Hoinomese Civil War

The Hoinomese Civil War is an ongoing multi-sided armed conflict in the Imperial Kingdom of Hôinom fought between the Hôinomese government, along with its allies, and various forces opposing both the monarchist government and each other in varying combinations.

The unrest in Hôinom grew out of disconent with the central government as consequence of severe drought and floods which resulted in the dead of thousands of peasants, and escalated to an armed conflict after protests were violently suppressed. The war is being fought by several factions: the Imperial Kingdom of Hôinom with Empress Hông as head of state, several far-right monarchist factions, anti-monarchist and revolutionary factions, and the separatist Bhmer rebels in the north, with a number of countries in the region and beyond being either directly involved or providing support to one or another faction.

International organizations have accused the Hoinomese government, opposition rebel groups, and the Bhmer separatists of severe human rights violations and massacres. The conflict has caused a refugee crisis. Over the course of the war, a number of peace initiatives have been launched, but fighting continues.

Background

Hôinom became an independent country in 1510 following centuries of Oslanburgan rule. Monarchy was reinstated in 1519, and following a coup d'etat shortly afterwards, an absolute monarchy was imposed with Lâm Thâng Duông as Emperor of Hôinôm. Under Emperor Nguyên, there was a popular uprising in the late 1540s, which was crushed by the military and pro-monarchist groups. Upon Emperor Nguyên's death 1557, his wife Xuân was proclaimed Regent. This period was dominated by military centralization, corruption, but also industrial modernization and economic growth. In 1568, Nguyên's only daughter, Hông, was crowned as Empress of the Imperial Kingdom of Hôinôm at the age of 16.

Protests in 1579, led to the appointment of moderate Prime Minister Bûi Quang An, who promulgated some liberal reforms and called for the first national parliamentary elections in sixty years. Empress Hông promised that she will sign any constitutional draft passed by the parliament, but after the fall of the election of a righ-wing monarchist majority in the national assembly -which reserved 1/3 of the seats for the nobility and military leadership- and fall of Bûi Quang An's government in 1582, this promise was never put into practice. Under Prime Minister Quang Công Quang, many of the reforms during Bûi Quang An's government were unconcluded or even rejected, although parliamentary activity continued, and a new right-wing majority was reelected in the 1587 election, in which electoral fraud was denounced by opposition groups.

Beligerents

Hoinomese government forces

Armed Forces of Hôinôm

Before the conflict broke out, the Imperial Armed Forces were estimated at 240,000 regular troops and 180,000 reservists. Following defections as early as early 1590, it was estimated that tens of thousands of soldier had defected, specially in the separatist northern provinces. After the coup d'etat on 9 Dein 1590, most Hoinomese military units, excepting in Nam Dinh and Bùc Trông, had joined the coup d'etat by General Lê Công Thuân and other members of the military leadership. General Lê established a de facto military dictatorship although without officially abolishing the monarchy.

Nam Dinh government

After the 9 Dein 1590 coup d'etat, the legitimate government of the Imperial Kingdom of Hôinôm lost control of most part of the country, establishing its de facto capital in Nam Dinh. Most foreign governments recognized Nam Dinh government as the legitimate government in Hôinôm.

Hoinomese insurgency

Committee of Local and Regional Councils

Formed in Vintyr 1589, the Committee of Local and Regional Councils is a coalition of local insurgency governments. By early 1592, the Committee of Local and Regional Councils officially proclaimed to seek the end of the end of Hoinomese monarchy and the establishment of a democratic republic. The Committee was early dominated by the Hoinomese Nationalist Party, and other democratic forces, although it was joined later by other political parties such as the Communist Party of Hôinôm, the Republican Party, the Revolutionary Party, and a few independent members. Divided in several factions, the power and influence of the Committee of Local and Regional Councils is limited, however, as local insurgent councils and military commanders are said to have control of the territory under insurgent forces, although the Committee still operates as the insurgent official government regarding the international comunity.

Tay Lanh government

The Democratic Republic of Hôinôm, also known as Tay Lahn government, was established in Marth 1592. Tay Lahn, in eastern Hôinôm, was one of the first cities when protests started and insurgency was able to defeat government forces. Local insurgents joined the Committee of Local and Regional Councils by relations between both started to become tense after Tolven 1591. Between Vintyr 1591 and Dosa 1592, there was fighting between insurgent forces loyal to the Committe of Local and Regional Councils and those loyal to Tay Lanh. On 24 Marth 1592, Tay Lahn People's Assembly proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Hôinôm. Lâ Vân Quân, a former member of the Hoinomese Nationalist Party, was announced as president two days later. Tay Lanh government is said to be the insurgent faction closer to Tieguonese government.

Hoinomese People's Resistance

The Hoinomese People's Resistance was formed in northern Hôinôm in 1594. They are an armed group, aimed to replace the monarchy for some kind of democratic republic. As they support Bhmer minority right to self-determination, and they appeared in an area controlled by Tieguo Armed Forces only a few months after Tieguonese ground forces withdrawal from Hôinôm territory, they are considered the most pro-Tieguo of all Hoinomese rebel groups, and often military and politically associated with the Bhmer insurgency.

Bhmer separatists

On Tolven 1589, a rebellion by Bhmer separatist forces, later joined by former members of the Hoinomese security forces who defected to the Bhmer insurgency, started in Northern Hôinôm. On 6 Alvan 1590, a "Bhmer Democratic Republic" was proclaimed in Thung Giàu, northern Hôinôm. The Bhmer Democratic Republic aimed to be recognized as an independent sovereign state, although it has failed to received recognition by the international community - only the Tieguonese government opened unofficial diplomatic relations with the Bhmer government. The Bhmer Democratic Republic is led by the Bhmer Political Movement, although it is supported by other Bhmer separatist forces, such as the Bhmer People's Party. The Bhmer government heavily relies in help from Tieguo, although the real nature of the relationship between Bhmer separatist and Tieguonese government is disputed.

Foreign involvement

Several factions of the Hoinomese Civil War have received support, militarily and diplomatically, from foreign countries. Most Southern Ostaran countries have recognized the Hoinomese government, and following the Dein 1590 coup d'etat, the Nam Dinh government as the sole legitimate government of Hôinôm. The Hoinomese government have received diplomatic, humanitarian, political and logicistic support from several countries, although those contributions reduced since further Tieguonese intervention in the conflict.

Hoinomese insurgency and Bhmer separatists have received humanitarian, logistic and military support by the Tieguonese government. Although Tieguonese government has denied such claim, declaring that his support has limited to humanitarian aid, and that Tieguonese military intervention was aimed to defend and protect the Tieguo-Hôinôm border, not to support any faction in the war. Local reports have reported Tieguonese forces fighting in Hôinôm even before formal Tieguonese ground intervention, but Tieguonese government openly denied such claims.

Hoinomese insurgency is also said to have received logistic support and weaponry from countries like Kyrzbekistan and Carpathia and Moldova, although those governments have denied that claim. Mayari and Singanese fighters have also reportedly joined the insurgency in southern Hôinôm. Similar claims have been reported by Tieguonese fighters joining the Bhmer separatist in the north, most of them Tieguonese citizens of Bhmer citizenship, including former members of the Tieguonese security forces - although Tieguonese government has claimed to have no knowledge of that information.

On Fein 1591, the Tieguonese government declared a no-fly zone over several provinces in northern and eastern Hôinôm, later expanded to another five provinces in central Hôinôm. The Tieguonese government claims that the aim of the no-fly zone was protect the Tieguo-Hoinom border and neutralize any threat to Tiego national security from Hôinôm territory.

On Marth 1593, Tieguonese parliament passed a resolution authorizing the government to the use of force in Hoinomese territory in order to end "the humanitarian crisis in Tieguo-Hôinôm northern border". Tieguonese ground intervention in Quartyr 1593, driving Hôi Luỳêǹ and Nam Dinh further south, helping Hoinomese insurgency to expand along the eastern Tieguo-Hôinôm border and Bhmer separatist to gain control over most of northern provinces. On Ochtyr 1593, Tieguo forces gained control of most the northern Môi river valley, only a few miles from Hôi Luỳên, the capital city of the Imperial Kingdom of Hôinôm, still controlled by General Lê Công Thuân forces.

On Dein 1593, Tieguonese President Qiu Yu Zhao declared Tieguonese intervention a "full success", and promised the slowly withdrawal of Tieguonese forces from Hôinòm, once the main aims of the operation had been achieved. Tieguonese forces would only start to slowly withdraw on Vintyr 1593.

