landowners, while the Liberal Party, established in 1386, received much of its following from the richer urban merchant class. From the first presidential election of 1383, the Moderate Party held political dominance.

Massacre of Ligeria

In 1387, Khokharsa defeated the Kingdom of Bocamo in the four-month war known as First Khokharsan-Bocamian War, from late 1386 to early 1387. As consequence, the Khokharsan Federal Republic annexed several provinces of the Kingdom of Bocamo. Many of those lands were inhabited for Castlian settlers and although most of them decided to move the nearby Castlian colony, some of them decided to stay, as Khokharsa seemed more stable. Their hopes did not last, however, as after the 1389 state elections, most of the settlers were forced to move to nearby state of Ligeria, ruled by the controversial Governor Franz Hasane.

On Dein 1389, a Skathian Khokharsan girl, Alaafia Pápáme, was found murdered in the town of Mbame, and after another teenager who committed suicide by poisoning herself was declared dead in a charity hospital founded by Messanic Castlian settlers, several regional newspapers insinuated that both children had been murdered by the local Castlian community. After a state senator made similar insinuations, it sparked violence against non-Skathian settlers. Governor Franz Hasane promised to start an official investigation about the cases, but his words, promising vengeance if foreigners were proved to be guilty, instigated more attacks rather than the contrary.

The massacre began on Dein 25, and lasted until Tolven 4. The second most popular newspaper in Ligeria, owned by a candidate of the Conservative Party, regularly published articles with headlines such as "Death to the settlers!" and "War against the Brigidnan oppressors!". Riots expanded quickly to twelve towns on Dein 27, and several hundred were killed, 89 were severely wounded and 200 were slightly injured, more than 500 houses were destroyed, and 100 stores were pillaged. Herlev Krøniker published a forged dispatch by Khokharsan Secretary of Homeland to the governor of Ligeria, which supposedly gave orders not to stop the rioters, but, in any case, no attempt was made by the federal government to intervene to stop the riots until mid-Elva.

By early Tolven 1389, some 2,000 to 4,000 people had been killed, and the white Castlian settlers were practically eradicated. Only three categories of white people were selected as exceptions and spared from the violence: non-Castlian foreign citizens; nurses and doctors in federal hospitals; and those Castlian settlers who were working for the federal administration or had connections to Khokharsan officers and politicians. Of the Castlian settlers, only 200 survived the massacre.

Some Khokharsan newspapers and politicians, including Senator Hjalte Farfatter, called the federal government to stop the massacre. However, with the massacre happening only a few months before the presidential elections, the federal government only indirectly intervened a month after the beginning of the massacre, and even after that many candidates did not openly condemned the massacre during the electoral campaign. Nikolaj Kagawasan Bard was elected president in 1390. He visited the state of Ligeria in Vintyr 1389, during his electoral campaign, but no mention of the massacre can be found in local newspapers reporting his visit.

The Nylander New Fenridge Times described the events in Lungsodia, a town nearby the state of Gunam:

The anti-settlers riots in Lungsodia, Ligeria, are worse than anyone could imagine, bringing back memories of the 1359 Skathian revolt. There was a well laid-out plan for the general massacre of settlers the day after the local government left the town for unclear reasons. The mob was led by prominent people of the province, and the genral cry, "Kill the foreigners", was taken-up all over the city. The settlers were taken wholly unaware and were slaughtered like sheep. The dead number 200 and the injured about 500. Some of them were able to escape to the state of Gunam, but a few were returned for no reason. The scenes of horror attending this massacres are beyond description. Babies were literally torn to pieces by the frenzied and bloodhthirsty mob. The local police made no attempt to check the reign of terror. At sunset, the streets were piled with corpses and wounded. Those who could make their escape fled in terror, and the city is now practically deserted of Castlian settlers ("Settlers Massacre Denounced", New Fenridge Times, Elva 19, 1389).

There were rumours in the national and regional media of a Brigidnan invasion to stop the massacre. This, however, did not happen.

The massacre had a negative and long-lasting effect on the international view of the Khokharsan Republic. Only a few Khokharsan citizens were prosecuted for their role in the massacre. Most of them were pardoned by President Nikolaj Kagawasan Bard a few years later. The survivors were given an economic compensation and they were allowed to leave the republic if they wished so. It also increased racial and political tensions inside the republic.

The Second Bocamian-Khokharsan War

Queen Babayinah, last Bocamian monarch.

The Kingdom of Bocamo was created as a buffer state between Equatorial Skathia and the Castlian colonies. The Kingdom was an absolute monarchy, ruled by ethnic Maisog. Most of the population, non-Maisog Skathians, along a minority of servants brought from the Mandavines by the Castlian settlers, were reduced to either slavery or serfdom. The Kingdom lived mostly of slave trade, but when world slave trade was abolished by late 14th century, the Kingdom of Bocamo entered in decline.

