Difference between revisions of "Ghaznavid Empire"
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| − | The '''Ghaznavid Empire''', a successor state of the [[ | + | The '''Ghaznavid Empire''', a successor state of the [[Sayyib Empire]], was a shortly lived Akhadic state which existed from 1016 to 1324. |
Latest revision as of 15:35, 12 July 2019
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The Ghaznavid Empire, a successor state of the Sayyib Empire, was a shortly lived Akhadic state which existed from 1016 to 1324.
History
In 1009 started a long civil war which resulted in the collapse of the Sayyib Empire. In 1014 the armies of Ghaznavid and Tosun, two military leaders of the Sayyib army, marched to the Sayyib capital city of Izma. In 1016, Ghaznavid was proclaimed as ruler, a date which unofficially is considered as the start of the Ghaznavid Empire.
In 1019, Hassan, governor of Wadyin, proclaimed himself "Rashidun" (meaning "Rightly Guided"), establishing the Kingdom of Wadyiah.
The Ghaznavid Empire was not able to revive the past glories of the Umirid Empire and the Sayyib Empire, and was marked by constant social unrest, religious tensions, and territorial losses to its main rivals, the A'Sirian and Mestran monarchies.
Unlike the Umirid and Sayyib Empires, the Ghaznavid monarch did not claim for himself the title "Derebeyi bal-Sadik", or political and spiritual leader of all Akhadic believers.
In 1298, a coalition of Mestran and Arberian armies crossed the Turhan river, cutting access for the Ghaznavid government to the holy city of Selnas. Although they withdrew seven years later, the event would throw the empire into a deep and long political and social crisis which would result in the start of the Orhan revolution in 1324 and the final collapse of the Ghaznavid Empire in 1329.
The Orhan Revolution
A revolt started by Orhan, governor of Izmabhan, about the Ghaznavid monarch decision to move the capital city to Karna, would result in a civil war in which several factions would contest the government authority. Support for the revolution came from people of diverse backgrounds, with almost all levels of society supporting armed opposition to Ghaznavid rule. This was specially pronounced among Akhadic believers of non-Askhedi descent, though several Askhedi groups, specially the Jawadi and Cenken tribes,resented Ghaznavid rule and centralized authority. Akhadic Zokukyar believers supported efforts to overthrow the central government, as did other religious minorities.
There was a short-lived experience of constitutional government in Antayla (1325-1327). A constitutional assembly was elected, led by Demir Cemil -former minister under Mehmet IV-, aimed to reform the Ghaznavid Empire into a constitutional monarchy. However, the constitutional government was crushed by rival factions in 1327, which accelerated the dissolution of the Ghaznavid Empire.
The revolution essentially marked the end of the era of the Akhadic empires and the beginning of nation-states and the modern era in the Akhadic Near East. Remembered as one of the most important revolutions during the early modern era, it resulted in the creation of the Kingdoms of Khanid and Zargistan.