Timeline

Treizen. 1595

Quartyr 18, 1589	Protests in Tay Lanh
Quartyr 18-21, 1589	Protests spread to nearby provinces.
Quartyr 22, 1589	Rebellion in Sông Lôm, Hoa Làk.
Quartyr 27-28, 1589	Governor Vuong Quang Vang is unable to contain the riots.
Fein 11-12, 1589	Violence erupts in Ving Dèng.
Fein 14, 1589	Political council formed in Tay Lanh.
Fein 18, 1589	Prime Minister Quang Công Quang announces the mobilization of Armed Forces in several provinces, after rioters attack state forces in Quang Cai.
Fein 21, 1589	Parliament rejects to call a parliamentary committe to investigate the violence and the causes of the famine.
Fein 24, 1589	Riots in Biam Hông province. Government declares state of emergency in 12 of 31 provinces.
Fein 26, 1589	“Regional Committee” estabished in Khanh Tum. Similar committees established in nearby provinces.
Fein 27, 1589	A police statation is attacked by armed crowd in Yen Nông.
Zechyr 2-10, 1589	Violence increases in southeastern regions. Government announces that several governors to be sacked.
Zechyr 14, 1589	A group of special forces troops are furiously attacked by a mob in Hoa Làk.
Zechyr 15, 1589	Prime Minister Quang Công Quang announces state of emergency in all country.
Zechyr 16-22, 1589	Violence increases in most southern regions.
Zechyr 27, 1589	Riots in Khanh Tum. Insurgency increases in the northern provinces.
Septem 4, 1589	Students join protests in the Imperial University of Nam Dinh.
Septem 25-26, 1589	Student protests in Hôi Luỳên.
Septem 27, 1589	National unions call for a five-day general strike on Ochtyr 10.
Ochtyr 8, 1589	Rebellion in Hoa Lák. Riots in Sông Lôm province.
Ochtyr 11, 1589	Prime Minister Quang Công Quang announces reshuffle of government. Nghiêm Vàn Bào is announced Minister of National Security.
Ochtyr 22, 1589	National government orders closure of school and universities and restriction on consumer goods.
Ochtyr 22-26, 1589	Reports on the existance of pro-government para-military groups.
Nueva 11, 1589	144 of 222 MP pass a parliamentary resolution giving full confidence to Prime Minister Quang Công Quang. Riots in central and eastern Hoinom.
Nueva 19, 1589	Revolutionary forces take Tay Lanh. Rebellion continues in Hoa Làk and Kêt Nôi.
Nueva 28, 1589	Commitee of Public Salvation is formed in Tay Lanh, headed by Lâ Vân Quân.
Dein 2, 1589	Another Commitee of Public Salvation is formed in Quang Cai.
Dein 4, 1589	Quang Cai’s Committee of Public Salvation calls for the release of political prisoners and the suspension of the state of emergency.
Dein 18-20, 1589	Minh Xân falls on rebel control.
Dein 22, 1589	Yên Nông National Airport is attacked by rural guerrilla fighters.
Dein 28, 1589	Empress Hông calls for an end of violence. Armed Forces are forced to withdraw from Pha Làm province.
Elva 4-7, 1589	Rebellion is crushed in Vin Xuỳên.
Elva 10-22, 1589	Hundreds are killed in Namd Dinh, Hôi Luỳên, Bâc Duong and Yên Nông, in crashes between state forces and protesters.
Tolven 12, 1589	Nationalist Party convention in Màu Vàng, the first one in Hoinomese soil since the 1550s.
Tolden 18-22, 1589	Violent erupts in the northern provinces. Prime Minister Quang Công Quang orders the deployment of military forces in the northern provinces.
Tolven 26-28, 1589	Several ethnic Bhmer officers leave their posts, joining the insurgency in some cases. Minister Bào orders a purge of ethnic Bhmer from the ranks of the police. Insurgency intensifies.
Treizen 8, 1589	In Gan Dinh, northern Hôinôm, Bhmer separatists seize buildings and flew over the Bhmer flag. They also seized nearby towns in the Thung Giáu province.
Treizen 14, 1589	At dawn, Hoinomese forces launched a large-scale operation to retake the northern provinces. There were reports of gunfire, explosions, and a military helicopter opening fire, and rebel forces claimed two helicopters had been show down. Separatist forces claimed that two hundred militants and sixty civilians were kiled in the clashes.
Treizen 19, 1589	Tieguo's Foreign Office expresses concern about human rights abuses and violence along Tieguo-Hôinôm border, in first official stateement since the beginning of the crisis in the nearby country.
Treizen 24, 1589	Representatives from the Hoinomese Nationalist Party gathered in a small village nearby Quang Cai. They meet for three days, and demand the immediate resignation of the Hoinomese government and democratic elections.
Treizen 26, 1589	A rebel mortar attack on government positions at Vân Duông province left two soldiers killed and two wounded. Rebel Bhmer sources claim that the village of Minh Sangh, northern Hôinôm, was damaged by Hoinomese artillery fire.
Treizen 28, 1589	The Hoinomese Ministry of Defense reported a rebel attack on a military checkpoint at Biên Dôi province. Some 50 Bhmer rebels arrived on ten vehicles and opened fire, but were repelled after a 20-minute shootout. Two rebels were killed, three were captured and six injured.
Vintyr 4, 1589	A meeting is held in the Sông Lôm province, between representatives from several southern and eastern provinces. They call for the immediate resignation of the government and democratic elections.
Vintyr, 8, 1589	Eleven Hoinomese soldiers were killed when a military convoy was ambushed nearby Thung Giáu. Another two soldiers died of wounds. A Bhmer separatist commander was injured in an assassination attempt, which they blamed on Hoinomese forces.
Vintyr 10, 1589	Bhmer forces claim that the Hoinomese army shot and killed twenty-six civilians in their way to Thung Giàu. In the town of Han Sinh, in the Thung Sinh province, a group of 500 armed Bhmer militants surrounded a military camp of the Hoinomese army and asked the military personnel inside to lay down their weapons. The Bhmer forces eventually took control of the area after a number of Hoinomese soldiers swore loyalty to the separatist movement. The remaining troops were relocated to another barracks. The Bhmer milita seized an undetermined number of weapons as consequence. At least 50 armed assailants took over a factory in Búc Trâng, eastern Hôinôm.
Vintyr 14, 1589	There was sporadic mortar and RPG fire against Yên Nông airport from Vintyr 14 to 17, and an attempted assult by Bhmer separatists. No victims were reported among the Hoinomese troops protecting the airport or the civilian population.
Vintyr 15, 1589	At Búc Trâng province, 21 Hoinomese soldiers were killed and 8 wounded when armed militants attacked a checkpoint with machine gun fire, hand grenades, rocket propelled grenades and mortan rounds. Later, another soldier died of wounds, bringing the Hoinomese death toll to 22.
Vintyr 16, 1589	A Hoinomese military convoy was blocked and ambushed by rebel forces at a bridge in Búc Trâng province. Six Hoinomese soldiers were killed and eleven wounded. The attack was claimed by the Revolutionary People’s Army. Armed men broke in the town council of Yanh Man, northern Hôinôm, where they shot and killed three people and wounded five others.
Vintyr 18, 1589	In the town of Quang Cai, a “Committee of Local and Regional Councils” is formed, calling for immediate resignation of the government. They committee also agrees on economic measures, including the draft of an agrarian reform. National government declares a daily curfew from 18:00 to 06:00 am in 26 of 31 provinces.
Vintyr 19, 1589	A Hoinomese military base was attacked in Vân Duông province, causing losses on both sides. A Hoinomese helicopter was shut down by separatist forces in Thung Giàu, killing 12 people on board. It was reported that since the start the conflict the northern Bhmer separatists had taken about 800 hostages and prisoners. A Nationalist Party militant was appointed Chairman of the “Committee of Local and Regional Councils”.
Vintyr 20, 1589	Insurgents have launched a large attack against main command center in Búc Trâng province, eastern Hôinôm. Five insurgents were reportedly killed and twelve Hoinomese soldiers wounded. Hoinomese Air Force conducted several airstrike against rebel positions in Northern Hôinôm.
Vintyr 21, 1589	A Hoinomese convoy was attacked en route from Vin Xuỳên to Búc Trâng. Two soldiers were killed and fourteen wounded. An armoured personnel carrier was hit by a RPG. In northwestern Hôinôm, the Hoinomese army attacked separatist roadblocks. Heavy fighting and artillery fire were reported in Búc Trâng and Pha Làm provinces. It was reported two military helicopters were damaged in battle. Bhmer separatist launch offensive against Lùng Sinh.
Vintyr 22, 1589	After intense fighting in the Thung Singh province, Bhmer separatists are to take many Lûng Sinh suburbs that evening. Meanwhile, insurgents were able to take the base of the Hoinomese border guard in Bùc Trâng they were attacking for three days.
Vintyr 23, 1589	It was reported that the Hoinomese government had losst control over more than 100 km of the border with Tieguo in both northern and eastern provinces. In the village of Ming Sàm, Thung Giàu province, the Bhmer Political Movement, the main Bhmer separatist organization, proclaimes the self-determination of the Bhmer nation, calling Hôi Luỳên government to accept their call for sovereignty and withdraw troops from the northern provinces.