In 1387, the Kingdom of Bocamo had already lost territory to the Khokharsan Republic, and six years later, it was forced to sign a treaty with the Castlian colony, in which this annexed 20% of Bocamo northern territory. Tambok I, King of Bocamo for more than thirty years died in 1416, he was succeed by his elder son Mubo, but he was murdered only eleven months later. Tambok's daughter Babayinah became Queen, but shortly afterwards, Tambok's brother Ngamhanan claimed the throne, starting a civil war.

Babayinah was forced to withdraw toward the south, with a small number of loyalist forces. She promised to abolish slavery if she won the war, although she didn't immediately, and established diplomatic relations with the Khokharsan Federal Republic. After Liberal Party candidate Ib Farfatter was elected Khokharsan president in 1417, the Khokharsan government trained and armed slaves who had fled the Kingdom of Bocamo. In Elva 1418, after a number of skirmishes along the Bocamian-Khokharsan border, the Khokharsan Assembly voted for a declaration of war in order to restore order in the western kingdom.

The invasion started a month later, starting the Second Bocamian-Khokharsan War, also known as Khokharsan National War (1418-1424). The Khokharsan Republic proclaimed the conflict to be an ideological war, against slavery an for republican freedom. Most of the southern and eastern Bocamo was already occupied by Khokharsan forces in early 1419, and Queen Babiynah was moved to Lombuanda, central Khorkharsa, where she met with President Ib Farfatter and spent most of the war there.

Ib Farfatter (1376-1449), 8th President and second Liberal Party president. He was the youngest son of Hjalte Farfatter, who had founded the Liberal Party twenty years earlier. While he was considered a pragmatist politician, his decision to intervene in the Bocamian civil war sparked the invasion of Khokharsa by Castleon and Oslanburg in 1419.

File:Cameroon chief German armour.jpg

General Hans Bouk, chief staff of the Khokharsan army from 1412 to 1421.

However, on 2 Quartyr 1419, Castleon and Oslanburg demanded the Khokharsan government to stop the invasion and threatened with war. On 28 Septem and 4 Ochtyr Castleon and Oslanburg, respectively, invaded Khokharsa. By the end of Ochtyr, the Khokharsan army was forced to withdraw from Northern Bocamo, while Oslanburg occupied most of coastal Khokharsan, effectively ending commerce between Khokharsan and world trade. Six months later, the Oslanburgan army seized Malagwi, and Castlian and Oslan forces were able to siege the capital city of Khokharsa, Monrassa, for ten months. On Marth 11, the Oslan army seized Pembassa, the six largest town in Khokharsa at the time, and looted and burned most of the city. Meanwhile, the Castlian army was not able to advance that far in Western Bocamo, as the rainy season, and the brutal opposition of Bocamian slaves, who feared that the Brigidnan armies would reintroduce slavery, who started a guerrilla war against the Brigidnan army.

Oslan kept advancing, however, and by the end of the year, the Brigidnan armies already occupied more than half of Khokharsa territory before the war. General Gabriel Sakoa, who took control of the Khokharsan army only two months before, prepared and launched an offensive in 28 Dosa 1421, which surprised the Oslan army and forced them to retreat to the Khokharsan capital. On 4 Fein 1421, the Battle of Monrassa started, which lasted three months. By the end of Ochtyr, Sakoa was able to seize Monrassa, being a whole Oslan division completely slaughtered. Meanwhile, the Castlian army was suffering on yellow fever, which killed thousands of soldiers, and the morale of the Castlian troops were collapsing.

On late 1421, it started the Battle of Malagwi, which lasted for six months. It became the most bloodthirsty of all the war, with 28,000 Castlian and Oslan soldiers, and along 200,000-300,000 Khokharsans, dead. The Khokharsan were unable to take the city, however, and did not launch any that massive offensive in more than a year. On Septem 1422, the Castlian army withdrew from most of the Kingdom of Bocamo, after a new offensive by Bocamian and Khokharsan irregular forces. On Dein 1422, the Khokharsan army launched a minor offensive against Stollig, but they failed to take the city or causing major loses.

Battle of Sisogborun, 1422.

The war continued without important changes until Vintyr 1423, when General Gabriel Sakoa seized the main road which united the Castlian and Oslan armies. Sakoa launched another large offensive two months later, this time in Northwestern Bocamo, which resulted in a failure, but caused the concern of the Castlian leadership which feared that the Khokharsan army coud be able to seize territory of the Castlian colony. While in the next months the Castlian and Oslan started to advancing into Khorkharsan territory again, they started negotiations with Khokharsan government, fearing being involved in an unending military conflict.

The Treaty of Malagwi (1424) ended the war, with the Castlian colony and Oslan government annexing large chunks of Khokharsan territory, even those under control of the Khokharsan army at the time the treaty was signed. The Castlian colony expanded considerably eastward, while Oslanburg received an important part of northeastern Khokharsa, with the territory of Bisica doubling its own size. As consequence, the Khokharsan Federal Republic had lost about 20% of its territory before the war.

