Difference between revisions of "Ghaznavid Empire"

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{{Infobox former country
 
{{Infobox former country
 
|native_name            = <!-- Name in a modern syntax of native language(s). Leave blank if name is only in English.
 
|native_name            = <!-- Name in a modern syntax of native language(s). Leave blank if name is only in English.
 
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|conventional_long_name = Sayyib Empire
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|conventional_long_name = Ghaznavid Empire
 
|common_name            = <!-- Name to be used in constructing links and category names; not for display -->
 
|common_name            = <!-- Name to be used in constructing links and category names; not for display -->
 
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<!-- only fill in the start/end event entry if a specific article exists. Don't just say "abolition" or "declaration" -->
 
<!-- only fill in the start/end event entry if a specific article exists. Don't just say "abolition" or "declaration" -->
 
|event_start            = <!-- Default: "Established" -->
 
|event_start            = <!-- Default: "Established" -->
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|date_start            = <!-- 283
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|date_start            = 1016
 
|year_start            = <!-- Year of establishment -->
 
|year_start            = <!-- Year of establishment -->
 
|event_end              = <!-- Default: "Disestablished" -->
 
|event_end              = <!-- Default: "Disestablished" -->
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|date_end              = 1016
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|date_end              = 1324
 
|year_end              = <!-- Year of disestablishment -->
 
|year_end              = <!-- Year of disestablishment -->
 
|year_exile_start      = <!-- Year of start of exile (if dealing with exiled government: status="Exile") -->
 
|year_exile_start      = <!-- Year of start of exile (if dealing with exiled government: status="Exile") -->
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|date_post              =  
 
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|p1                    = Umirid Empire
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|p1                    = Sayyib Empire
 
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|flag_p1                = <!-- Default: "Flag of {{{p1}}}.svg" (size 30) -->
 
|image_p1              = <!-- Use: [[File:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] -->
 
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|p5                    =  
 
|p5                    =  
 
|flag_p5                =  
 
|flag_p5                =  
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|s1                    = Tumayid Empire
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|s1                    = Khanid
 
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|flag_s1                = <!-- Default: "Flag of {{{s1}}}.svg" (size 30) -->
 
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|image_s1              = <!-- Use: [[File:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] -->
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|s2                    = Wadyiah
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|s2                    = Zargistan
 
|flag_s2                =  
 
|flag_s2                =  
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|s3                    =  
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|s3                    = Aricca
 
|flag_s3                =  
 
|flag_s3                =  
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|s4                    =  
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|s4                    = Mithrania
 
|flag_s4                =  
 
|flag_s4                =  
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|s5                    =  
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|s5                    = Qenderi Commonwealth
 
|flag_s5                =  
 
|flag_s5                =  
 
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The '''Sayyib Empire''' was a successor state of the [[Umirid Empire]], and which existed from 283 to 1016.  
+
The '''Ghaznavid Empire''', a successor state of the [[Sayyib Empire]], was a shortly lived Akhadic state which existed from 1016 to 1324.  
  
  
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==History==
 
==History==
  
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Following the collapse of the Umirid Empire, forces loyal to Sayyib, a nephew of late Saban II, and former governor in Kirliköy province, took Ashkabad, the capital city of the Umirid Empire.  
+
In 1009 started a long civil war which resulted in the collapse of the Sayyib Empire. In 1014 the armies of Ghaznavid and Tosun, two military leaders of the Sayyib army, marched to the Sayyib capital city of Izma. In 1016, Ghaznavid was proclaimed as ruler, a date which unofficially is considered as the start of the Ghaznavid Empire.
  
−
Sayyib proclaimed himself "Derebeyi bal-Sadik", claiming to be the political and spiritual leader of all Akhadic believers, as legitimate successor of the last Umirid monarch. However, this claim was not accepted by all factions and successor states of the Umirid Empire, notably rejected by the Asirian Kingdom (which would be eventually renamed as Asirian Empire a few centuries later).
+
In 1019, Hassan, governor of Wadyin, proclaimed himself "Rashidun" (meaning "Rightly Guided"), establishing the Kingdom of Wadyiah.  
  
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The Sayyib Empire was at the peak of its power during the 6th and 7th centuries, when its territories comprised much of today [[Kyzbekistan]], [[Zargistan]], [[Aricca]], [[Mithrania]], northern Gallia, [[Khanid]], and [[Wadyiah]].  
+
The Ghaznavid Empire was not able to revive the past glories of the Umirid Empire and the Sayyib Empire, and was marked by constant social unrest, religious tensions, and territorial losses to its main rivals, the A'Sirian and Mestran monarchies.
  