Vintyr 24, 1589	The Hoinomese army deployed tanks around Yên Nông. Bhmer separatists shot down a Hoinomese surveillance plane with two shoulder-launched missiles. Hoinomese government initially claimed that the pilots survived, but they later reported that six crewmembers were killed in the action, and another was missing. A mortar attack on a Hoinomese checkpoint nearby Lùng Sinh killed two soldiers. Prime Minister Quang Công Quang announces his resignation.
Vintyr 25, 1589	Diêp Dup Dùng, Minister of Foreign Affairs since 1582, is announced as new Prime Minister. Hoinomese Air Forces launches airtrikes against rebel forces in Thung Giàu, Thung Singh, and Màu Trân provinces. Rebels reportedly launched attacks against the airport of Kham Tum.
Vintyr 26, 1589	Residential areas in Lùng Singh have been hit by indirect fire between the Hoinomese army and the separatist insurgency. Rockets and mortar shells were aimed at buldings used by separatists, though some apartments and homes have been struck during the confrontations. Some buildings were partially destroyed, other completely destroyed beyond repair.
Vintyr 28, 1589	Six Hoinomese paratroopers were killed and twelve wounded after being ambushed by armed militants in an area near the border with Tieguo in Trung Hôi province.
Alvan 4, 1590	Hoinomese officials claimed their troops destroyed the insurgency in Trung Hôi. They destroyed two Severyane-made armoured vehicle and captured about 20 prisoners. Embassy of Severyanne denied any involvement with Hoinomese insurgency. Residents of Màu Tran claimed that white phosphorus incendiary bombs were dropped on the city.
Alvan 6, 1590	Hoinomese government denounces that Tieguonese Air Force violated Hôinôm airspace for fourth time in a week. Twenty militants armed with automatic weapons took over the Hoinomese State Security building at Búc Trâng. The Bhmer Democratic Republic is proclaimed by the Bhmer Political Movement in Thung Giàu, without being officially recognized by any foreign government. Minister Nghiêm Vàn Bào threatens with immediate declaration of war against any state which state that recognized the Bhmer republic although the government rejects hour later that is official government policy.
Alvan 10, 1590	Hoinomese officials stated that a transport plane was shot down as it approached an airport in Kêt Châm, killing six crewmembers and 40 troops on board. Residents said that Hoinomese forced launched air attacks on rebel positions in the vicinity a few hours later.
Alvan 14, 1590	General Bûi Thành Quyên claimed that the Bhmer forces were 20,000-25,000 strong and that at least one third of them had probably arrived from Tieguo: “It can not be denied that weapons and militants are being brought in”. Tieguonese Foreign Office rejected such claims. Bhmer separatists claimed that sixteen people died in clashes in Yên Nông province.
Alvan 16, 1590	Spokesman for the Hoinomese army claimed that armed forces had conducted “a series of succesful operations over the past 48 hours” to regain control over the Tieguo-Hôinôm border in the northeast in which “about 120 militants have been neutralized”. Retired military officer and MP Vinh Thành Phuông reported that about one thousand militants equipped with heavy armoured vehicles broke from Tieguo into Hôinôm through an area that was poorly defended by Hoinomese guards in Tay Lanh province. Two tanks were spotted in Vin Dêng, according to local media.
Alvan 18, 1590	Hoinomese army launches military operation in Biam Hông. Airstrikes in Khanh Tum and nearby towns are reported. Hôinôm and Tieguo broke diplomatic relations after Hoinomese ambassador condemned the lack of Tieguonese willingness to stop the flow of weapons and militants into Hôinôm. However, Tieguonese Foreign Office declares that the Tieguonese government “still consider...Hôi Luỳên as the sole and only legitimate government” in Hôinôm.
Alvan 22, 1590	Rebels launch a large offensive in the southern provinces.
Alvan 24, 1590	At early morning, a military base at Lâng Hâng province was shattered during a rebel attack. There were no Hoinomese casualties, but the facilities were left in ruins. Hoinomese government claimed that a Severyane-made tank was captured by Hôinômese forces in Pha Làm province.
Alvan 28, 1590	After ten days of fighting, Hoinomese army enters into the city of Khanh Tum, in the most important military victory for Hoinomese government since Diêp Dup Dùng was appointed Prime Minister. Fighting would continue for another five days. It was reported summary executions by Hoinomese soldiers in Khanh Tum the following days, but a spokesperson for the army denied such claims.
Dosa, 1590	Rebel launch a second offensive against government forces in the southern provinces, this time assisted by militants arrived from Hoa Làk. The fighting would last for six weeks. The insurgency would be unable to take over Kêt Châm and Lâng Hang, the largest cities under government control, but they would be able to force government forces out of most of the rural areas. As a consequence, government forces in the southern provinces are completely isolated from the rest of the country, although still control many kilometres along the Singanese border.
Marth, 1590	The International refugee agency has found that over 210,000 Hoinomese citizens have fled to Tieguo and 180,000 to Singan, and that about 1 million more are internally displaced. Of those that fled about 11,300 have filed for asylum. While recording a report, a cameraman for the Florinthian PBC, John Williams, died after being fatally shot in the neck when his crew came under fire near Mai Duông. Williams becomes the 11th journalist to be killed in the conflict. South-west of Khanh Tum, the towns of Mai Châng and Trân Thanh were badly hit by artillery fire, sixteen civilians died. Heavy fighting was reported in a third town in the Màu Trân province. Tank and artillery fire was also reported in several places in the Duông Minh province. Hoinomese army pounded separatist positions in Lûng Sinh with self-propelled 152mm howitzers.
Marth, 1590	The Hoinomese army regained control of the airport at Khanh Tum. A Hoinomese fighter crashed during landing approach due to a mechanical failure nearby Hôi Luỳền. The pilot ejected and survived. Another Hoinomese aircraft was hit by a shoulder-launched surface-to-air missile. The pilot managed to fly the fighter 100 km with a crippled engine before landing safely. Three road policemen died and another suffered major injuries when two unidentified armed men opened fire on them during a traffic stop nearby Nam Dinh, the first shooting casualties in Nam Dinh metropolitan district in 1590. A column of six tanks and several armoured vehicles was spotted near the border with Tieguo in the region of Búc Trâng, in an area controlled by rebel militias. Prime Minister Diêp Dup Dùng announced that the Biam Hông is completely under control of Hoinomese forces.
Quartyr, 1590	On Quartyr 4, the Hoinomese army renewed their attack to drive out Bhmer separatists from the Yên Nông province, staging large-scale ground and air assults throughout the day. The Hoinomese army also conducted heavy artillery barrages on the rebel-controlled city of Bùc Tuông. Twelve villages in Trung Hôi province were brought back under government controll. Bhmer separatist forces launched a multiple rocket attack on Lùng Sinh airport. The National Federation of Workers and Peasants, largest union in Hôinôm, calls for a six-day general strike, demanding the immediate resignation of the government while supporting the territorial integrity of the country in a released statement.
Fein, 1590	Eight Hoinomese border guards were killed and sixty wounded defending the Mayari-Hôinôm border from rebel forces. Mayari president promises to reinforce the border with more military personnel. Sixteen ethnic Bhmer were murdered in Hôi Luỳên in the last month. Metropolitan police declares to be “carefully investigating those cases”. Rebel forces launch a large offensive in the southern provinces of Màu Vàng, Ham Không, and Lâng Hâng. Bào Quang Lan, who was appointed “military commander” by the rebel Committe of Local and Regional Councils, was killed by a Hoinomese sniper in Minh Xân, southern Hôinôm.
Zechyr, 1590	A Tieguo-made unmanned aerical vehicle was shot down by Hoinomese troops. Hoinomese troops took control of the town of Trân Thanh. The chairman of the rebel “Council of Trân Thanh” is reportedly executed two weeks later, after a military trial. Government forces abandoned the town of Màu Vàng and retreated towards Ham Không after another rebel offensive. A red flag was hoisted over the city council building. Vinh Hùu Quỳ is proclaimed as chairman of “Màu Vàng revolutionary council” which is announced as the highest political authority in the city. Dozens of Hoinomese military officers are reportedly executed the next day. Minister Nghiêm Vàn Bào resigns hours before Prime Minister Diêp Dùp Dùng travels to Nam Dinh to meet Empress Hông. Prime Minister Diêp Dúp Dúng announces reshuffle of national government.