Regarding the Kingdom of Bocamo, it was officially abolished, Queen Babayinah forced to abdicate, and its territory divided betweeh the Khokharsan republic and a protectorate administered by the Castlian colony. Eastern Bocamo became officially part of the Khokharsan Federal Republic after the ninth amendment was passed, in 1431, and the state of Kukuanland was created. The Protectorate of West Bocamo would be officially annexed by the Castlian colony in 1441. Queen Babayinah remained living in Khokharsa until her death in 1448, in Opar, Khokharsa. While most Castlian settlers in East Bocamo decided to move to the Castlian-controlled protectorate or back to Brigidna, a minority of them decided to stay in Khokharsa. Eventually, many of those Castlian settlers would settle in the northern coastal states, where they found easy to flourish economically, helped by international trade.

The Treaty also forced the Khokharsan Federal Republic to pay harsh economic compensations to both Castleon and Oslanburg. They would not be fully paid until 1479 and 1504, respectively.

Reconstruction Era

Gabriel Sakoa (1379-1466), 13th president of the Khokharsan Federal Republic.

As consequence of the long military conflict, the Khokharsan economy had collapsed and many main cities, included the capital, had been destroyed. Between 2-4 million Khokharsan citizens had died during the war as well, so many regions found depopulated. The former territory from the Kingdom of Bocamo annexed by the Khokharsa republic barely compensated the territory lost in the north, not only it was a poorer and barely developed area, but it had been devastated by the war.

Ib Farfatter was surprisingly reelected president for third term in 1423, but the resigned in early 1425, allegedly for health reasons. Vice President Ove Paprika replaced him, but he became a very unpopular president, mostly because the Treaty of Malagwi was considered too harsh despite the military effort, and because the country was in a deep economic depression. Hunger and unemployment was rampant, and the government soon proved unable to control the rising inflation. Paprika became the first Khokharsan president to be impeached, six months before the 1426 elections.

Eigil Umkhandi, the Moderate Party candidate was elected president in 1426, but he was unable to improve the economic situation. Ib Farfatter would run again as Liberal Party candidate, winning the 1429 elections by a landslide. Before him, noone had served more than ten years as president before. During Ib Farfatter's four term, the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth amendments were passed, increased the latter the presidential terms from three to five years. Farfatter, however, was defeated by General Gabriel Sakoa, who run as Moderate Party candidate, in 1432.

Sakoa became the longest serving president in Khokharsan history, serving from 1432 to 1447, after being reelected in 1437 and 1442. Sakoa was an authoritarian but very popular president, which had an important impact in this period of Khokharsan history known as Reconstruction Era, usually dated from the end of the war until 1457. This period of time is known for its social unrest and political instability, after Sakoa and until 1562 no Khokharsan president was able to win a reelection.

The consequences of the war imposed deep economic and demographic changes in the country. The integration of East Bocamo into Khokharsa proved a complicated process in the middle of economic troubles. The relations between Bocamian dominant ethnic group, the Maisogi, and the minor ethnic groups of the annexed kingdom increased racial tensions, while many in pre-war Khokharsa blamed the Bocamian peoples for the war. The Reconstruction Era aimed to solve all those problems, with not only the reconstruction of state and society, but the integration of the Bocamian peoples in the Khokharsan nation.

The fourteen amendment, passed during President Sakoa's second term, removed the constitutional clause which gave the citizenship from "oppressed Skathian nations" who decided to settle in Khorkharsan territory, setting the foundations of a concept of nation-state based on more conventional terms. This would be confirmed and expanded with the 1440 Naturalization Act. Sakoa also expanded voting rights. This decision would prove decisive in his second reelection in 1442.

While slavery and serfdom were abolished in the former lands of East Bocamo, the well-being of their inhabitants only improved slightly. Most of the lands were declared state property first, and they were soon sold to rich Khokharsans and, in some cases, to veteran Khokharsan military officers. Former slaves were forced to remain working in the same plantations under harsh conditions or moving to elsewhere facing high unemployment. Recent research has showed that salaries for agriculture workers in Khokharsa only raised from $0.22 to $0.31 in the twenty years after the war.

The End of the Federal Republic of Khokharsa

In 1462, Bryan Ravn became the first Liberal Party president to win a reelection since 1423. During his presidency, which was characterized by several corruption scandals, business-friendly legislation was passed, decreasing deregulation, and foreign investment increased considerably, mosty by Nylander companies, in the mining industry and in railroads construction.

The Moderate Party returned to power in 1467, which the election of Jakob Salomonsen. However, only ten months after President Salomonsen's inauguration, a sudden and deep financial crisis erupted, known as the Panic of 1468. The crisis had several underlying causes, including increasing inflation since the previous decade, rampant speculative investments (overwhelmingly in railroads), the demonetization of silver during President Ravn's last term, property losses in the Monrassa (1466) and Fotenburg (1468) fires, along other factors, put a massive strain on bank reserves, which plummeted in Nueva 1468, losing from 50% to 80% of its value.