−
However, after the Battle of Antalya (881) against the Mestran armies, the Sayyib Empire would enter in a period of decadence which would result in its final collapse in the early 11th century.
+
Unlike the Umirid and Sayyib Empires, the Ghaznavid monarch did not claim for himself the title "Derebeyi bal-Sadik", or political and spiritual leader of all Akhadic believers.
  
 +
In 1298, a coalition of Mestran and Arberian armies crossed the Turhan river, cutting access for the Ghaznavid government to the holy city of [[Selnas]]. Although they withdrew seven years later, the event would throw the empire into a deep and long political and social crisis which would result in the start of the Orhan revolution in 1324 and the final collapse of the Ghaznavid Empire in 1329.
  
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==Government==
 
  
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There is an ongoing debate on what extent the Sayyib Empire was a continuation of the Umirid Empire. Some claim that despite the collapse of the Umirid Empire in the late 3rd century, the machinery of the state was pretty much intact, and Sayyib and his successors were a simply continuation of the Umirid Empire. Historian Durul Ustyar (1521-1599) went as far as declaring that it "could be said that the Umirid Empire lasted eighteen centuries, until 1016" (the date when the Sayyib Empire collapsed). Others claimed that the Sayyib Empire could be rather understood as a creation of the Doğu tribes -from which Sayyib and his successor were related-, while other authors simply point to the differences between both states.
+
===The Orhan Revolution===
  
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Although officially an absolute monarchy, the Sayyib Empire, even at the peak of its glory, was much more weaker and decentralized that the Umirid Empire. Tensions and revolts between the different factions of the Sayyib Empire often allowed the Imperial Kural to force the hand of the monarch on many issues.
+
A revolt started by Orhan, governor of Izmabhan, about the Ghaznavid monarch decision to move the capital city to Karna, would result in a civil war in which several factions would contest the government authority. Support for the revolution came from people of diverse backgrounds, with almost all levels of society supporting armed opposition to Ghaznavid rule. This was specially pronounced among Akhadic believers of non-Askhedi descent, though several Askhedi groups, specially the Jawadi and Cenken tribes,resented Ghaznavid rule and centralized authority. Akhadic Zokukyar believers supported efforts to overthrow the central government, as did other religious minorities.
  
 +
There was a short-lived experience of constitutional government in Antayla (1325-1327). A constitutional assembly was elected, led by Demir Cemil -former minister under Mehmet IV-, aimed to reform the Ghaznavid Empire into a constitutional monarchy. However, the constitutional government was crushed by rival factions in 1327, which accelerated the dissolution of the Ghaznavid Empire.
  
−
===Law===
+
The revolution essentially marked the end of the era of the Akhadic empires and the beginning of nation-states and the modern era in the Akhadic Near East. Remembered as one of the most important revolutions during the early modern era, it resulted in the creation of the Kingdoms of Khanid and Zargistan.
  
−
Akhadism was the official religion in the Sayyib Empire, and Zokuk or religious law was the basis of all legislation.
 
−
 
−
However, the judiciary under the Sayyib Empire focused less on theological doctrine or legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions in the areas they administered. However, the court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor.
 
−
 
−
In the late 9th century, the Sayyib Empire legal system saw substantial reforms. The Great Akhadic Council was abolished in 901, and specefic civic codes and land codes were promulgated by the Imperial Kural.
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
===Military===
 
−
 
−
The expansion of the Sayyib Empire in the 6th century, increased the influence and power of the military leadership.
 
−
 
−
In order to reduce the power of local governors and noble military officers, the Sayyib Empire monarch increasingly relied in the ''Bazakeri'', elite infantry units which were originally of Kyrzbek background, and formed the monarch's household troops, bodyguards, and participated in numerous military campigns. Forbidden to marry or engage in trade, their complete loyalty to the monarch was expected.
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
===Administrative divisions===
 
−
 
−
The Sayyib Empire was first subdivided into provinces, with governors appointed by the Sayyib monarch.
 