Septum, 1590	Fighting in Lûng Sinh southern suburbs intensifies, with both sides claiming coming victory over the town in the coming weeks. A Hoinomese military transport aircraft was shot down by a surface-to-air missile over eastern Hôinôm while flying at 6,000 metres. Hoinomese army spokesperson claimed that the altitude is far from the reach of a shoulder-launched missile, suggesting that the aircraft was downed by Tieguonese forces. Two crewmembers were captured by rebel forces, five were rescued by Hoinomese forces, and another was declared missing. Tieguonese government denied any involvement in the attack. Tiejungo Premier is received by Empress Hông in Nam Dinh, in the first visit of a foreign official since the beginning of the conflict. Empress Hông strongly rejects rumours about possible abdication, and denies that parliament could be suspended, declaring her will that parliamentary elections are held in 1591 as planned.
Ochtyr, 1590	Eyewitnesses reported that three salvos from a multiple rocket launcher were fired from the Tieguo town of Xinghai into Hôinôm territory. Governor of Tuông is murdered in a terrorist attack. Empress Hông address the situation in a 20-minute live message on national television. She proposes an amnesty to all rebel militants if they lay down weapons in a month, promising free and fair elections through a new and more democratic electoral law. Quân Công Trai, Deputy Chairman of the “Committee of the Local and Regional Councils”, declares that they are open to negotiations, but only if the armed forces immediately withdraw from the provinces of Pha Làm, Biam Hông and Minh Xân first. Bhmer separatists declared that the are willing to accept peace negotiations only if Hoinomese government agrees to a independence referendum organized by international observers, which the government rejected only minutes after.
Nueva, 1590	A twenty-day truce is established in Pha Làm province to evacuate wounded soldiers and exchange prisoners. Despite this agreement, the government denies that peace negotiations have been started or that government forces plan to withdraw from the province. Prime Minister Diêp Dúp Dúng announces a second reshuffle of the national government after three ministers resigned in the last three weeks. Tieguonese authorities reported that 11 artillery shells fired from Hôinôm landed near a border checkpoint in southernwest Tieguo, six of them without exploding. Large demonstrations demanding peace in Nam Dinh and Hôi Luỳên. A similar protest ends in riots in Vin Xuyên for three days. After being fired at from Hôinôm, Tieguonese troops along the border responded with artillery fire against Hoinomese positions in western Hôinôm. It was reported that Singanese mediated between Tieguo and Hôinôm governments, with a secret meeting in Kanjong.
Dein, 1590	On Dein 8, several tanks are witnessed withdrawing from Vin Xuyên province, according to local reports. Government sources denied that there was any kind of negotiations going on with southern rebels. That morning, soldiers broke into government buildings, the national parliament, and media buldings in Hôi Luyên and Vin Xuyên. Only a few minutes, tanks marched Hôinôm’s capital city. At 9:00, military forces took most of the government buildings in Nam Dinh and other cities. Prime Minister Diêp Dùp Dùng and most of the members of the national cabinet were unable to communicate with military leaders. At 12:00, Hôi Luỳên and Vin Xuyên are completely controlled by the armed forces. Meanwhile, in Nam Dinh, the largest city of the country, only the central district were under military control. General Lê Công Thuân appeared on TV at 13:01, declaring that the Royal Armed Forces had taken over, in order to end disunity in the state and to end the war. General Lê declared loyalty to the Hoinomese monarchy, although declaring the immediate dissolution of the government and the suspension of the parliament, with the Armed Forces taking the executive power. General Lê, however, did not mention Empress Hông in his speech. A hour later, Prime Minister Diêp Dùp Dùng announced his resignation as Prime Minister. Despite reports that Empress Hông had fled to Tiejungo, fighting continued in Nam Dinh. The National Federation of Workers and Peasants called for a genera strike against the coup, but it had little effect in Vin Xuyên and Hôi Luỳên, after thousands of activists were detained and arrested by General Lê’s forces. Fighting between General Lê’s forces, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Phan Dùc Vinh and government forces assisted by the Imperial Guard continued in Nam Dinh for five days. The intervention of Admiral Bûi Thành Quyên, with navy marines disembarking in Nam Dinh, and breaking the siege in the Northern districts, nearby the Imperial Summer residency, helped to defeat the coup in the largest city of the country. On Dein 14, pro-Lê forces finally surrender to Deputy Governor Vuong Hùu Ngôc, who was the highest ranking government official in the city who remained opposed to the coup. On Dein 18, military forces surrender in Bàc Duong, Western Hôinôm. After a meeting with Empress Hông the next day, Admiral Bûi Thành Quyên was given full powers to reorganize the armed forces. Meanwhile, in the rest of the country, rebel forces in the east and seperatists in the north launched offensive against government forces. The Hoinomese army was forced to withdraw from Lùng Sinh on Dein 24, which was taken over by Bhmer separatists the next day. On Dein 26, General Lê Công Thuân sent 25,000 forces -including both soldiers and para-military units- to Yên Nông to defend the city.
Elva, 1590	General Lê Công Thuân officially dismissed all governors and local governments under his control, appointing military officers to replace them, similarly to the system already existing in the northern provinces. Tieguonese Yu Zhihao Chang expresses “deep concern” about the situation in Hôinôm in a press conference. Vuong Hùu Ngôc is appointed as Prime Minister by Empress Hông. Former minister Nguiêm Vàn Bào expresses public support to General Lê Công Thuân and calls Empress Hông to abdicate in order to “save the nation and the monarchy”. Eleven Hoinomese soldiers were killed in action and 40 wounded on Elva 24, after facing another offensive by rebel forces in Biam Hông province.
Tolven, 1590	Fighting increases in the south. Mai Duông is taken by rebel forces. General Lê Công Thuân’s forces start a massive airstrike campaign in the northern and southern provinces.
Treizen, 1590	Prime Minister Vuong Hùu Ngôc announces the creation of the Hoinomese Guard, a military law enforcement unit, created by the renmants of loyal forces, local Hoinomese police, volunteers, and some para-military forces. Dô Công Lành, former commander of the Imperial Guard, is appointed Commanding General of the Hoinomese Guard. Government forces have launches an operation to regain control of Hoang Dào, which they apparently captured the next day according to Prime Minister Vuong Hùu Ngôc. Three artillery shells hit a Tieguonese village 1 kilometre away from the border. One civilian died, and three were seriously injured. The Tieguonese Foreign Office warned of “irreversible consequences, the responsability of which lies on the Hoinomese army”, calling the shelling “an aggressive action”. After a similar incident in another area of the Tieguo-Hôinôm border, Tieguonese troops responded with artillery fire against Hoinomese positions in Trung Hôi province, controlled by General Lê Công Thuân. Armed Forces spokesperson in Hôi Luỳên denies information that Nghiêm Vàn Bào was going to be appointed Governor of Biam Hông.
Vintyr, 1590	First battle between Nam Dinh and Hôi Luỳên forces takes place in Tuông Nam province. Bùc Tuông is taken by Hoinomese forces loyal to General Lè Công Thuân. During their retreat, the rebels blew up the brigde over the river Mam, which divides Bùc Tuông and Pha Minh. Most rebel militias have also left Pha Minh, like the Chairman of the Council of Bùc Tuông, Hà Công Vang, and rebel commander Muong Còng Ngôc, who fled through the town before Hoinomese Air Force started to bomb Pha Minh, but other fighters chose to stand in the town till whatever end. General Lê Công Thuân addresses the Hoinomese parliament in front of 112 Mps, barely half of the parliament. General Lê proclaims his support of monarchy as form of government, and proclaims the need of a strong military government to save the nation. The parliament votes to give General Lê Công Thuân full executive and legislative powers (in a 77-34 vote). General Lê Công Thuân announces the abolition of the Hoinomese parliament in a speech on the evening. Prime Minister Vuong Hùu Ngôc denounces the parliamentary session as “illegitimate” and a violation of the constitutional order.
Alvan, 1591	Tensions between Hôi Luỳên and Tieguo increases after a delegation of Bhmer separatists are received by Deputy Premier Ming Guanyu Zhu in Doungzhou. Hoinomese Air Force from Hôi Luỳên starts an airstrike campaign against government forces, including Nam Dinh. Heavy battles occurred on the northern outskirts of Mai Duông with shooting and shelling reaching as far as the local train station, as a result twenty civilians died and more than hundred resulted wounded, according to local sources. Rumours about coming Empress Hông abdication increase in Nam Dinh.