As a consequence, the Monrassa Stock Exchange closed for twenty days starting 24 Nueva. By late 1468, about 40 of the nation's railroads had failed, another 30 went bankrupt by the first anniversary of the crisis. Construction of new rail lines, formerly one of the backbones of the economy, plummeted a 60% as soon as foreign investment started to reduce. The crisis triggered soon an economic depression. About 10,000 business failed between 1468 and 1470. Unemployment peaked in 1471 at 24.1%. Building construction was halted, wages were cut, real estate values fell and corporate profits vanished.

Poor economic conditions caused voters to turn against the Moderate Party. In the 1470 legislative elections, the Liberal Party regained control of both houses of the parliament. A year later, President Salomonsen barely survived impeachment. His popularity decreased while social tensions increased, and he did not run for reelection. Vice-president Gustav Black run as Moderate candidate, but he loses against the Liberal Party candidate, Egede Agbejovo, by a landslide in the 1472 presidential election.

President Egede Agbejovo, who had promised to increase investment and improve employment, failed to stabilize the economy. His government felt pressure to accept a loan agreement from the Nylander government, but imports kept decreasing. During his presidency, it was passed the controversial fifteenth amendment, removing the constitutional clause which banned non-Skathian to own land in Khokharsa. Despite Agbejovo's promises, corruption and inequality grew while the country was not able to end the depression.

The country economy would be able to return to economic growth again only by 1476, but then the political situation became increasingly unteneable for the government, with violent workers strikes and several states threatening with secesion. In Marth 1477, ten months before the presidential elections, military forces led by Lieutenant-Colonel Dirsch Onkqwe and General Gustav Wilke intervened, in a coup d'etat that lasted two days. President Agbejovo was able to flee to Nyland, while the rest of the government was arrested. General Wilke declared that the country was "close to a civil war" and the armed forces "had the duty to save the Federal Republic from a national disaser". Wilke suspended the 1477 presidential elections, declared the state of emergency in all the country, and announced the formation of a Military Supreme Council to took control of the federal government until social order was restored. Thousands of citizens were arrested and sent to prison without a trial, most of the constitutional freedoms were suspended, and all legislative bodies suspended, with the Military Supreme Council directly appointing governors.

General Wilke ruled as acting president until 1481, when he handed power to Dirsch Onkqwe. Before leaving power, General Wilke called a 122-member Legislative Assembly, although the Military Surpreme Council was reserved the right to veto any legislation passed by the new parliament. Despite claims of electoral fraud by the opposition, the pro-military National Party won a clear majority in the Legislative Assembly, and Dirsch Onkqwe was elected as president.

As President, Onkqwe took advantage of the improving economy to gain absolute power. In 1485, he forced through the legislatuve a new constitution, which was approved by plebiscite. The constitution praised Onkqwe and General Wilke (who had died in late 1484), and it granted the president sweeping powers to dissolve the legislature at will, to reorganize the judiciary, to appoint eleven senators, and to rule by decree when the legislature was not in session. Although Onkqwe implemented some reforms in infraestructure and administration, he brutally repressed the opposition, censored the press, and governed largely to benefit himself and a clique of businessmen and military officers. The new constitution established universal male suffrage for first time, however, although it was not clear if Onkqwe was willing to accept free and fair elections, and proclaimed the Social Republic of Khokharsa, also known as the Second Republic. The liberal Federal Republic of Khokharsa had ceased to exist.

The Second Republic

Dirsch Onkqwe remained president of the Social Republic of Khokharsa, also known as the Second Republic, until 1494. That year, he handed power over to Claus Calvino, the leader of the ruling National Party. Calvino became the first civilian president since the 1477 coup d'etat, but continued most of Onkqwe's policies. Calvino lost the confidence of the armed forces, however, and in 1499, he was forced to step down. He was replaced by Minister of Foreign Affairs Anker Bondam.

President Bondam, helped by an economic boom, passed some popular reforms, such as raising the salaries of civil servants, expanding the school system, and encouraging the establishment of rural cooperatives. Bondam's presidency was slightly less repressive than his predecessors, allowing a limited independent press and allowing labor unions to function, although they were not permitted to strike. He decided not to stand for reelection in 1504, however, as retired General Losse Vestager announced he was running for office, and Vestager was unofficially supported by Khokharsan financial and military elite. In the Septem 1504 election, Vestager was elected president, running as an independent candidate but being endorsed by the National Party.