−
 
−
 
−
==Economy==
 
−
 
−
Sayyib Empire deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Askhabad, Takar, Ishanbal, Agribha, and Izma, successive Sayyib capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres. The Sayyib Empire's economy greatly expanded during the early modern period, with particularly high growth rates during first half of the sixth century. The empire's annual income quadrupled between 521 and 698, adjusted for inflation.
 
−
 
−
Slavery was still part of Sayyib society, with most slaves employed as domestic servants. Agricultural slavery was relatively rare. Unlike system of chattel slavery, slaves under Akhadic slaves were not regarded as movable property, but kept basic, though limited, rights, which gave them a degree of protection against abuse. Despite criticism of the Akhadic clergy, members of the royal house were often personally involved in the bought of female slaves for the royal court.
 
−
 
−
 
−
==Demographics==
 
−
 
−
==Language==
 
−
 
−
Askhadi language was the official and administrative language of the Sayyib Empire.
 
−
 
−
Özkan II proscribed Asirian language in 821, as he considered Asirians a fifth column for the rival Asirian Empire.
 
−
 
−
 
−
==Religion==
 
−
 
−
Akhadism was the official religion, and religious law was the base of all legislation.
 
−
 
−
Umur I the Wise promoted Bukh'a Akhadism as the official Akhadic denomination in the 5th century, in order to curb the influence and power of the Akhadic clergy. Clergymen and scholars from the Zokukyar and other Akhadic schools were persecuted, although this religious persecution was relaxed from the late 6th century.
 
  
 +
==See also==
 +
* [[Akhadism]]
 +
* [[Umirid Empire]]
 +
* [[Sayyib Empire]]
 +
* [[Khanid]]
 +
* [[Zargistan]]
 +
* [[Aricca]]
  
  
  
−
==See also==
 
−
* [[Akhadism]]
 
−
* [[Umirid Empire]]
 
−
* [[Umirid Empire]]
 
  
  

Latest revision as of 16:35, 12 July 2019

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The Ghaznavid Empire, a successor state of the Sayyib Empire, was a shortly lived Akhadic state which existed from 1016 to 1324.


History

In 1009 started a long civil war which resulted in the collapse of the Sayyib Empire. In 1014 the armies of Ghaznavid and Tosun, two military leaders of the Sayyib army, marched to the Sayyib capital city of Izma. In 1016, Ghaznavid was proclaimed as ruler, a date which unofficially is considered as the start of the Ghaznavid Empire.

In 1019, Hassan, governor of Wadyin, proclaimed himself "Rashidun" (meaning "Rightly Guided"), establishing the Kingdom of Wadyiah.

The Ghaznavid Empire was not able to revive the past glories of the Umirid Empire and the Sayyib Empire, and was marked by constant social unrest, religious tensions, and territorial losses to its main rivals, the A'Sirian and Mestran monarchies.

Unlike the Umirid and Sayyib Empires, the Ghaznavid monarch did not claim for himself the title "Derebeyi bal-Sadik", or political and spiritual leader of all Akhadic believers.

In 1298, a coalition of Mestran and Arberian armies crossed the Turhan river, cutting access for the Ghaznavid government to the holy city of Selnas. Although they withdrew seven years later, the event would throw the empire into a deep and long political and social crisis which would result in the start of the Orhan revolution in 1324 and the final collapse of the Ghaznavid Empire in 1329.


The Orhan Revolution

A revolt started by Orhan, governor of Izmabhan, about the Ghaznavid monarch decision to move the capital city to Karna, would result in a civil war in which several factions would contest the government authority. Support for the revolution came from people of diverse backgrounds, with almost all levels of society supporting armed opposition to Ghaznavid rule. This was specially pronounced among Akhadic believers of non-Askhedi descent, though several Askhedi groups, specially the Jawadi and Cenken tribes,resented Ghaznavid rule and centralized authority. Akhadic Zokukyar believers supported efforts to overthrow the central government, as did other religious minorities.

There was a short-lived experience of constitutional government in Antayla (1325-1327). A constitutional assembly was elected, led by Demir Cemil -former minister under Mehmet IV-, aimed to reform the Ghaznavid Empire into a constitutional monarchy. However, the constitutional government was crushed by rival factions in 1327, which accelerated the dissolution of the Ghaznavid Empire.

The revolution essentially marked the end of the era of the Akhadic empires and the beginning of nation-states and the modern era in the Akhadic Near East. Remembered as one of the most important revolutions during the early modern era, it resulted in the creation of the Kingdoms of Khanid and Zargistan.


See also

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