Dosa, 1591	Car bomb attacks in Hôi Luỳên and Vin Xuyên left twenty-six dead and at least sixteen wounded, in both military and civilian casualties. About 600 prisoners are executed in Hôi Luỳên in barely three weeks after General Lê Công Thuân expands the powers of the military courts. Artillery shells from Hoinom landed on the eastern Tieguonese border checkpoint in Mihn-Bao. No casualties were reported, through the border post was evacuated. Vin Xuyên airport was against attacked with rockets, and Hoinomese troops in the province were pounded by mortar fire.
Marth, 1591	Hoinomese forces started offensive in Thung Sinh, aimed to expel Bhmer separatists from Lùng Sinh. Premier Yu Zhibao Chang announces economic sanctions against Hôinôm for “border violations”. General Lê’s forces expel Nam Dinh forces from Tuông Nam. Rumours against a large and final offensive against Nam Dinh increase. Cheng Venssek, leader of the Bhmer People’s Party, pleaded the international community to protect the Bhmer nation, declaring that if General Lê Công Thuân forces reached the northern provinces, then they could kill “a million people”, he stated.
Quartyr, 1591	General Lê Công Thuâng vows to crush Quang Cai and Bhmer separatists in the coming months. Three Hoinomese Air Force fighters were shot down nearby Tay Lahn. Hoinomese army spokesperson claimed that they were hit by long-range anti-aircraft missiles launched from Tieguo. Government spokesperson in Hôi Luỳên said later in an interview that one of the fighters was probably shot down by an air-to-air missile. It was reported that rebel forces retreated from the several villages in southern Thung Singh, leaving the southern road to Lùng Singh opened to General Lê Công Thuâng forces. Prime Minister Vuong Hùu Ngôc visits Singan, which sparks rumours about a Singanese involvement in the conflict.
Fein, 1591	Goldecia becomes the first government to recognize General Lê Công Quang’s government as the only legitimate government of Hôinôm. A resolution for a no-fly zone on Hôinôm was proposed in the Tieguonese parliament. Both Nam Dinh and General Lê government protests against such proprosal, in the case of General Lê Công Quang even threatening with a declaration of war. Hoinomese Nationalist Party held a congress in Hoa Làk. The Nationalist Party vows to proclaim a democratic republic in Hôinôm and to defend the country territorial integrity. Liêu Hùu Dùng is elected as new General Secetary of the Party. People’s Chamber, Tieguonese national parliament, approved a limited no-fly zone in Hôinôm territory by a vote of 455 favour and eleven abstentions. President Qiu Yu Zhao addressed the Tieguonese people on Hôinôm, declaring that the situation in Hôinôm posses a direct threat to Tieguonese borders and national security, forcing to intervene to assure the stability of the country and the region. However, Yu Zhihao Chang denies that Tieguo is preparing any ground invasion the next day in a press conference. Singanese government protests against proposed Tieguo intervention in Hôinôm.
Zechyr, 1591	Following protests in Hoa Làk, Dinh Hùu Quyên resigns as chairman of the Council of Hoa Làk, the second largest city under the control of anti-monarchist rebels. He is replaced by Muong Quang Quang. The Danxei border crossing, nearby village, and mining facilities in Tieguonese territory were hit by several artillery shells fired by the Hoinomese army. The Foreign Office sent a protest note due to the shelling and violations, and called for these constant provocations to stop. Admiral Bûi Thành Quyên announces that the [Nam Dinh] government will undergo a mobilisation of 1 million men to create 15 additional combats units and 44 sustainment units to reinforce the forces that are currently fighting. On 28 Zechyr, the deployment of Tieguonese fighters jets over Hôinôm.
Septem, 1591	One Tieguonese fighter flying over Hôinôm crashed in Thung Singh. The pilot was rescued by Bhmer separatists. The aircraft crashed due to a mechanical failure according to Tieguonese sources. After a week of fighting between Hoinomese aircrafts and Tieguonese Air Force, the latter gaining dominance over Hoinomese airspace. Tieguonese government claims that the non-fly zone is limited to northern and eastern Hôinôm, to those provinces along Tieguo-Hôinôm border. Tieguonese spokesperson recognize that Hôi Luỳên and Vin Xuyên may become military objective as long they pose a threat to the Tieguonese operation. Sixteen Hoinomese soldiers wre killed about one hundred wounded in the course of fighting in Trung Hôi province.
Ochtyr, 1591	The Hoinomese 11th armoured brigade, surrounded by rebel forces nearby Búc Trâng, lost all its heavy equipment and vehicles and suffered more than 200 casualties after days of being pounded by rebel howitzer and Tieguonese airstrikes. Six Tieguonese fighters crashed in the provinces of Vin Xuyên and Yên Nông. Bhmer separatists claimed that Bhmer forces from Thung Singh entered Vân Duông with the support of artillery fire and armoured fire. Hoinomese army spokesperson claims that Tieguonese strikes have left up to 900 civilians dead, only in areas controlled by General Lê Công Thuâng forces. Hoinomese sources claim that a military convoy from Tieguo, composed of 22 tanks and armoured vehicles passed through the town of Búc Trâng. Tieguonese forces attacked the border checkpoint at Trung Môi with rockets and mortar fire, wounding four Hoinomese guards. Heavy shelling from Thung Giàu killed sixteen Hoinomese soldiers on Ochtyr 24.
Nueva, 1591	Bhmer forces fired on Vin Xuyên airport using rocket launchers. Tieguonese air strikes hit a residential house in Hôi Luỳên, killing eleven civilians, according to local media. A major battle began around the village of Kam Mahn as rebel forces tried to break out of a Hoinomese army encirclement. It was reported that the fighting involved the use of armoured vehicles and tanks by both sides. “There’s a major battle going on which exceeds in terms of force and scale anthing there has been up to now”, a Hoinomese spokesperson said at that time. Hoinomese Army spokesperson stated that sixteen Hoinomese soldiers were killed and 40 wounded in the fighting. A spokesperson for the rebel militia stated that they destroyed six tanks. The Hoinomese border checkpoint at Trung Hôi was shelled from Tieguonese territory. The attack wrecked the control tower and the building’s main office. Three guards were wounded and five killed. Two Tieguonese fighters and a bomber went down over Hôinôm, possibly due to enemy fire. Prime Minister Vuong Hùu Ngôc claims that rebel forces in Màu Vàng province have been using Carpathian and Kyrzbekistani weaponry. Both governments denied any involvement in the conflict.
Dein, 1591	Hoinomese Army spokesperson claims that Tieguonese airstrikes killed 391 civilians and wounded 800 others, while 101 civilians were supposedly missing. He also claimed that over 5,000 civilians have been killed since Ochtyr. Tieguonese government denies such claims. A Tieguonese fighter crashed nearby Miên Luỳên, possibly due to enemy fire. Two weeks later, Tieguonese spokesperson announced that the investigation had concluded that the cause of the crash was probably enemy fire; with operator or mechanical failure ruled out and the inability of investigators to access the crash site the logical conclusion was that the aircraft had been shot down. MTV reported, citing Tieguonese officials, that the Hoinomese army fired six tactical ballistic missiles at Bhmer forces near Lùng Sinh on Dein 24. Six members of the Committee of the Local and Regional Councils resigns citing “strategic differences”. Liêu Hùu Dùng is elected Deputy Chairman of the Committee of the Local and Regional Councils.
Elva, 1591	Rebel authorities stated that they had recovered Búc Tuông in Pha Làm province. Nam Dinh and Hôi Luỳên reportedly in peace negotiations for at least a month. Bhmer separatists continued their efforts to recover the strategic hill of Bahm Dâm, just twenty kilometres from Vin Xuyên airpot. A message in Tieguonese social media, deleted only a few hours later, mentioned a funeral in Tai-Tze of Tieguonese soldiers killed in Hôinôm. Hoinomese Nationalist Party expels 176 members for “violating party discipline and ideological principles”.
Tolven, 1591	Hoinomese sources acknowledged that Bahm Dâm changed hands several times in the last week. Nam Dinh forces started an offensive against rebel forces in Màu Vàng. The town of Trung Hôi, northeastern Hôinôm, under heavy fire by rebel forces. Empress Hông denounces “Tieguonese aggression” for first time in a speech. A “People’s Assembly” is established in Tay Lanh on Tolven 21. The People’s Assembly demands the Committee of Local and Regional Councils a change of policy in a written statement. Despite the rebel Committee stated goal that a constitution should be written only after the conflict is over, the People’s Assembly propose the drafting of a constitutional agreement as soon as possible.
Treizen, 1591	Hoinomese army is forced to withdraw from Tuông Minh in order to defend Mâu Trân and Dôi Nam from Bhmer separatists. Tieguonese Air Force attacked Hoinomese Navy, loyal to Nam Dinh government, for first time in Golden Bay, destroying one destroyer.