Under Vestager's presidency, which lasted until 1511, Khokharsa made some improvements on its infraestructure, but most of these were financed largely by foreign loans, and corruption further increased during his presidency. He was replaced by Lars Niels, who was president from 1511 to 1514. Niels showed proof of not being a very competent leader. In Dein 1514, opposition politians, labor leaders, and their followers flocked to the street to demand Lars Niels' resignation. Although Niels declared martial law, a general strike shut down Monrassa, the capital of Khokharsa. As he lost soon the confidence of the army, Niels fled to Sequoia leaving the army with the task of restoring order.

Between Dein 1514 and Septem 1515, three provisional presidents held office during this interval: two resigned, Abidemi Arup and Ayo Iwogun, while the other, Oluwaseun Gade, was deposed by the army. Khokharsa held presidential elections in 1515, in which Martin Curth, who had the support of the armed forces, became the first president since 1481 not endorsed by the National Party. In the next year legislative election, Curth's followers took two-thirds of the parliament.

Martin Curth's seized companies owned by political rivals and imprisoned several opposition leaders, consolidating soon his power. His populist policies were popular but they had a negative economic impact of the country. After he nationalized several foreign companies, Nylander government suspended aid in 1519.

The Northern Skathian Border War

During the 1470s, tensions between Gehennan government and their northern colony, formerly known as West Bocamo, increased. In 1481, Gehennan authorities were forced to accept the resignation of Governor-Minister -head of government in charge of the colony- Alexander von Seipel, who was replaced by his deputy governor, Arthur Metternich, leader of the Conservative Party. Metternich became the colony's first Skathian-born leader, and the most popular politician for those Gehennan settlers agitating for more autonomy. In 1484, Metternich visited Nyköping, where Nylander Secretary of State promised him support if the Gehennan colony declared independence. A year later, a trade office was opened in Nyköping in order to co-ordinate breaking the anticipated sanctions in the event of a unilateral declaration of independence, and soon the office started to function as a de facto embassy.

In order to appease the colonial government, Gehennan government accepted legislative elections in West Bocamo, in which only Brigidnan settlers were given the right to vote. Arthur Metternich's political party won the legislative election by a landslide, and became the first and last First-Minister of West Bocamo. As soon as negotiations with Gehennan government failed in 1487, Metternich declared that the colony was legally entitled to independence, a claim that was overwhelmingly endorsed by registered voters in a referendum six months later.

Gehennan government denounced the colonial government as treasonous against the Gehennan crown, but rejected military intervention. On Septem 1488, Arthur Metternich issued an unilateral declaration of independence, which was passed by the colonial parliament. Gehenna imposed sanctions against West Bocamo, while Nyland and Batavia became the first government to recognize Metternich's government as sovereign nation. In 1491, Metternich proclaimed the Republic of Norther Skathia, after the colonial parliament passed a constitutional agreement which declared Metternich as first president of the Republic of Northern Skathia. He would remain in power until 1499, when he was replaced by Engelbert Aufschnaiter, the deputy leader of Metternich's Conservative Party, who had served as Minister of Defense since 1492.

The Social Republic of Khokharsa would only recognize the Republic of Northern Skathia in 1502, following pressure by the Nylander government on Bondam administration. Diplomatic relations between both countries remained tense until 1521, when President Martin Curth ended diplomatic relations, denouncing the Republic of Northern Skathia as a "racist and imperialist regime".

After a series of armed incidents along Northern Skathia-Khokharsa border in which several Northern Skathian soldiers were killed, on Nueva 1524, a large Khokharsan mechanized force entered the Bama region in Northern Skathia's territory, resulting in a firefight between Khokharsan soldiers and Northern Skathia soldiers and security police they encountered.

On Nueva 27, Northern Skathia, in what the local media described as "total war" policy, mobilized its forces for a full assault against Khokharsa. The fighting quickly escalated to exchanges of artillery and tank fire, leading to five weeks of intense fighting. Ground troops fought on five fronts. Nylander government, while increasing military supplies to Northern Skathia, called both sides to end the conflict and negotiate peace as soon as possible.

There was then a stalemate as both sides mobilized huge forces along their common border and dug extensive trenches. Despite the peace mediation efforts by Nylander and Sequoian governments, this situation extended until Marth 1525. The Nylander government proposed a six-point peace plan that called for withdrawal of both forces to pre-1524 borders. Northern Skathia refused, and instead demanded the demilitarization of the border, to be overseen by a neutral monitoring force.

On 10 Vintyr 1525, both parties agreed to a comprehensie peace agreement and binding arbitration of their disputes under the Nyköping Agreement. Seven months later, both government signed an armistice and talks for a final peace agreement were started.

Khokharsan Civil War

The conflict between Northern Skathia and Khokharsa weakened President Martin Curth's government, who was forced to step down in 1528. He was replaced by Henrik Soya. However, the choice of Soya was not popular, as he was Khokharsan representative during peace talks with the Republic of Northern Skathia, and he was assassinated ten months later by his own bodyguard. Pral Bankye, became acting president. However, his government only lasted twenty days.