Vintyr, 1591	Negotiations between Hôi Luỳên and Nam Dinh are officially broken. Hoinomese army withdrew its troops from several areas along the border with Tieguo, including Trung Hôi, where the daily shelling and rocket fire, along airstrikes by Tieguonese Air Force, made their positions untenable. Infighting between rebel forces left 147 dead in Quang Cai and Pha Làm. Prime Minister Vuong Hùu Ngôc resigns. Thuong Thành Minh, former Governor of Nam Dinh, is appointed Prime Minister.
Alvan, 1592	Rumours about Empress Hông abdication appeared again after her husband Takahito Mushashi was seen in a hotel in Tiejungo. Rebel forces reportedly drove Hoinomese army from the town of Mahn Sâm and Rhâng Mae east of Mai Duông in the Duông Minh province.
Dosa, 1592	Civilian forces in Tuông Minh surrender to Nam Dinh armed forces led by General Kim Vân Dinh. Hoinomese army tries to resist rebel offensives in Mai Duông and Trân Than. Empress Hông proposed a 10-point peace plan that offered a truce followed by the decommissioning of arms, an amnesty to soldiers and militant who haven’t committed mass war crimes, and a political agreement but only if rebel forces lay down their weapons first. The plan was rejected by Bhmer separatists, rebel forces and Hôi Luỳên government alike. A rebel offensive against Ham Không, southern Hôinôm, caused important casualties in both sides.
Marth, 1592	In a television address, Empress Hông announced a ten-day ceasefire, in order to establish humitarian corridors for civilians wanting to leave the war zones could move to Nam Dinh or safer provinces. Despite Nam Dinh unilateral ceasefire, attacks and shelling continued in nearby provinces, particularly in Biên Dôi, Mâu Trân, and Vâi Nam. On Marth 14 and 16, Tuông Minh is attacked by Tieguonese Air Force, in the first attack to territory controlled by Nam Dinh government by Tieguonese Air Force. Tay Lahn “People’s Assembly” proclaims the Democratic Republic of Hôinôm, and call Quang Cai and Hoa Lâk for negotiations for an immediate “revolutionary coalition government”. Two days later, Lâ Vân Quân was announced President of the Tay Lanh republican government, following a vote in the People’s Assembly.
Quartyr, 1592	Lâ Vân Quân demands the surrender of Hôi Luỳên and Nam Dinh governments, and calls for peace negotiations with Bhmer separatists. Nam Dinh forces launched a large counter-attack against rebel forces in southwestern Hôinôm. Bhmer separatists took control of the town of Gam Dâng, a key railroad center in Mâu Trân province.
Fein, 1592	Following the mediation of Mayari, Prime Minister Thuong Thành Minh meets with Tieguonese ambassador in the country, and representatives of rebel forces in Nylander embassy in Larrazabal. Neither Bhmer separatist nor Hôi Luỳên government representatives sent representatives. Tieguo Air Force expanded airstrikes to central Hôinôm beyond the limits the provinces declared under the non-fly zone. Rebel militias in eastern Hôinôm starts another offensive against Vin Xuyên.
Zechyr, 1592	Prime Minister Thuong Thành Minh discussed the possibility of local elections in Nam Dinh during an interview with a Kortoan television channel. The Battle of Trân Thanh, in northwestern Hôinôm, became the first direct fighting between Nam Dinh forces and Bhmer separatists.
Septem, 1592	MTV reports that a representative from the Committee of Local and Regional Council met with Nam Dihm Foreign Minister, Vàn Quang Dinh, in Neiliao, Tiejungo, according to Tieguonese sources. The “Xanh Dâng” march by rebel forces from the rebel Revolutionary Army in the southwestern provinces, as their forces proved unable to keep defending the town of A purge of state and military officers ends with 47 executions in Hôi Luỳên.
Ochtyr, 1592	General Lê Công Thuân government under pressure as rebel forces attack Khan Tum and Vin Xuyên. Minister Vàn Quang Dinh meets former Tieguonese Secretary of Foreign Affairs Hwuei Shi Lai in Fotenburg, Khokharsa, in the first direct meeting between Tieguo and Hôinôm officials. Quân Công Trai resigns from the Central Committee of the Hoinomese Nationalist Party.
Nueva, 1592	Despite Tieguonese airstrikes, Nam Dinh forces manage to advance toward Màu Trân province. Empress Hông meets with Nylander President Anders Kohout in Nyköping. President Kohout promises to study the option that Nylander Republic forgives debt to the Imperial Kingdom of Hôinôm.
Dein, 1592	Tieguonese forces had launched eighty rocket attacks on Hoinomese positions from Tieguo since Nueva 24, according to Hôi Luỳên spokesperson. Prime Minister Thuong Thành Minh reportedly had a 2-hour call with Tieguonese Premier Yu Zhihao Chang about peace negotiations. Premier Yu allegedly offered to mediate to discuss the establishment of a truce between Nam Dinh forces and Bhmer separatists in order to find a negotiation solution to the status of the northern provinces.
Elva, 1592	General Kiêu Công Trai, in a speech to troops in Vin Xuyên vowed that Bhmer militants would face either execution or exile in Tieguo if they surrender soon. Minister of Foreign Affairs Vàn Quang Dinh met with Tieguonese Deputy Premier Ming Guanyu Zhu in Tiejungo. Minister Vàn declared to the press that it would “be delusional that any side will be able to end the war without a political agreement”.
Tolven, 1592	One hundred and twenty-two prisoners escaped from a high-security prison on the outskirts of Trân Thanh , after it was struck by artillery shells. Six prisoners were killed. The Chairman of the Council of Minh Xân is killed as consequence of rebel infighting.
Treizen, 1592	Hoinomese Army defeated Bhmer separatists in Biên Dôi and Yên Nông provinces, after weeks of fighting. Bhmer separatists are forced to leave their position in those provinces and withdraw further north. Minister Bûi Quang An declared that an amnesty could be given to those militants and soldiers without “the blood of innocent civilians in their hands” if a political settlement was reached. General Lê Công Thuân denounced the “incompetence and goodwill of the Mayari government”, after Kazemuran newspaper reported that Mayari communist militants had joined the southern rebels.
Vintyr, 1592	Hoinomese army launched a large offensive against Bhmer separatists in the north. General Lê Công Thuân declared that the aim is to “destroy and throw...the terrorists forces out our territory”. Premier Yu Zhiho Chang declares that late offensive is proof that “Hoinomese government...does not seem interested in a peaceful end of the crisis”.
Alvan, 1593	Despite loses due to airstrikes by Tieguonese Air Force, Hoinomese forces advance in Thung Giàu province. Tieguonese People’s Chamber passes a resolution recognizing the “Democratic Republic of Hôinòm” as the legitimate government of Hôinôm. Empress Hông criticized People’s Chamber decision in a television speech.
Dosa, 1593	Hoinomese army took several suburbs in southern and eastern Thung Giàu. Heavy fighting in several districts of the city, Bhmer separatist troops are forced to slowly withdraw toward the center of the city.
Marth, 1593	Local reports claimed that 5,431 people died during the Thung Giàu offensive. Tieguonese president Qiu Yu Zhao denounced that the north offensive has caused more than 60,000 people from northern Hôinôm to cross the border toward Tieguo only in the last week creating “a severe humanitarian crisis” Tieguonese People’s Chamber voted resoultion (457-0) resolution authorizing the government to the use of force in Hôinôm territory in order to establish security along Tieguo-Hôinôm border and end the humanitarian crisis in the northern border. On Marth 24, rebel forces launched an offensive toward Khan Tum and Vin Xuyên from the eastern provinces.
Quartyr, 1593	General Kiêu Công Trai claimed that Tieguonese armoured forces, under the disguise of Bhmer separatists, had crossed the border sixty miles from Thung Giàu, and that fierce battles were ongoing around nearby village. Reporters from the area declared that Tieguonese armoured forces equipped with at least 400 vehicles and artillery entered the town of Han Thâng, in what seemed to be a major offensive toward Thung Giàu. Earlier, five tanks, supported by rocket fire, had overrun a Hoinomese checkpoint in the province of Mâu Trân. The town of Nam Sâng, on the road toward Biên Dôi, was allegedly taken over by Bhmer forces, but this information was strongly denied by Hôi Luỳên officials. 271 Hoinomese soldiers and another 478 were wounded only during Quartyr second week. Fighting between Hoinomese army and Tieguonese forces was reported in Thung Giàu. Experts at the Institute of Geopolitics of Mestarka, Mordvania, have told the PBC that they have identified three Tieguonese tanks in a separatist column in northwestern Hôinòm that they say could only have come from across the northern border in Tieguo.
Fein, 1593	Fighting in Thung Giâu continued. It was reported that 50 Tieguonese tanks, armoured personnel and infantry from Tieguo took over seven villages east of Thung Giàu. Bhmer separatists claimed they took control of the road which separates Thung Giàu from the local military airdrome. Rebels shelled Vin Xuyên in an offensive which saw much of the province to fall in the hands of rebels loyal to Tay Lahn republican government. Hoinomese army admitted the fall of Manh Dàm, only one hundred miles from Hôi Luyên, to “Tieguonese occupiers”. The next day, it was learned that Tieguonese tanks had overrun Trân Thanh and that Tieguonese troops, assited by Bhmer separatists, were in control of the town. The Hoinomese army shot down three Tieguonese fighters flying over Hôi Luỳên the same day. Eleven foreign governments condemed Tieguonese ground intervention in Hôinôm. Takahito Mushashi, Empress Hông’s husband, is declared missing over Golden Bay. Tieguonese and Bhmer forces advanced unopposed toward Mâu Trân and Biên Dôi.
Zechyr, 1593	Hôi Luỳên spokesperson declared that Tieguonese Air Force and tanks had flattened several Thung Giàu districts, and “fired every house...destroying every building”. Empress Hông ordered national mandatory conscription in an imperial decree. Three Hoinomese soldiers reportedly blew themselves up with a grenade while injured and surrounded by Tieguonese soldiers killing 20 Tieguonese servicemen nearby Yên Dông province. Represenatives from the councils of Mâi Dông and Quang Cai reached an agreement with Nam Dinh government negotiatiors to declare a bilateral ceasefire until Nueva 28. The ceasefire agreement did not include other rebel groups, Bhmer separatists or Hôi Luỳên government. Tieguo-backed forces destroyed a column of more than 50 military vehicles nearby Thung Giàu. The column was apparently retreating south after being encircle in the western district. Hoinomese sources claimed that Bhmer militants and Tieguonese forces killed “hundreds” even after Hoinomese soldiers came with white flags. Bhmer separatist militias claimed that they had taken over Vin Xuyên airport. Earlier, Hoinomese sources told that their troops moved out from the province of Biên Dôi.
Septem, 1593	General Lê Công Thuân ordered the withdrawal of Hoinomese troops from Biam Hông, unable to defend it from rebel forces and urgently needing troops to defend the northern front against Tieguonese attacks. Meanwhile, the Tieguo-backed offensive continued in full swing. Bhmer forces broke into Yên Nông province on Septem 11, but their advance was halted by Hoinomese defenders. Tieguonese tanks burst into Yên Nông the next day. Empress Hông declared that her country “is close to a point of no return: full scale-war” The Tieguonese offensive continued. Fierce fighting was underway in Yên Dông, where Hoinomese authorities acknowledged that the Tieguo-backed forces took control of at least some areas of the town. Bhmer sources claimed that the only remaining resistance came from Hoinomese forces entrenched in the main train station. Tieguo forced were slowly approaching Hôi Luỳên, while rebel started to attack Luỳên province from the east. Nam Dinh government reaches an agreement with Mayari government so Hoinomese forces, in Lânh Hâng, southern Hôinôm, completaly surrounded by rebel forces, are allowed to cross the border, along civilians looking for refugee in Mayari. General Kim Vân Dinh confirmed that Hoinomese forces withdrew from Tuông Minh, which he claimed was done to prevent civilian casualties.
Ochtyr, 1593	Prime Minister Thuong Thành Minh calls the international community “to impose sanctions against Tieguo” in order to “stop unlawful invasion” of Hôinôm territory. The Committee of Local and Regional Councils dissaproved on negotiations with Nam Dinh as a solution for the crisis in a released statement. However, the ceasefire was extended until 19:00 Vintyr 1. Reportedly, nationalist leader Liêu Hùu Dùng supported the ceasefire but military commander Muong Còng Ngôc and several rebel leaders from the southern provinces vehemently opposed to it. Tieguonese Air Force attacked Nam Dinh, causing a large number of casualties. Rumours about a last and final offensive against Nam Dinh by Tieguo forces before Elva increased.
Nueva, 1593	Tieguo-backed forces reached Môi river, crossing into northwestern Hôi Luỳên suburbs. Artillery attacked the other side of the river, destroying many buildings in the Hoinomese capital. Nylander Secretary of State meets with President Qiu Yu Zhao and Premier Yu Zhihao Chang in Doungzhou. Rebel forces occupied Khanh Tum from the south. General Lê Công Thuân forces withdrew from Vâi Nam as well, reducing Hôi Luỳên government control to just five provinces in central Hôinôm. On Nueva 19, Hoinomese forces led by General Kim Vân Dinh entered in Tuông.
Dein, 1593	President Qiu Yu Zhao declared Tieguonese operation in northern Hôinôm “a total success”. President Qiu announces that “once the aim to secure the national security of the Tieguonese state and...imposing peace and stability along the border” with Hôinôm has been secured, Tieguonese forces are to withdrawn from Hoinomese territory as soon as possible. He ended his message declaring that it is turn to Hoinomese and Bhmer factions to find a political settlement in the negotiation table.
Elva, 1593	There was heavy fighting around Tuông Nam. Gunfire was reported on the afternoon of Elva 16 by local residents and authorities in the outskirts of Tuông Mihn. At least 12 Hoinomese forces were killed. Battles took place around Vin Xuyên, where the Tay Lanh government artillery pounded Hoinomese army positions east of the city. Hôi Luỳên claimed that an attempted assault on the stronghold was repulsed and at least four Tieguonese tanks were destroyed.
Tolven, 1593	Rebel forces occupied Yong Danh, west of Vin Xuyên. On Tolven 9, heavy shelling was heard in the eastern outskirts of Miên Luỳên, apparently fired from rebel armoured vehicles. Positions of Hoinomese army were shelled by Tieguonese forces. Hoinomese forces didn’t shoot in return. The next day, a message by Tay Lanh government spokesperson announced that rebel forces were taking Vin Xuyên. People began digging ditches around major towns in Vin Xuyên and Hôi Luỳên, in fear of a rumoured further Tieguonese invasion, despite that Tieguo government spokesperson denied such claims.
Treizen, 1593	Shelling was audible in the northeastern districts of Vin Xuyên and explosions and gunfire were reported near Vin Xuyên airport. Hoinomese army repulsed a tank attack in Vin Xuyên province, and managed to recapture most of the territory lost in the previous week. Nam Dinh government and a rebel representatives from Khan Tum agree to expend ceasefire for a second time until Marth 1594.
Vintyr, 1593	According to Hoinomese army spokesperson, there were ongoing battles of the Hoinomese army with pro-Tieguonese rebels for the airport of Vin Xuyên. It was announced the creation of a new rebel group, known as “Hoinomese People’s Resistance” in northern Hôinôm. The Hoinomese People’s Resistance” declared to be aimed to the establishment of a “people’s republic” in Hôinôm, willing to recognize and negotiate the “right to self-determination” for the Bhmer minority.
Alvan, 1594	Nam Dinh forces recovered several villages in Tuông Nam province. Hoinomese army took control of the Lâm-Hôi highway surrounding Vin Xuyên, rebels counterattacked to retake the highway. Tieguonese army started to withdraw from Biên Dôi province. General Kiêu Công Trai denies rumours of an ongoing Nam Dinh-Hôi Luỳên peace agreement, in which both parties agreed to amnesty for military officers and an united government coalition in which military officers from Hôi Luỳên may join the government.
Dosa, 1594	Prime Minister Thong Thàn Minh announces local elections Septum 1594. Nam Dinh forces are able to defeat both rebel attacks in Tuông Nam and an offensive by Hôi Luỳên forces in Duông Làt.
Marth, 1594	A new local government is established in Yên Nông, headed by a member of the Hoinomese People’s Resistance movement. Fighting between Nam Dinh government and rebel forces is reported in Vâi Nam, only 48-hours that ceasefire between Nam Dinh and rebel authorities ended.
Quartyr, 1594	Hôi Luỳên launches an offensive against Nam Dinh forces in Duông Làt province. Despite end of ceasefire, it was reported that Nam Dinh government and rebel representatives from Quang Cai met in Kortoa.
Fein, 1594	Joint forces from Bhmer rebels and northern People’s Resistance started an offensive against Hôi Luỳên. The offensive failed but most brigdes were destroyed during the fighting. Fighting in Màu Vàng between Nam Dinh and rebel forces. Nam Dinh forces launched an offensive against northern and Bhmer forces in Biên Dôi province.
Zechyr, 1594	Battle of Vin Xuyên started, as eastern rebel forces launched an offensive from Trung Hôi and Búc Trâng provinces. Tieguonese government claims that their ground forces had withdrawn from Hoinomese territory. Hoinomese army regained control of Gam Sahn, Vin Xuyên province, while rebel forces intensified their attempts to approach Vin Xuyên and to gain control of the highway between Vin Xuyên and Kham Tum. Fighting between rebel groups starts in several places in Sông Lôm province.
Septem, 1594	On Septem 11, Nam Dinh forces entered the city of Dôi Nam and engaged in street to street fighting. Insurgents fortified their positions in the city to stop the advance. Government forces reached the regional hospital in Dôi Nam before midnight. Local elections are held in nine provinces held by Nam Dinh government. Political parties were not allowed to participate, although the election was declared as “relatively free and fair” by a group of international observers. Hôi Luỳên forces launched a last offensive in Biam Hông province.