Bankye was deposed in a coup d'etat that took place during the early hours of 4 Septem 1529. Troops of the Khokharsan Armed Forces supported by tanks and commanded by various members of the armed forces sealed off several strategic sites in Monrassa. Several government officials were abducted and imprisoned. Despite the seizure of police buildings in the coup, the police did not resist the military and even cooperated with them.

Lieutenant-Colonel Morten Carlsen announced that the government had been deposed "for their treasonous policies and shameless corruption", and denounced the oppression of the workers and peasants by the greedy elite. He also explained that although the government that had been overthrown was inept and corrupt not all of its members were criminals, calling citizens to cooperate with the new authorities, and announcing that a "National Revolutionary Council" would take power.

Carlsen's National Revolutionary Council dissolved the parliament and the supreme court, suspending the constitution and declaring martial law. Colonel-Lieutenant Morten Carlsen was a self-declared nationalist, and it was later rumoured that he had been an informant of Severyane intelligence even one year before the coup. Government officials from the regime, including several military officers, were wary of Morten Carlsen's motivations, and opposed the new government, starting the Khokharsan Civil war, which lasted a decade (1529-1540).

The eleven-year war can be divided roughly into three periods of major fighting -from 1529 to 1532, 1533 to 1534, and from 1535 to 1540 (the latter officially known as "Khokharsan Revolutionary War"), with fragile periods of peace. The Khokharsan Civil War was notable due to the combination of Khokharsa's violent internal dynamics and foreign intervention. The war became a proxy war, as the Nylander government, the Republic of Northern Skathia, Severyane, and their allies, provided military assistance to parties in the conflict. Since Marth 1535, the civil turned into a direct military confrontation between the Republic of Northern Skathia and the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa.

By the time the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa achieved victory in 1540, more than 400,000 people had died and over two million had been internally displaced. The war devastated Khokharsa's western regions infraestructure and the economy would not recover until the early 1580s.

The Democratic Republic of Khokharsa

The National Revolutionary Council, in essence a military junta, took over all the duties of the state after the coup, including the presidency, parliament, and council of ministers. The country was renamed the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa, also known as the Third Republic, and a political purge took place; political parties were banned, former ministers and military officers of the old regime were sentenced to lengthy prison or death penalty sentences, and dissidents were persecuted.

In 1530, Carlsen declared Khokharsa to be a socialist state and set upon the "socialization" of the country, essentially a grand scheme to nationalize the econonomy, implement a radical agrarian reform, and create a one-party state. Carlsen, as Chairman of the National Revolutionary Council, became the de facto head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and military spending increased with the help of Severyane which provided large volumes of equipment and trainers. Relations between both countries furthern strengthened after the Friendship Treaty of Zylnka was signed in 1534.

Morten Carlsen cultivated a cult of personality throughout his 22 years of rule. The National Revolutionary Council was dissolved in 1535, replaced by a National Council of Ministers, the year that a constitution was passed establishing a socialist regime. Rasmus Dam was President of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa from 1532 to 1542, although it was a rather honorary title during Carlsen's rule, who became president in 1542.

The Khokharsan Communist Party, officially established in 1533, became the ruling and only legal political party. Morten Carlsen's rule was described as "increasingly totalitarian" by human rights organizations, with human rights abuses becoming endemic in Khokharsa. The Nylander Human Rights Association wrote in 1541 that "Carlsen's regime could be considered one with the worst human rights records in Skathia", with the Carlsen regime persecuting and torturing political dissidents.

The Khokharsan Revolutionary War

The Khokharsan Revolutionary War, also known as Second Northern Skathian War or the Northern Skathian Revolutionary War, is how it is known the last phase of the Khokharsan Civil War, usually dated from 1535 to 1540, and resulted with Khokharsan victory and the annexation of the Republic of Northern Skathia.

By 1538, Nylander government, under a new administration, had disengaged from the Khokharsan Civil War, favouring a diplomatic solution. The war would not end until late 1540, when Severyane accepted to remove their naval base in the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa, and Khokharsan government accepted that progressive factions of the Republic of Northern Skathia were integrated into the Khokharsan government.

Following the Peace of Amarune (1540), a general amnesty was declared, except for 20 Northern Skathian officials who were granted asylum in Nyland. From 1541 to 1559, it was established the Autonomous Republic of Northern Bocamo, which was integrated into the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa in early 1560.

Post-war

After the war, Khokharsan would continue another eleven years under Morten Carlsen's totalitarian rule. This period is often called as "Second Restoration", in reference to the 1425-1457 period after the Second Bocamo-Khokharsan War, although this time toward communist lines. In 1544, Morten Carlsen launched a large political purge which resulted in the execution of at least 10,000 people, including former President Rasmus Dam.

However, the priority of the government policy during those years was to recover the economy, which was partially achieved through economic assistance and humanitarian aid from Severyane. Despite this efforts, the GDP per capita would not reach the levels of 1528 until 1579.