Ochtyr, 1594	Hoinomese People’s Resistance and their Bhmer allies are forced to retreat from Dôi Nam. Nam Dinh forces keep their advance in the provinces of Biên Dôi and Yên Dông. [Nam Dinh] Minister of Foreign Affairs Vàn Quang Dinh confirmed that government representatives had met with a delegation from the rebel Committee of Local and Regional Councils in Nyland. Both parties agreed in another six month ceasefire, starting on Nueva 1, 1594. Vàn declared that the both parties had agreed in their defense of Hôinôm’s territorial integrity and democratic elections before 18 months, but they had differences about the need of a referendum about the continuation of the monarchy and disarmament of rebel groups. Battle of Yên Nông between northern rebels and Nam Dinh forces.
Nueva, 1594	Tay Lahn forces launched an offensive against government forces in Kêt Nôi, which increased rumours about Singan involvement in the conflict. A terrorist attack in Hoa Làk killed three rebel leaders -two of them members of the Commitee of Local and Regional Councils-, although it is unclear who was behind the attack. It was reported that General Kiêu Công Trai was sent to Vin Xuyên to lead personally the defense of the city, under intense rebel attacks since the last weeks.
Dein, 1594	Nam Dinh forces took control of Yên Nông, their major military victory so far, forcing northern rebels to withdraw to the northern and eastern counties of the province. Hôi Luŷên stopped their advance toward Khanh Tum. Meanwhile, in Vin Xuyên, rebel forces attacked several northeastern districts.
Elva, 1594	Fighting between Nam Dinh and Hôi Luỳên in Luỳên province. Northern rebels, assisted by Bhmer separatists, launched a counter-attack in Yên Nông. Nam Dinh were forces were forced to withdraw from a few villages in northern Yèn Nông, but the rebel offensive was mostly unsuccessful. Infighting between Tay Lahn forces and other rebel forces loyal to the Committee of Local and Regional Councils in the provinces of Pha Làm and Sông Lôm, paralyze rebel attacks nearby Vin Xuyên. Nam Dinh forces were able to break enemy lines in Luŷên province, isolation Hôi Luŷên forces in Vin Xuyên and Hôi Luỳên properly. Rumours that General Lê Công Thuân could be negotiating a deal with Tieguonese government, in exchange that allowing him to flee the Hôi Luŷên and the country, which Hôi Luŷên spokesperson strongly denied.
Tolven, 1594	Most of the Luỳên province -not including Hôi Luŷên metropolitan province- is already under the control of Nam Dinh forces. Rebel forces are able to advance in several southern districts in Vin Xuyên. Intense fighting between Nam Dinh and Hôi Luỳên in a small village nearby Hôi Luŷên metropolitan district, starting what which would be called later the Battle of Hôi Luỳên. Tay Lahn forces advanced toward Hoa Làk.
Treizen, 1594	Nam Dinh forces started the siege of Hôi Luỳên. Increasing fighting between Nam Dinh forces and northern rebels in Yên Dông and Biên Dôi.
Vintyr, 1594	Northern rebels were forced to withdraw completely from Yên Dông after weeks of attacks by Nam Dinh forces. It is reported that Nam Dinh government could be preparing to launch a final offensive against in the northern provinces in the coming months, which increased rumours that a second Tieguonese ground invasion. Hôi Luỳên government witnessed how their defensed collapsed after an attack by Nam Dinh forces on Vintyr 12. Nam Dinh government and the rebel Committee of Local and Regional Councils agreed to extend the ceasefire another six months.
Alvan, 1595	Nam Dinh forces entered in Hôi Luỳên on Alvan 9. However, street by street fighting would continued for another fourteen days. Several districts are turned into ruins, with hundreds -if not thousands- civilian casualties. The things turned chaotic by late Alvan, when it was confirmed that General Lê Công Thuân had died, although the cause of death was not confirmed. Two days later, what remaining of General Lê’s government officially surrender to General Kim Vân Dinh, who had led the offensive of Nam Dinh forces. After months of secret negotiations, Prime Minister Thoung Thành Minh confirmed that Hoinomese government and Tieguonese government were prepared to enter in negotiations, along Bhmer separatists, to halt the war and secure the Hôinôm-Tieguo border. In exchange of the agreement, later known as Majiagangzi Protocol, Tieguonese government would recognize Nam Dinh government as the only legitimate government in Hôinôm, withdrawing their diplomatic recognition to Tay Lahn rebel government.
Dosa, 1595	General Kiêu Công Trai finally agrees to unconditionally surrender the city of Vin Xuyên to the [Nam Dinh] Hoinomese government. Despite that Vin Xuyên -the last major city controlled by the General Lè Công Thuàn’s government established after the 1590 coup d’etat- was under intense rebel attack, Nam Dinh forces would be able to enter Vin Xuyên until Marth 6, 1595.
Marth, 1595	Rebel forces in eastern Hôinôm, under the leadership of the so-called Democratic Republic of Hôinôm, based in Tay Lanh, launched an offensive against Hôi Luỳên, Luŷên province, and Vin Xuyên. Fighting in Vin Xuyên will continue until late Quartyr.
Quartyr, 1595	On Quartyr 8, an armed rebellion in Quang Cai and Hoa Lak deposes the local leadership, which were deposed by a group of rebel milia who disagreed with the leadership of the Committee of Local and Regional Councils with it handling of negotiations with Hoinomese government and the war effort. The coup was effectively led by Muong Còng Ngôc, leader of the People's Revolutionary Army, a rebel group from southwestern Hôinôm. In most provinces held by the Commitee of Local and Regional Councils, the coup proceeded smothly as many rebel leaders were captured after being caught off-guard and casualties were light. However, it failed in some areas nearby the front, such as the town of Khanh Tum and Màu Tràn province. Several members of the Committee of Local and Regional Councils were arrested, and it was reported that Phò Dùc Quân, deputy Chairman of the Quang Cai Council, considered close to nationalist politician Quân Công Trai was killed. On Quartyr 11, Muong Còng Ngôc proclaims the abolition of the Committee of Local and Regional Councils, to be replaced by an "united revolutionary government". However, fighting is reported in Khanh Tum and Màu Tràn province between rival rebel factions. Ten days later, Hoinomese army crossed the border and, following a chaotic fighting, took Khanh Tum over and several villages where forces loyal to the People's Revolutionary Army were able to take power. Muong Còng Ngôc declared this a violation of the ceasefire, and announced an immediate star of war between the new revolutionary government based in Quang Cai and the Hoinomese army. However, there were reported only minor clashes between both forces in the following weeks.
Fein, 1595	Tay Lahn forces launched an offensive against Hoa Làk and Sông Lôm, controlled by Muong Còng Ngôc's forces.
Zechyr, 1595	Tay Lahn forces started the siege of Hoa Làk, after forcing southern rebel forces to withdraw from several districts of Sông Lôm province. Tensions between Tieguo and Singan increased rumours about a major conflict in South Ostara. Hoinomese government and southern rebels agreed to a two-month ceasefire. The agreement does not include rebel forces loyal to Tay Lahn government. Hoinomese army withdrew from Màu Trân. Hoinomese army launched offensive in Trung Hôi, northeastern Hôinôm.
Septem, 1595	Fighting between Hoinomese army and Tay Lahn forces increase in Chiên Chàm province.
Ochtyr, 1595	Singanese Air Force shot down two Tieguonese fighters in their own airspace. Tieguonese government denounces "Singanese provocations" and threatens with immediate reprisals.
Nueva, 1595	Hoinomese army started the siege of Vin Dêng, controlled by Tay Lahn forces.
Dein, 1595	Carpathian armed forces launched a dozen of ballistic missiles from the Bay of Tieguo to rebel positions under the control of Tay Lah government. Tensions increase in Singanese northern border, after Tay Lahn forces and Singanese army exchanged fire in several areas along the border, which included the launching of rockets into Singanese territory.
Elva, 1595	Norodom Sophea, President of the separatist Bhmer Democratic Republic, and Cheng Venssek, leader of the Bhmer People's Party are killed by a car bomb in Trân Thanh.
Tolven, 1595	Sak Fanmuong is announced as new President of the Bhmer Democratic Republic. Fanmuong, who is reportedly an ethnic Bhmer born in Tieguo, declared on Tolven 11 that his government will consolidate Bhmer independence and announced elections for a constituent assembly on March 1596.
Vintyr, 1595

Impacts

Already in late 1590, the International Refugee Agency found that over 300,000 Hoinomese citizens had fled to Tieguo, 60,000 to Mayari, and 220,000 to Singan, and that about 1 million more were internally displaced. Of those that fled about 29,100 had filed for asylum.