By 1545, all national industry was nationalized and the great majority of farmers were organized into high-level cooperatives. In former Republic of Northern Skathia, howeveer, the collectivization movement was much slower to be implemented. Although the agrarian reform did not find many obstacles in the former Gehennan colony as most of the landowners and thousands of ethnic Brigidnans decided to flee the country in the last months of the war, the collectivization movement was much slower to be implemented. By the time of Carlsen's death in 1551, more than 90% of farmers in Khokharsa were organized into cooperatives; by contrast only 10% percent of farmers in Northern Skathia -renamed as Northern Bocamo- were members of cooperatives. Collectivization efforts notwithstanding, the family farm became the basis of agriculture in northwestern Khokharsa.

Political reforms

After Morten Carlsen's death in 1551, he was officially replaced by Premier Knud Milius. A power struggle in the ranks of the Khokharsan Communist Party, with Ayo Siadanshe becominng General Secretary of the Khokharsan Communist Party in the Fifth Congress in 1554. Knud Milius was forced to step down, and an unofficial triumvirate formed by Siadanshe, Valdemar Wichfeld and Primo Madsen took power. Wichfeld replaced Milius as President of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa, with Primo Madsen becoming Minister of Defense and, after 1557, Premier of the Council of Ministers.

They introduced very limited political reforms, as the country remained under one-party rule, while the economic policy was focused to modernize and industrialize the economy. After the Sixth party congress in 1560, Morten Carlsen's cult of personality was slowly abandoned, and Rasmus Dam was rehabilitated, although Morten Carlsen remained as "Father of Socialist Khokharsa".

Primo Madsen's leadership

In 1562, Valdemar Wichfeld step down as President of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa, being replaced by Kayode Blixen. After the 1565 party congress, Ayo Siadanshe resigned and Benedict Dacian became General Secretary.

As senior member of the government, Premier Primo Madsen become the de facto leader of the country. During the Eighth party congress in 1570, the Khokharsan Communist Party was renamed as Socialist Democratic Party of Khokharsa, and three years later, a new constitution was established.

During Primo Madsen's leadership, Khokharsan government aimed to improve relations with many non-socialist countries, including the Nylander republic.

Kayode Blixen's presidency

Primo Madsen resigned as Premier in 1576, although the remained chairman of the Military Council, serving as commander-in-chief of the Khokharsan Armed Forces, until 1579.

Kayode Blixen, who had been president since 1562, became the effective leader of the party, following Madsen's retirement, as head of state of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa.

After 1582, Khokharsan government introduced important economic and administrative reforms aimed to improve the productivity of the national economy. After the Tenth congress in 1583, Khokharsan's economic resources were mobilized to better satisfy consumer demand by providing a more extensive assortment of consumer goods. Some economic reform measures were introduced to integrate market mechanisms into the framework of Khokharsa's socialist economy.

Today

Kayode Blixen resigned as chairman of the Military Council in 1590, although he remained President of the Republic of Khokharsa until 1594. As General Secretary since 1565, and commander-in-chief following Blixen's resignation, Benedict Dacian was expected to become the next President of the Republic of Khokharsa. However, Per Madsen -late Primo Madsen's son- was surprisingly appointed President of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa.

In 1595, Dacian, aged 80, resigned as General Secretary, Awadh Maathay replacing him four month later.

Geography

Khokharsa is the third largest country in Skathia. It is comparable in size to Sequoia, or twice the size of Gehenna or Valland. It lies mostly between lattitutes 20° and 33°S, and longitutes 22° and 40°E. Khokharsa is bordered by Bisica to the northeast, Central Tambossa to the south, and the Mandavine Sea, in the Gulf of Bisica, to the north. Khokharsa capital, Monrassa, is on the east, not far from the central region of the country.

• Geography of Khokharsa
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  Akama beach in the Erakawon Islands.

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  Hakemburgan on the northwestern coast of Khokharsa.

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  Fakame Falls, Khame River on the border of Khokharsa and Central Tambossa.

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  Green Rocks at Makaagi near Nowuro.

Climate

Khokharsa has a tropical climate with two seasons, a wet season from Dein to Marth and a dry season from Quartyr to Nueva. Climatic conditions, however, vary depending on altitude. Rainfall is heavy along the coast and decreases in the southern and central regions. Annual precipitation varies from 500 to 900 mm (19.7 to 35.4 in) depending on the region, with an average of 590 mm (23.2 in). Cyclones are common during the wet season. Average temperature ranges in Monrassa are from 13 to 24 °C (55.4 to 75.2 °F) on Dein and from 22 to 31 °C (71.6 to 87.8 °F) on Nueva.

There are known to be 1,321 bird species in Khokharsa, including 50 globally threatened species and sixty introduced species, and over 200 mammal species endemic to Khokharsa, including the critically endangered Tambossan zebra and 13 other endangered or vulnerable species.

Protected areas of Khokharsa include sixty-four forest reserves, twenty-two national parks, eleven nature reserves, fourteen frontier conservation areas and seven wildlife or game reserves.

Governance and politics

The politics of Khokharsa are defined by a single-party socialist republic framework, where the General Secretary of the Socialist Democratic Party of Khokharsa is the Party leader and head of the High Political Committee, holding the highest position in the one-party system. The President of the Democratic Republic of Khokharsa is the head of state, and the Premier of the Council of Ministers is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the President and the Council of Ministers. Legislative power is vested in the People's Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive.

The President is elected by the People's Assembly for a five-year term and acts as the commander-in-chief of the Khokharsan People's Armed Forces and the Chairman of the State Security Council. The Council of Ministers or national government, the main executive state power of Khokharsa, is headed by the Premier, who has several Deputy Prime Ministers and several ministers in charge of particular activities. The executive branch is responsible for the implementation of political, economic, cultural, social, national defense, security and external activities of the state. The People's Assembly is an unicameral legislative body. The People's Assembly has 600 members, elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The legislature is, according to the constitution, the highest organ of the state. Its powers includes the enactment and amendment of the constitution and laws; the adoption of the government budget; supervising the national government and other holders of public powers responsible to the parliament; and appointing members of the judiciary.

The Democratic Republic of Khokharsa has a judicial system governed by the Constitution of Khokharsa and national legislation enacted by the People's Assembly. The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in Khokharsa.

State ideology

Khokharsa is a socialist republic with a one-party system led by the Socialist Democratic Party of Khokharsa. Formerly known as the Communist Party of Khokharsa, the ruling Socialist Democratic Party of Khokharsa espouses an official ideology which combines influences of Perovism, Pan-Skathian nationalism, and Martin Carlsen thought, the thoughts of the late Morten Carlsen. This ideological hybrid function as a firm ideological basis and serve as guidance for the activities of the Party and state. According to the Constitution, Khokharsa is "in the period of transition to socialism".

Perovism was introduced in Khokharsa in 1533, when the Communist Party of Khokharsa was established, and since then, Khokharsan culture has been led under the banner of patriotism and socialism. The Socialist Democratic Party of Khokharsa also claims to the ideological heir of the anti-slave revolt of 1349, which established the Equatorial Skathian Commonwealth - later renamed as Khokharsan Federal Republic, which existed between 1382 and 1485. Between 1539 and 1570, Morten Carlsen Thought -remained the official ideology of the Party and state. Morten Carlsen Thought -based on the speech and revolutionary policies of Morten Carlsen, Khokharsan leader from 1529 to 1551- is believed to have systematised by Oye Karume, who was General Secretary of the Communist Party of Khokharsa from 1536 to 1542.

In 1570, the Communist Party of Khokharsa was renamed as Socialist Democratic Party and in 1573, a new constitution was established, proclaiming that the State represented the "workers, peasants, and intellectuals". Since then, under the leadership of Benedict Dacian -the General Secretary of the Party from 1565 to 1595-, the influence of Perovism and Morten Carlsen Thought decreased as political and economic reforms were introduced. In the 1595 Party Congress, the official ideology was renamed as "Skathian socialism", and most Perovist references were removed, replacing them with a broader ideology which placed more emphasis on nationalism, developmentalism, and anti-colonialism.

Demographics

Languages

The two official languages of Khokharsa are Oslanburgan and Skathian Creole. Oslanburgan is the principal written and adminstratively authorized language (as well as the main language of the press) and is spoken by more than half of Khokharsan citizens. It is traditionally spoken by all educated Khokharsans, is the medium of instruction in most schools, and is used in the business sector. It is also often used in ceremonial events as weddings, graduations and church events. However, the language is widely used in the northern regions and the capital city, Monrassa, and it is more rare in the southern and western regions.

Skathian Creole, which has undergone a standardization in recent decades, is spoken by virtually the entire population of Khokharsa, with the main exception of the northwestern provinces. Skathian Creole is an Oslanburgan-based creole language. Its vocabulary is 80-90% derived from Oslanburgan, but its grammar resembles that of some Northern Skathian languages. It also has minor influences from Castlian and Geinic.

The usage of, and education in, Skathian Creole has been contentious since at least the 15th century: where some Khokharsan viewed modern standard Oslanburgan as a legacy of colonialism, Skathian Creole was maligned by Oslanburgan-speaking elites as miseducated or poor person's Oslanburgan. Until the mid-16th century, Khokharsan politicians often spoke only standard Oslanburgan to their fellow citizens, and util the 1560s, all instruction at Khokharsan elementary schools was in modern standard Oslanburgan, a second language to most of the stendts.

As well as Oslanburgan language and Skathian Creole, there are another 16 languages which are recognized as regional languages and they have a protected status. Although they are not used in the administration, their native speakers have the right to contact with their administration in their native language, and some of them are taught in local schools.